Isihogo

Incazelo: Igama elithi “isihogo” litholakala ezinguqulweni eziningi zeBhayibheli. Emavesini afanayo ezinye izinguqulo zithi “ithuna,” “indawo yabafileyo,” njalonjalo. Amanye amaBhayibheli amane abhale ngolimi lwawo amagama olimi lokuqala ngezinye izikhathi ahunyushwa ngokuthi “isihogo”; okungukuthi, awabhala ngezinhlamvu zendlela yethu yokubhala kodwa amagama ashiywe engahunyushiwe. Imaphi lawomagama? ElesiHeberu elithi she’ohlʹ nelesiGreki elinjengalo elithi haiʹdes, angabhekiseli endaweni eyodwa okungcwatshwa kuyo, kodwa ethuneni elivamile lesintu esifile; kanye nelesiGreki elithi geʹen·na, elisetshenziswa njengesibonakaliso sokubhujiswa kwaphakade. Nokho, kokubili ezinkolweni zeLobukholwa nezingebona ubuKristu kufundiswa ukuthi isihogo siyindawo ehlala amademoni nalapho ababi, ngemva kokufa, bejeziswa khona (futhi abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu kwenziwa ngokuhlushwa.)

Ingabe iBhayibheli liyabonisa yini noma abafileyo bayabuzwa ubuhlungu?

UmSh. 9:5, 10: “Ngokuba abaphilayo bayazi ukuthi bayakufa, kepha abafileyo abazi-lutho . . . Konke isandla sakho esikufumanayo ukukwenza, kwenze ngamandla akho, ngokuba akukho-msebenzi, namcabango, nakwazi, nakuhlakanipha endaweni yabafileyo,* lapho uya khona.” (Uma bengazi lutho, ngokusobala ababuzwa ubuhlungu.) (*‘indawo yabafileyo,’ TEV; “iSheoli,” AS, RS, NE, JB; “ithuna,” KJ, Kx, Esd; “isihogo,” Dy.)

IHu. 146:4: “Umoya wakhe uyaphuma, yena abuyele emhlabathini wakhe; ngalona lolosuku amacebo* akhe ayaphela.” (*“Amacebo,” JB; “imicabango,” KJ, 145:4 kuDy; “amasu,” RS, TEV.)

Ingabe iBhayibheli libonisa ukuthi umphefumulo uyasinda ekufeni komzimba?

Hez. 18:4: “Umphefumulo* owonayo uyakufa.” (*“Umphefumulo,” KJ, Dy, RS, NE, Kx; “indoda,” JB; “umuntu,” TEV.)

“Umqondo wokuthi ‘umphefumulo,’ usho into engokomoya kuphela, engenakubonakala, ehlukile ‘emzimbeni,’ . . . awukho eBhayibhelini.”—La Parole de Dieu (Paris, 1960), Georges Auzou, uprofesa wemiBhalo eNgcwele, Rouen Seminary, France, k. 128.

“Nakuba igama lesiHeberu elithi nefesh [emiBhalweni yesiHeberu] ngokuvamile lihunyushwa ngokuthi ‘umphefumulo,’ kungaba okungaqondile ukulinikeza incazelo yesiGreki. Inefesh . . . ayiqondwa njengesebenza ngokuhlukile emzimbeni. ETestamenteni Elisha igama lesiGreki elithi psyche ngokuvamile lihunyushwa ngokuthi ‘umphefumulo’ kodwa nalapha akumelwe liqondwe kalula nje njengelinencazelo leligama elalinayo ezazini zesiGreki. Ngokuvamile lisho ‘ukuphila,’ noma ‘amandla,’ noma, ngezinye izikhathi, ‘umuntu ngokwakhe.’”—The Encyclopedia Americana (1977), Umq. 25, k. 236.

Luhlobo luni lwabantu abaya esihogweni seBhayibheli?

Ingabe iBhayibheli liyasho ukuthi ababi baya esihogweni?

IHu. 9:17: “Ababi bayakubuyela endaweni yabafileyo,* bonke abezizwe abakhohlwa uNkulunkulu.” (*“Endaweni yabafileyo,” Kx; “esihogweni,” 9:18 kuDy; “ekufeni,” TEV; “eSheoli,” AS, RS, NE, JB, NW, Esd.)

Ingabe iBhayibheli liyasho futhi ukuthi abantu abaqotho baya esihogweni?

Jobe 14:13: “[UJobe wathandaza:] Sengathi ungangifihla endaweni yabafileyo,* ungisithe kuze kudlule intukuthelo yakho, unginqumele isikhathi, ungikhumbule.” (UNkulunkulu ngokwakhe wathi uJobe ‘wayengumuntu ongenasici nolungileyo, omesaba uNkulunkulu, obalekela okubi.’—Jobe 1:8.) (*“Isihogo,” Dy; “Ithuna,” KJ; “izwe labafileyo,” TEV; “iSheoli,” AS, RS, NE, JB, NW.)

IzE. 2:25-27: “UDavide uthi ngaye [uJesu Kristu]: . . . Ngokuba awuyikushiya umphefumulo wami eHayidese,* futhi awuyikuvuma oNgcwele wakho abone ukubola.” (Iqiniso lokuthi uNkulunkulu akazange ‘ashiye’ uJesu esihogweni libonisa ukuthi uJesu wayesesihogweni, noma eHayidese, okungenani isikhathi esithile, akunjalo?) (*“Esihogweni,” Dy; “ekufeni,” NE; “endaweni yabafileyo,” Kx; “ezweni labafileyo,” TEV; “eHayidese,” AS, RS, JB, NW.)

Ingabe ukhona oke aphume esihogweni seBhayibheli?

IsAm. 20:13, 14: “Nolwandle lwakhipha abafileyo ababekulo, nokufa neHayidese* kwakhipha abafileyo ababekukho, bahlulelwa yilowo nalowo njengokwemisebenzi yakhe. Ukufa neHayidese kwaphonswa echibini lomlilo.” (Ngakho-ke abafileyo bayokhishwa esihogweni. Phawula futhi ukuthi isihogo asiyona into efanayo nechibi lomlilo kodwa siyophonswa echibini lomlilo.) (*“Nesihogo,” Dy, Kx; “nezwe labafileyo,” TEV; “neHayidese,” NE, AS, RS, JB, NW.)

Kungani kunokudideka ngokuqondene nalokho okushiwo yiBhayibheli ngesihogo?

“Ukudideka okuningi nokungaqondi kuye kwabangelwa abahumushi bokuqala beBhayibheli ngokuhumusha ngokuphikelelayo igama lesiHeberu elithi Sheoli nelesiGreki elithi Hayidese nelithi Gehena ngegama elithi isihogo. Ukubekwa kwalamagama njengoba enjalo ngokuguqula indlela yokubhalwa kwawo kancane okwenziwa abahumushi bezinguqulo zeBhayibheli ezibukeziwe akubanga ngokwanele ukuba kulungise lokhu kudideka nokungaqondi kahle.”—The Encyclopedia Americana (1942), Umq. XIV, k. 81.

Abahumushi baye bavumela izinkolelo zabo siqu ukuba zingenele emsebenzini wabo esikhundleni sokuba banamathele ekuhumusheni kwabo amagama olimi lokuqala. Ngokwesibonelo: (1) IKing James Version yahumusha elithi she’ohlʹ ngokuthi “isihogo,” “ithuna,” nangokuthi “umgodi”; elithi haiʹdes lihunyushwe kokubili ngokuthi “isihogo” nangokuthi “ithuna”; elithi geʹen·na nalo lihunyushwe ngokuthi “isihogo.” (2) IToday’s English Version ihumusha elithi haiʹdes ngokushintsha nje indlela yokubhala ngokuthi “Hades” ibuye futhi ilihumushe ngokuthi “isihogo” nangokuthi “izwe labafileyo.” Kodwa ngaphandle kokuhumusha elithi haiʹdes ngokuthi “isihogo” isebenzisa khona lokho kuhumusha kwelithi geʹen·na. (3) IThe Jerusalem Bible ihumusha elithi haiʹdes izikhathi eziyisithupha ngokushintsha indlela yokubhalwa kwalo, kodwa kwezinye izingxenye ilihumusha ngokuthi “isihogo” nangokuthi “izwe eliphansi.” Ihumusha futhi elithi geʹen·na ngokuthi “isihogo,” njengoba yenza nangelithi haiʹdes izikhathi ezimbili. Ngaleyondlela-ke okuyikhona okushiwo yilamagama olimi lokuqala kuye kwasontwa.

Ingabe kukhona ukujeziswa kwaphakade kwababi?

Math. 25:46: “Laba bayakumuka, baye ekujezisweni [“ekunqanyulweni,” Int; ngesiGreki, koʹla·sin]: okuphakade, kodwa abalungileyo baye ekuphileni okuphakade.” (IThe Emphatic Diaglott ifundeka ngokuthi “ekunqunyweni” esikhundleni sokuthi “ekujezisweni.” Umbhalo waphansi uthi: “Elithi kolasin . . . livela kwelithi kolazoo, elisho, 1. Ukunquma; njengokugawula amagatsha omuthi, ukuthena. 2. Ukukhuza, ukuvimbela. . . . 3. Ukuyala, ukujezisa. Ukunquma umuntu ekuphileni, noma emphakathini, noma ngisho nokumvimbela, kubhekwa, njengokujezisa;—kungakho-ke kuye kwaba khona lokhu kusetshenziswa kwesithathu kwaleligama okucishe kufane. Incazelo eyinhloko iye yemukelwa, ngoba ivumelana kangcono nengxenye yesibili yomusho, ngaleyondlela kulondolozwa amandla nobuhle bokungafani. Abalungileyo baya ekuphileni, ababi ekunqunyweni ekuphileni, noma ekufeni. Bheka eyesi-2 Thes. 1:9.”)

2 Thes. 1:9: “Abazakunikwa isijeziso esingukubhujiswa okuphakade,* basuke phambi kobuso beNkosi naphambi kwenkazimulo yamandla akhe.” (*“Ukuchithwa phakade,” NAB, NE; “ukulahlwa phakade,” JB; “bagwetshelwe ukujeziswa kwaphakade,” Kx; “ukujeziswa phakade ngokubhujiswa,” Dy.)

Juda 7: “Njengoba iSodoma neGomora nemizi yangakhona yenza ubufebe ngendlela efana neyayo, yalandela inyama imbe imisiwe ibe-yisiboniso, izwa isijeziso somlilo omiyo njalo.” (Umlilo owabhubhisa iSodoma neGomora sekudlule izinkulungwane zeminyaka ungasavuthi. Kodwa umphumela walowomlilo uye waba ohlala njalo; leyomizi ayizange yakhiwe kabusha. Nokho, isahlulelo sikaNkulunkulu sasingamelene naleyomizi kuphela kodwa futhi nezakhamuzi zayo ezimbi. Okwenzeka kuzo kuyisibonelo esiyisixwayiso. KuLuka 17:29, uJesu uthi ‘zabhujiswa’; uJuda 7 ubonisa ukuthi imbubhiso yayingeyaphakade.)

Kusho ukuthini ‘ukuhlushwa kwaphakade’ okubhekiselwe kukho kusAmbulo?

IsAm. 14:9-11; 20:10: “Uma kukhona okhuleka kuso isilo nomfanekiso waso, elwamukela futhi uphawu ebunzini lakhe noma esandleni sakhe, naye uyakuliphuza iwayini lolaka lukaNkulunkulu elilungisiwe esitsheni solaka lwakhe, lingaxutshiwe, ahlushwe ngomlilo nesibabule phambi kwezingelosi ezingcwele naphambi kweWundlu. Nomusi wokuhlushwa kwabo [ngesiGreki, basa·ni·smouʹ] uyenyuka kuze kube-phakade naphakade; abasenakuphumula imini nobusuku abakhuleka kuso isilo nomfanekiso waso nalowo owamukela uphawu lwegama laso.” “NoSathane owazidukisayo waphonswa echibini lomlilo nesibabule, lapho kukhona isilo nomprofethi wamanga; ziyakuhlushwa imini nobusuku kuze kube-phakade naphakade.”

Kuyini ‘ukuhlushwa’ lemibhalo ebhekisela kukho? Kungokuphawulekayo ukuthi kusAmbulo 11:10 kubhekiselwa ‘kubaprofethi abahlupha abakhileyo emhlabeni.’ Ukuhlushwa okunjalo kubangelwa ukudalula okuthobisayo okwenziwa izigijimi ezimenyezelwa yilabaprofethi. KusAmbulo 14:9-11 abakhulekeli ‘besilo [esingokomfanekiso] nomfanekiso waso’ kuthiwa ‘bahlushwa ngomlilo nesibabule.’ Lokhu akunakubhekisela ekuhlushweni komuntu ezwa ngemva kokufa ngenxa yokuthi “abafileyo abazi-lutho.” (UmSh. 9:5) Pho, yini ebangela ukuba bezwe ukuhlushwa okunjalo lapho besaphila? Kuwukumemezela kwezinceku zikaNkulunkulu ukuthi abakhulekeli ‘besilo nomfanekiso waso’ bayothola ukufa kwesibili, okumelelwe ‘ichibi lomlilo elivutha umlilo nesibabule.’ Umusi, ohambisana nokubhujiswa kwabo ngomlilo, wenyuka kuze kube-phakade ngoba ukubhujiswa kuyoba okwaphakade futhi ngeke kukhohlakale. Uma isAmbulo 20:10 sithi uSathane ‘uyohlushwa phakade naphakade’ “echibini lomlilo nesibabule,” kusho ukuthini lokho? IsAmbulo 21:8 sisho ngokukhanyayo ukuthi ‘ichibi elivutha umlilo nesibabule’ lisho “ukufa kwesibili.” Ngakho-ke ‘ukuhlushwa’ kukaSathane lapho phakade kusho ukuthi ngeke abe nokukhululwa; uyolokhu evimbelekile kuze kube phakade, eqinisweni ekufeni kwaphakade. Lokhu kusetshenziswa kwegama elithi “ukuhlushwa” (elivela kwelesiGreki elithi baʹsa·nos) kusikhumbuza ngokusetshenziswa kwalo kuMathewu 18:34, lapho igama eliyisisekelo elifanayo lesiGreki lisetshenziswa ‘kumphathi wetilongo.’—RS, AT, ED, NW.

Liyini ‘iGehena lomlilo’ uJesu abhekisela kulo?

IGehena kubhekiselwa kulo izikhathi eziyi-12 emiBhalweni yamaKristu yesiGreki. Izikhathi eziyisihlanu lihlanganiswe ngokuqondile nomlilo. Abahumushi baye bahumusha inkulumo yesiGreki ethi geʹen·nan tou py·rosʹ ngokuthi “isihogo somlilo” (KJ, Dy), “imililo yesihogo” (NE), “umgodi ongumlilo” (AT), nangokuthi “imililo yeGehena” (NAB).

Isizinda esingokomlando: IsiGodi sikaHinomi (iGehena) sasingaphandle kwezindonga zeJerusalema. Okwesikhathi esithile sasiyindawo yokukhulekela izithombe, kuhlanganise nokunikela ngezingane. Ekhulwini lokuqala iGehena lalisetshenziswa njengendawo yokushisa udoti waseJerusalema. Izidumbu zezilwane zaziphonswa kulesigodi ukuze zishiswe umlilo, okwakufakwa kuwo isibabule ukuze uvuthe kakhulu. Nezidumbu zezigebengu ezibulewe, ezazicatshangelwa njengezingakufanele ukungcwatshwa emathuneni okukhunjulwa, zaziphonswa eGehena. Kungakho kuMathewu 5:29, 30, uJesu akhuluma ngokuphonswa kwawo “wonke umzimba” womuntu eGehena. Uma isidumbu siwela emlilweni owawuvutha njalo sasisha siphele, kodwa uma siwela onqenqemeni lwalowomgodi ojulile inyama yaso ebolayo yayigcwala izibungu noma izimpethu ezazihlala zikhona. (Marku 9:47, 48) Abantu abaphilayo babengaphonswa eGehena; ngakho-ke kwakungeyona indawo yokuhlushwa kwabantu bezwa.

KuMathewu 10:28, uJesu waxwayisa izilaleli zakhe ukuba ‘zisabe onamandla okubhubhisa umphefumulo nomzimba eGehena.’ Kusho ukuthini? Phawula ukuthi lapha akuthintwa ukuhlupha emlilweni weGehena; kunalokho, uthi ‘makwesatshwe yena onamandla okubhubhisa eGehena.’ Ngokubhekisela ‘emphefumulweni’ ngokuhlukile, uJesu lapha ugcizelela ukuthi uNkulunkulu angabhubhisa wonke amathemba omuntu okuphila; kanjalo alikho ithemba lovuko ngaye. Ngakho-ke, ukubhekisela ‘eGehena lomlilo’ kunencazelo efanayo ‘nechibi lomlilo’ lesAmbulo 21:8, okungukuthi, ukubhujiswa, “ukufa kwesibili.”

IBhayibheli lithi inkokhelo yesono iyini?

Roma 6:23: “Inkokhelo yesono ingukufa.”

Ngemva kokuba umuntu esefile, ingabe usengaphansi kokujeziswa okuqhubekayo ngezono zakhe?

Roma 6:7: “Ofileyo ukhululiwe esonweni.”

Ingabe ukuhlushwa kwaphakade kwababi kuyavumelana nobuntu bukaNkulunkulu?

Jer. 7:31: “[AbangamaJuda ayizihlubuki] bakhile izindawo eziphakemeyo zaseThofethi ezisesigodini sendodana kaHinomu ukuba bashise amadodana abo namadodakazi abo ngomlilo, engingakuyalanga nokungangenanga enhliziyweni yami.” (Uma lokho kungakaze kungene enhliziyweni kaNkulunkulu, ngokuqinisekile akanayo futhi akayisebenzisi into enjalo ngezinga elingaphezu kwalokho.)

Umfanekiso: Ubungacabangani ngomzali obamba isandla somntanakhe emlilweni ukuze ajezise umntwana ngokona? “UNkulunkulu uluthando.” (1 Joh. 4:8) Ingabe-ke ubengenza lokho umzali onengqondo ephilile abengenakukwenza? Ngokuqinisekile ubengeke!

Ngalokho uJesu akusho ngendoda ecebile noLazaru, ingabe uJesu wayefundisa ukuhlushwa kwababi ngemva kokufa?

Ingabe indaba ekuLuka 16:19-31, ingokoqobo noma imane ingumfanekiso wokunye okuhlukile? IThe Jerusalem Bible, embhalweni wayo waphansi, iyavuma ukuthi “iyindaba engokomfanekiso engabhekiseli kunoma imuphi umuntu emlandweni.” Uma ithathwa njengoba injalo, bekungasho ukuthi labo abajabulela umusa waphezulu bonke bangalingana esifubeni sendoda eyodwa, uAbrahama; nokuthi amanzi asesihlokweni somunwe womuntu awanakuhwamukiswa umlilo weHayidese; nokuthi iconsi nje lamanzi lingamkhulula umuntu ekuhluphekeni lapho. Ingabe lokho kuzwakala kunengqondo kuwe? Uma kungokoqobo, bekungaphikisana nezinye izingxenye zeBhayibheli. Uma-ke iBhayibheli liziphikisa ngaleyondlela, ingabe umthandi weqiniso ubengalisebenzisa njengesisekelo sokholo lwakhe? Kodwa iBhayibheli aliziphikisi.

Lomfanekiso usho ukuthini? “Isicebi” sasimelele abaFarisi. (Bheka ivesi 14.) ULazaru ompofu wayemelele abantu abavamile abangamaJuda ababedelelwa ngabaFarisi kodwa abaphenduka baba ngabalandeli bakaJesu. (Bheka uLuka 18:11; Johane 7:49; Mathewu 21:31, 32.) Ukufa kwabo nakho kwakungokomfanekiso, kumelele ushintsho ezimweni zabo. Kanjalo-ke, labo ababedelelwa ngaphambili baba sesimweni sokwamukelwa phezulu, nalabo ababecatshangelwa njengabamukelwayo ngaphambili benqatshwa uNkulunkulu, kuyilapho behlushwa isigijimi sokwahlulela esasilethwa yilabo ababebadelela.—IzE. 5:33; 7:54.

Ivelaphi imfundiso yesihogo somlilo?

Ezinkolelweni zasendulo zabaseBabiloni nabaseAsiriya “izwe labafileyo . . . lifanekiswa njengendawo egcwele ukwesaba, futhi yenganyelwe onkulunkulu namademoni anamandla amakhulu nasabekayo.” (The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Boston, 1898, Morris Jastrow, Jr., k. 581) Ubufakazi bokuqala bokuba nomlilo kwesihogo seLobukholwa butholakala enkolweni yaseGibithe lasendulo. (The Book of the Dead, New Hyde Park, N.Y., 1960, enesingeniso sikaE. A. Wallis Budge, kk. 144, 149, 151, 153, 161) UbuBuddha, obuhlehlela emuva ekhulwini lesi-6 B.C.E., ngokuhamba kwesikhathi baba nakho kokubili isihogo esishisayo nesibandayo. (The Encyclopedia Americana, 1977, Umq. 14, k. 68) Imifanekiso yesihogo eboniswa emasontweni amaKatolika eItaly kuye kwatholakala ukuthi inemisuka kubantu base-Etruria yasendulo.—La civiltà etrusca (Milan, 1979), Werner Keller, k. 389.

Kodwa imisuka yangempela yalemfundiso edelela uNkulunkulu ijule ngokungaphezulu. Imiqondo emibi ehambisana nesihogo sokuhlupha inyundela uNkulunkulu futhi ivela kumnyundeli oyinhloko kaNkulunkulu (uDeveli, okuyigama elisho “uMnyundeli”), lowo uJesu Kristu ambiza ngokuthi ‘unguyise wamanga.’—Joh. 8:44.