Ukubaluleka KweNash Papyrus

UKUTHOLA kanjani ngokunembile ukuthi umbhalo wesandla omdala weBhayibheli lesiHeberu ngowasiphi isikhathi? Leyo kwakuyinkinga endala uDkt. John C. Trever ayebhekene nayo ngo-1948 lapho eqala ukubona uMqulu wasoLwandle Olufile kaIsaya. Isimo sezinhlamvu zesiHeberu samdida. Wayazi ukuthi lezinhlamvu ziyisihluthulelo sokuthola ubudala bawo, kodwa wayengaziqhathanisa nani? Waphetha ngokufanele: Nombhalo weNash Papyrus kuphela. Ngani? Uyini lombhalo wesandla, futhi wavelaphi?

INash Papyrus inezingxenye ezine kuphela ezinemigqa engu-24 yemibhalo yesiHeberu, ubukhulu bayo bungamasentimitha angu-7,5 ubude nangu-12,5 ububanzi. Yaqanjwa ngoW. L. Nash, unobhala weSociety of Biblical Archaeology, owayithola kumdayisi waseGibithe ngo-1902. Yanyatheliswa nguS. A. Cooke ngonyaka olandelayo encwadini yaleyonhlangano iProceedings futhi yayiswa eMtatsheni Wezincwadi waseYunivesithi yaseCambridge, eNgilandi, lapho ihleli khona. Ukubaluleka kwalengxenye yepapyrus kuhlangene nobudala bayo. Izazi zayihlehlisela ekhulwini lesibili noma lokuqala leminyaka B.C.E., ngakho kwakuyikhasi lombhalo wesandla wesiHeberu elidala kakhulu elake latholakala.

Lapho uDkt. Trever eqhathanisa isithombe sombala seNash Papyrus nomqulu ophambi kwakhe, wabuka ngokucophelela isimo nendlela ezakheke ngayo izinhlamvu ngazinye. Ngaphandle kokungabaza, zazifana ncimishí. Nakuba kunjalo, kuyena kwabonakala kungakholeki ukuthi lombhalo wesandla omkhulu, osanda kutholakala ungaba mdala njengeNash Papyrus. Nokho, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, indlela yakhe yokucabanga yabonakala ilungile. UMqulu wasoLwandle Olufile kaIsaya wawungowekhulu lesibili leminyaka B.C.E.!

Okuqukethwe YiNash Papyrus

Ukuhlaziya umbhalo weNash Papyrus kwembula ukuthi yonke imigqa yawo engu-24 ayiphelele, inegama noma izinhlamvu ezingatholakali ezinhlangothini zombili. Inezingxenye zeMithetho Eyishumi evela kuEksodusi isahluko 20, kanye namavesi athile avela kuDuteronomi izahluko 5 no-6. Ngakho lona kwakungewona umbhalo wesandla weBhayibheli ovamile kodwa umbhalo oyingxubevange onenjongo ekhethekile. Ngokusobala wawuyingxenye yeqoqo lokufundisa elalikhumbuza umJuda ngezibopho zakhe kuNkulunkulu. Ingxenye yombhalo eqala ngoDuteronomi 6:4, ebizwa ngokuthi iShema, yayiphindaphindwa njalo. Lelovesi lifundeka kanje: “Yizwa, Israyeli: UJehova uNkulunkulu wethu, uJehova, munye.”

ITetragrammaton, YHWH, “Jehova,” kulelivesi ibonakala kabili emgqeni wokugcina wepapyrus, futhi ivela kwezinye izindawo eziyisihlanu. Futhi ivela kanye uhlamvu lwayo lokuqala lungekho.

IShema ngokukhethekile kwakufanele igcizelele “ubuntu obubodwa bukaNkulunkulu.” NgokweTalmud yamaJuda (Berakoth 19a), igama lokugcina elithi, ʼE·chadhʹ (“Kunye”), “kufanele ligcizelelwe ngokukhethekile kuyilapho laliphinyiselwa ngokusho uhlamvu ngalunye.” (W. O. E. Oesterley noG. H. Box) Ngokubhekiselwe kuNkulunkulu, leligama elinwetshiwe elithi ʼE·chadhʹ lalisho futhi ukuba kwakhe yingqayizivele.

Namuhla, iNash Papyrus inemiqulu eminingi engontanga bayo, ikakhulukazi phakathi kwemiqulu eyatholwa emihumeni ngasogwini loLwandle Olufile eduze neQumran. Ukuhlaziya okunemininingwane kuye kwaqinisekisa ukuthi eminingi yalemibhalo yesandla ihlehlela ekhulwini lokuqala noma lesibili leminyaka B.C.E.a Nakuba ingasewona umbhalo wesandla wesiHeberu ohlehlela emuva kunayo yonke owaziwayo, iNash Papyrus isathakazelisa kakhulu. Isalokhu iwukuphela kombhalo wesandla omdala weBhayibheli lesiHeberu kanjalo owatholwa eGibithe.

[Umbhalo waphansi]