“Niqaphele Imvubelo YabaFarisi NabaSadusi”

LAPHO uJesu Kristu esho lawomazwi eminyakeni engaphezu kwamakhulu angu-19 edlule, wayeqaphelisa abafundi bakhe ngezimfundiso nemikhuba yenkolo okuyingozi. (Mathewu 16:6, 12) Ukulandisa okukuMarku 8:15 kuyacacisa: “Hlalani nivulé amehlo, xwayani imvubelo yabaFarisi nemvubelo kaHerode.” Kungani kwakhulunywa ngoHerode? Ngoba abanye babaSadusi babengabalandeli bakaHerode, iqembu lezombangazwe.

Kungani isixwayiso esinjalo esikhethekile sasidingeka? Ingabe abaFarisi nabaSadusi babengebona abaphikisi abaqondile bakaJesu? (Mathewu 16:21; Johane 11:45-50) Yebo, babeyibo. Nokho, abanye babo kamuva bamukela ubuKristu futhi bazama ukufaka imibono yabo ebandleni lobuKristu.—IzEnzo 15:5.

Kwakunengozi futhi yokuthi abafundi ngokwabo babengase balingise labobaholi benkolo ababekhuliswe ngaphansi kwethonya labo. Ngezinye izikhathi, ukuba nje ngabavela kulesosizinda esingokwenkolo kwaba isithiyo ekuqondeni izimfundiso zikaJesu.

Yini eyenza ubuFarisi nobuSadusi baba yingozi kangaka? Ukuhlola kafushane izimo ezingokwenkolo osukwini lukaJesu kusinika umbono.

Ukungabi Nobunye Obungokwenkolo

Ngokuphathelene nomphakathi wamaJuda phakathi nekhulu lokuqala C.E., isazi-mlando uMax Radin sabhala: “Ukuzibusa kwamabandla amaJuda ngamanye kwakungokoqobo, futhi kwakuze kugcizelelwe nokugcizelelwa. . . . Ngokuvamile, lapho kugcizelelwa kakhulu inhlonipho ngethempeli nomuzi ongcwele, ukwedelela okukhulu kwakungaboniswa ngalabo ababesezikhundleni eziphakeme ngalesosikhathi ezweni labo lendabuko.”

Isimo esingokomoya esidabukisa ngempela! Yiziphi ezinye izici ezazinezela? Akuwona wonke amaJuda ayehlala ePalestine. Ithonya lempucuko yamaGreki, abapristi ababengabhekwa njengabaholi bomphakathi kuyona, lalibe nengxenye ekunciphiseni inhlonipho ngelungiselelo likaJehova lobupristi. (Eksodusi 28:29; 40:12-15) Futhi abanye okungamelwe singabanaki abantu abavamile ababefundile nababhali.

AbaFarisi

Igama elithi abaFarisi, noma Peru·shimʹ, cishe lalisho “abahlukanisiwe.” AbaFarisi babezibheka njengabalandeli bakaMose. Bazakhela inhlangano yabo siqu, noma iqembu (ngesiHeberu, chavu·rahʹ). Ukuze umuntu amukelwe, kwakudingeka enze isithembiso phambi kwamalungu amathathu sokulondoloza ngokungaguquki ubumsulwa bobuLevi, ukugwema ukuzihlanganisa kakhulu nama-ʽam-ha·ʼaʹret (uquqaba olungafundile), nokukhokha ngokucophelela okweshumi. UMarku 2:16 ukhuluma ‘ngababhali nabaFarisi.’ Abanye kuleliqembu babengababhali nabafundisi abangochwepheshe, kuyilapho abanye babengabantu abavamile.—Mathewu 23:1-7.

AbaFarisi babekholelwa kuNkulunkulu okuyo yonke indawo. Babecabanga ukuthi njengoba “uNkulunkulu ekuyo yonke indawo, angakhulekelwa ngaphakathi nangaphandle kweThempeli, futhi kwakungamelwe akhulekelwe ngemihlatshelo kuphela. Ngakho bakhuthaza ukuba isinagoge libe indawo yokukhulekela, ukufunda, nokuthandaza, futhi baliphakamisa laba indawo eyinhloko nebalulekile ekuphileni kwabantu ababebanga iThempeli.”—Encyclopaedia Judaica.

AbaFarisi babentula ukwazisa ngethempeli likaJehova. Lokhu singakubona emazwini kaJesu: “Maye kini, baqondisi abayizimpumputhe, enithi, ‘Uma umuntu efunga ithempeli, akulutho; kodwa uma umuntu efunga igolide lasethempelini, ungaphansi kwesibopho.’ Ziwula nezimpumputhe! Eqinisweni, yikuphi okukhulu, yigolide noma yithempeli elingcwelise lelogolide? Futhi, ‘Uma noma ubani efunga i-altare, akulutho; kodwa uma umuntu efunga isipho esiphezu kwalo, ungaphansi kwesibopho.’ Zimpumputhe! Eqinisweni, yikuphi okukhulu, yisipho noma i-altare elingcwelisa lesosipho? Ngakho-ke lowo ofunga i-altare ufunga lona nazo zonke izinto eziphezu kwalo.”—Mathewu 23:16-20.

Kwakwenziwa yini ukuba abaFarisi bacabange ngendlela ephambene kanjena? Yini ababengayinaki? Phawula lokho uJesu akushoyo ngokulandelayo. “Nalowo ofunga ithempeli ufunga lona nalowo ohlala kulo.” (Mathewu 23:21) Ngokuphathelene nalelivesi, isazi u-E. P. Sanders saphawula: “Ithempeli lalingcwele hhayi nje ngenxa yokuthi uNkulunkulu ongcwele wayekhulekelwa lapho, kodwa nangenxa yokuthi wayelapho.” (Judaism: Practice and Belief, 63 BCE—66 CE) Nokho, ukuba khona kukaJehova okukhethekile kwakungenakusho lutho kangako kulabo ababecabanga ukuthi ukuyo yonke indawo.

AbaFarisi babebuye bakholelwe nasenhlanganiseleni yokunqunyelwa kusengaphambili nenkululeko yokuzikhethela. Ngamanye amazwi, “konke kubonwa kusengaphambili, nokho inkululeko yokuzikhethela iyanikezwa.” Nakuba kunjalo basakholelwa ekutheni u-Adamu no-Eva banqunyelwa kusengaphambili ukuba bone nokuthi ukusikeka okuncane emunweni kusuke kunqunyelwe kusengaphambili.

Kungenzeka ukuthi uJesu wayecabanga ngemibono enjalo engamanga lapho ekhuluma ngokuwa kwenqaba okwaholela ekufeni kwabangu-18. Wabuza: “Ingabe nicabanga ukuthi [ababa izisulu] babengabanecala kakhulu kunabo bonke abanye abantu abahlala eJerusalema?” (Luka 13:4) Njengoba kunjalo ngezingozi eziningi, lokhu kwakuwumphumela ‘wesikhathi nethuba [izenzakalo ezingalindelekile, NW],’ hhayi ukudalelwa njengoba kwakufundisa abaFarisi. (UmShumayeli 9:11) Laba abacatshangelwa njengabanolwazi babezoyibheka kanjani imiyalo engokomBhalo?

Babengabaguquli Benkolo

AbaFarisi baqhubeka becabanga ukuthi imiyalo engokomBhalo kwakudingeka ichazwe orabi besizukulwane ngasinye ngokuvumelana nemiqondo yabo ethuthukisiwe. Ngakho, i-Encyclopaedia Judaica ithi “abazange bakuthole kunzima ukuvumelanisa izimfundiso zeTorah nemiqondo ethuthukisiwe, noma ukwenza ukuba imiqondo yabo isetshenziswe noma isikiselwe ngokungaqondile emazwini eTorah.”

Ngokuphathelene noSuku Lokubuyisana, basusa amandla okuhlawulela izono kumpristi omkhulu bawanika usuku ngokwalo. (Levitikusi 16:30, 33) Emkhosini wePhasika, bagxilisa ukunakekela okukhulu ekuphindaphindweni kwezifundo zokulandisa okuku-Eksodusi okuphathelene newayini nesinkwa esingenamvubelo kunokuba bakugxilise ewundlwini lePhasika.

Ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, abaFarisi baba nethonya elikhulu ethempelini. Kamuva bamisa udwendwe olwaluhlanganisa ukuthwala amanzi luwalanda echibini laseSilowama nokuphuzwa kwawo phakathi nobusuku boMkhosi Wokuvuna, kanye nokushaya i-altare ngamagatsha omnyezane ekupheleni komkhosi nemithandazo evamile yansuku zonke okwakungasekelwe eMthethweni.

‘Okwakuphawuleka ngokukhethekile izinguquko ezenziwa abaFarisi ngokuphathelene neSabatha,’ kusho i-Jewish Encyclopedia. Umfazi kwakulindeleke ukuba amukele iSabatha ngokukhanyisa izibani. Uma kwakubonakala sengathi umsebenzi othile ungase uholele emsebenzini ongemthetho, abaFarisi babewenqabela. Baze badlulela ngisho nasekubekeni imithetho ngokwelapha futhi bazwakalisa ukucasulwa ukuphulukisa okuyisimangaliso kukaJesu ngeSabatha. (Mathewu 12:9-14; Johane 5:1-16) Nokho, lababaguquli benkolo abazange bagcine ngokumisa izinhlangano ezintsha bezama ukwakha uthango, ukuze kuvikelwe imithetho engokomBhalo.

Ukuqeda

AbaFarisi babethi banegunya lokuyiyeka okwesikhashana noma ukuyiqeda ngokuphelele imithetho engokomBhalo. Ukucabanga kwabo kuboniswe esishweni esithile seTalmud: “Kungcono ukuba kususwe umthetho owodwa kunokuba kulitshalwe yonke iTorah.” Okunye kwakho kwaba ukunqanyulwa kweJubili ngesisekelo sokuthi ngenxa yokwesaba ukulahlekelwa ilungelo lokufuna ukubuyiselwa okungokwakhe uma leyonkathi isondela akekho owayeyoboleka abampofu.—Levitikusi, isahluko 25.

Ezinye izibonelo ukuqedwa kokuqulwa kwe-cala lowesifazane owayesolwa ukuthi uphingile nasendabeni yokubulala okungazange kuxazululwe, ukuyekwa kwenqubo yokuhlawula. (Numeri 5:11-31; Duteronomi 21:1-9) AbaFarisi kwakungeke kubathathe sikhathi ukuba baqede imfuneko engokomBhalo yokondla komuntu abazali bakhe abahluphekayo.—Eksodusi 20:12; Mathewu 15:3-6.

UJesu waxwayisa: “Qaphelani imvubelo yabaFarisi, ewubuzenzisi.” (Luka 12:1) UbuFarisi, nesimo sabo sengqondo esingesona esingokwasezulwini, buwubuzenzisi ngokuphelele—okuthile okungamelwe kulethwe ebandleni lobuKristu. Nakuba kunjalo, izincwadi zamaJuda ziveza abaFarisi besesimweni esingcono kunesabaSadusi. Manje ake sicabangele leliqembu elidla ngoludala.

AbaSadusi

Igama elithi abaSadusi kungenzeka lasuselwa kuSadoki, umpristi omkhulu ezinsukwini zikaSolomoni. (1 AmaKhosi 2:35, umbhalo waphansi we-NW) AbaSadusi bakha iqembu elidla ngoludala elimelela izithakazelo zethempeli nobupristi. Ngokungafani nabaFarisi, ababethi banegunya ngenxa yokufunda nokuzinikela, abaSadusi basekela ilungelo labo ohlwini lozalo nesikhundla. Bamelana nezinguquko zabaFarisi kwaze kwaba sekubhujisweni kwethempeli ngo-70 C.E.

Ngaphezu kokulahla ukunqunyelwa kusengaphambili, abaSadusi benqaba ukwamukela noma iyiphi imfundiso engashiwongo ngokucacile kuyiPentateuch, ngisho noma yayishiwo kwenye indawo eZwini likaNkulunkulu. Eqinisweni, ‘babekubheka njengokuhle ukuphikisana’ ngalezizindaba. (The Jewish Encyclopedia) Lokhu kwenza umuntu akhumbule isikhathi lapho bebekela uJesu inselele ngokuvuswa kwabafileyo.

Besebenzisa umfanekiso womfelokazi owayenamadoda angu-7, abaSadusi babuza: ‘Ovukweni, iyiphi kulawa ayisikhombisa ayoba ngumkayo?’ Eqinisweni, lowomfelokazi wabo owayecatshangelwa wayesengaba namadoda angu-14 noma angu-21. UJesu wachaza: “Ovukweni amadoda awashadi nabesifazane abendiswa.”—Mathewu 22:23-30.

Ekwazi ukwenqaba kwabaSadusi ababhali abaphefumulelwe ngaphandle kukaMose, uJesu wafakazela iphuzu laKhe ngokucaphuna kuyiPentateuch. Wathi: “Ngokuphathelene nabafileyo, ukuthi bayavuswa, anifundanga yini encwadini kaMose, endabeni ephathelene nesihlahla somunga, indlela uNkulunkulu asho ngayo kuye ukuthi, ‘NginguNkulunkulu ka-Abrahama noNkulunkulu ka-Isaka noNkulunkulu kaJakobe’? UnguNkulunkulu wabaphilayo, hhayi owabafileyo.”—Marku 12:26, 27.

Abashushisi BakaJesu Nabalandeli Bakhe

AbaSadusi babekholelwa ekusebenziseni ikhono lokubusa izwe ekusebenzelaneni nezinye izizwe kunokulinda uMesiya—uma kungenzeka babekholelwa ekufikeni kwakhe. Ngaphansi kwesivumelwano neRoma, babezosebenzisa ithempeli futhi babengafuni ukuba kube nanoma imuphi uMesiya, owayezophazamisa. Njengoba babebheka uJesu njengosongo esikhundleni ababenaso, basizana nabaFarisi ukuze bamenzele ugobe lokumbulala.—Mathewu 26:59-66; Johane 11:45-50.

Njengoba babethambekele kwezombangazwe, kunengqondo ukuthi abaSadusi bavusa impikiswano ngokwethembeka eRoma futhi bamemeza: “Asinankosi ngaphandle kukaKesari.” (Johane 19:6, 12-15) Ngemva kokufa nokuvuswa kukaJesu, kwakungabaSadusi abahola ekuzameni ukuvimbela ukusakazwa kobuKristu. (IzEnzo 4:1-23; 5:17-42; 9:14) Ngemva kokubhujiswa kwethempeli ngo-70 C.E., leliqembu laphela.

Isidingo Sokuqapha Njalo

Yeka indlela isixwayiso sikaJesu esiye saba esifaneleka ngayo! Yebo, kudingeka ‘siqaphele imvubelo yabaFarisi nabaSadusi.’ Umuntu angabona izithelo zayo ezimbi kukho kokubili ubuJuda neLobukholwa namuhla.

Nokho, ngokuphambene kakhulu abadala abafanelekayo abangamaKristu emabandleni oFakazi BakaJehova angaphezu kuka-75 500 emhlabeni wonke ‘bazinaka njalo bona nokufundisa kwabo.’ (1 Thimothewu 4:16) Bamukela lonke iBhayibheli njengeliphefumulelwe uNkulunkulu. (2 Thimothewu 3:16) Kunokuba baqambe futhi bathuthukise izinqubo zabo siqu ezingokwenkolo, basebenza ngobunye ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwenhlangano esekelwe eBhayibhelini esebenzisa lomagazini njengethuluzi layo eliyinhloko lokufundisa.—Mathewu 24:45-47.

Umphumela? Izigidi zabantu emhlabeni wonke ziyathuthuka ngokomoya njengoba zifinyelela ekuqondeni iBhayibheli, zilisebenzisa ekuphileni kwazo, futhi zilifundisa abanye. Ukuze ubone indlela lokhu okufezwa ngayo, kungani ungavakasheli ibandla loFakazi BakaJehova eliseduze noma ubhalele abanyathelisi balomagazini?

[Ibhokisi ekhasini 26]

UJESU WAYEZICABANGELA IZILALELI ZAKHE

UJESU KRISTU wafundisa ngokucacile, ecabangela imibono yezilaleli zakhe. Ngokwesibonelo, wenza kanjalo lapho ekhuluma nomFarisi uNikodemu ngendaba yokuphinde “azalwe.” UNikodemu wabuza: “Umuntu angazalwa kanjani lapho esemdala? Akakwazi ukungena esibelethweni sikanina okwesibili futhi azalwe, akunjalo?” (Johane 3:1-5) Kungani uNikodemu ayedideke kangaka, njengoba abaFarisi babekholelwa ukuthi ukuphinde uzalwe kwakudingekile kwababephendukela ebuJudeni, futhi isisho sorabi sifanisa amaproselithe “nomntwana osanda kuzalwa”?

I-Commentary on the New Testament From the Talmud and Hebraica, kaJohn Lightfoot, inikeza ukukhanyiselwa okulandelayo: “Umbono ovamile wamaJuda ngokufaneleka komIsrayeli . . . usagxilile engqondweni yalomFarisi” ongakwazi “ukulususa kalula ubandlululo ayenalo . . . : ‘Njengoba ama-Israyeli . . . enelungelo lokuvunyelwa embusweni kaMesiya, ingabe ngalenkulumo yakho usho ukuthi kudingekile nganoma ubani ukuba angene ngokwesibili esibelethweni sikanina, ukuze abe umIsrayeli kabusha?’”—Qhathanisa noMathewu 3:9.

Nakuba ekuvuma ukuba amaproselithe azalwe kabusha, uNikodemu wayebheka leyonqubo njengengenakwenzeka kumaJuda angokwemvelo—ukubuye angene esibelethweni ngomqondo ongokomfanekiso.

Kwesinye isigameko, abaningi bacasuka lapho uJesu ekhuluma ‘ngokudla inyama yakhe nokuphuza igazi lakhe.’ (Johane 6:48-55) Nokho, uLightfoot uveza ukuthi “izinkulumo eziphathelene ‘nokudla nokuphuza’ ezisetshenziswa ngomqondo wokungathekisa zazivame kakhulu ezikoleni zamaJuda.” Wabuye waphawula ukuthi iTalmud yayikhuluma ‘ngokudla uMesiya.’

Yileyondlela imibono yabaFarisi nabaSadusi eyaba ngayo nethonya elikhulu ekucabangeni kwamaJuda ekhulu lokuqala. Nokho, uJesu wayelucabangela ngokufanelekile ulwazi nokuhlangenwe nakho kwezilaleli zakhe. Lesi esinye sezici ezamenza waba uMfundisi Omkhulu.