Incwadi YeBhayibheli Yama-41—UMarku
Umlobi: UMarku
Yalotshelwa: ERoma
Ukuloba Kwaphela: Cishe ngo-60–65 C.E.
Isikhathi Esihlanganisiwe: 29–33 C.E.
1. Yini eyaziwayo ngokuphathelene noMarku nomkhaya wakubo?
LAPHO uJesu eboshwa eGetsemane futhi abaphostoli bebaleka, “insizwa ethile yamlandela yembethe indwangu nje emzimbeni.” Lapho isixuku sizama ukuyibamba nayo, “yayisiyishiya indwangu, yabaleka-ze.” Lensizwa ngokuvamile kukholelwa ukuthi uMarku. Encwadini yezEnzo ichazwa ngokuthi ‘uJohane othiwa uMarku’ futhi kungenzeka ukuthi yayivela emkhayeni omi kahle eJerusalema, ngoba babenendlu yabo siqu nezinceku. Unina, uMariya, naye wayengumKristu, futhi ibandla lokuqala lasebenzisa ikhaya lakhe njengendawo yokuhlangana. Ngesikhathi ekhululwa ingelosi etilongweni, uPetru waya kulendlu futhi wathola abazalwane behlangene khona.—Marku 14:51, 52; IzE. 12:12, 13.
2, 3. (a) Yini ngokungangabazeki eyashukumisela uMarku ukuba angenele inkonzo yobuthunywa bevangeli? (b) Yibuphi ubungane aba nabo nezinye izithunywa zevangeli, ikakhulukazi uPetru noPawulu?
2 Isithunywa sevangeli uBarnaba, umLevi waseKhupro, wayengumzala kaMarku. (IzE. 4:36; Kol. 4:10) UMarku waqala ukwazana noPawulu lapho uBarnaba efika noPawulu eJerusalema belethe usizo ngenxa yendlala. Akungabazeki ukuthi lobubungane basebandleni nezikhonzi ezishisekayo ezijikelezayo bafaka kuMarku isifiso sokungenela inkonzo yobuthunywa bevangeli. Ngakho simthola engumngane nesikhonzi sikaPawulu noBarnaba ohambweni lwabo lokuqala lobuthunywa bevangeli. Nokho, ngenxa yesizathu esithile uMarku wabashiya ePherge, ePhamfiliya, futhi wabuyela eJerusalema. (IzE. 11:29, 30; 12:25; 13:5, 13) Ngenxa yalokhu, uPawulu wenqaba ukuhamba noMarku ohambweni lwesibili lobuthunywa bevangeli, futhi lokhu kwaphumela ekwahlukaneni kukaPawulu noBarnaba. UPawulu wathatha uSila, lapho uBarnaba ethatha umzala wakhe uMarku futhi eya naye eKhupro ngomkhumbi.—IzE. 15:36-41.
3 UMarku wazibonakalisa enekhono enkonzweni futhi waba usizo olukhulu hhayi kuBarnaba kuphela kodwa futhi kamuva nakubaphostoli uPetru noPawulu. UMarku wayenoPawulu (cishe ngo-60-61 C.E.) phakathi nokuboshwa kwakhe kokuqala eRoma. (Filem. 1, 24) Khona-ke sithola uMarku enoPetru eBabiloni phakathi konyaka ka-62 no-64 C.E. (1 Pet. 5:13) UPawulu uyaphinda futhi uba yisiboshwa eRoma cishe ngonyaka ka-65 C.E., futhi ngencwadi ucela uThimothewu ukuba eze noMarku, ethi, “ngokuba unosizo kimi ekukhonzeni.” (2 Thim. 1:8; 4:11) Lena indawo yokugcina okukhulunywa kuyo ngoMarku eBhayibhelini.
4-6. (a) UMarku wakwazi kanjani ukuthola imininingwane yeVangeli lakhe ebonisa ukuba nolwazi oluhle? (b) Yini ebonisa ukuhlangana kwakhe okuseduze noPetru? (c) Nikeza izibonelo zezimfanelo zikaPetru kuleliVangeli.
4 Kuthiwa ukulotshwa kwaleliVangeli elifushane kunawo wonke kwenziwa yiloMarku. Wayeyisisebenzi kanye nabaphostoli bakaJesu futhi engumuntu owabeka ukuphila kwakhe enkonzweni yezindaba ezinhle. Kodwa uMarku wayengeyena omunye wabaphostoli abangu-12, futhi wayengeyena umngane kaJesu oseduze. Wayitholaphi imininingwane engaka eyenza ukulandisa kwakhe ngenkonzo kaJesu kuphile ngempela kusukela ekuqaleni kuya ekugcineni? Ngokwenkolelo yasekuqaleni impela kaPapias, uOrigen, noTertullian, lomthombo kwakuwuPetru, owayengumngane oseduze kaMarku.a UPetru akambizanga yini ngokuthi “indodana yami”? (1 Pet. 5:13) UPetru wayengufakazi wokuzibonela cishe wakho konke lokho uMarku akuloba, ngakho kungenzeka ukuthi wawathola kuPetru amaphuzu amaningi achazayo angekho kwamanye amaVangeli. Ngokwesibonelo, uMarku ukhuluma ‘ngezisebenzi’ ezazisebenzela uZebedewu, ngowayenochoko encenga uJesu “eguqa ngamadolo,” ngendoda enedemoni “ezilimaza ngamatshe,” nangokunikeza kukaJesu isiprofetho sakhe ‘ngokufika kweNdodana yomuntu inamandla amakhulu nenkazimulo’ lapho ehlezi eNtabeni yemiNqumo “maqondana nethempeli.”—Marku 1:20, 40; 5:5; 13:3, 26.
5 UPetru ngokwakhe wayeyindoda yemizwelo ejulile futhi ngalokho wayengaqaphela futhi achazele uMarku imizwa nemizwelo kaJesu. Ngakho kaningi uMarku uloba indlela uJesu azizwa ngayo nasabela ngayo; ngokwesibonelo, uthi waqalaza “ebabuka ngokuthukuthela, edabukile,” ukuthi “wabubula,” nokuthi “wabubula emoyeni wakhe.” (3:5; 7:34; 8:12) UMarku ositshela ngemizwa kaJesu ngombusi osemncane onothile, ethi, ‘wamthanda.’ (10:21) Futhi yeka imfudumalo esiyithola ekulandiseni kokuthi uJesu akamisanga nje kuphela umntwana phakathi kwabafundi bakhe kodwa futhi “wamgona,” nokuthi ngesinye isikhathi “wabagona [abantwana]”!—9:36; 10:13-16.
6 Ezinye izimfanelo zikaPetru zibonakala endleleni kaMarku yokuloba, enomzwelo, ephilayo, enamandla, enomdlandla, nechazayo. Kubonakala sengathi akazi ukuthi angazilandisa kanjani ngokushesha izenzakalo. Ngokwesibonelo, igama elithi “masinyane” livela kaningi, lenze indaba iqhubeke ngendlela evusa amadlingozi.
7. Yini ehlukanisa iVangeli likaMarku kwelikaMathewu?
7 Nakuba uMarku ayengalisebenzisa iVangeli likaMathewu futhi umbhalo wakhe uqukethe amaphesenti angu-7 kuphela angekho kwamanye amaVangeli, kungaba iphutha ukukholelwa ukuthi uMarku wamane wafingqa iVangeli likaMathewu wayesenezela imininingwane embalwa ekhethekile. Njengoba uMathewu aveza uJesu njengoMesiya othenjisiwe neNkosi, uMarku manje ubheka ukuphila kwakhe nemisebenzi ngakolunye uhlangothi. Uveza uJesu njengeNdodana kaNkulunkulu eyenza izimangaliso, uMsindisi onqobayo. UMarku ugcizelela imisebenzi kaKristu kunezintshumayelo nezimfundiso zakhe. Kubikwa ingxenye encane kuphela yemifanekiso neyodwa yezinkulumo zikaJesu ezinde kakhulu, futhi ayikho iNtshumayelo yaseNtabeni. Yilesisizathu esenza iVangeli likaMarku libe lifushane, nakuba nalo linezenzakalo ezivusa amadlingozi njengamanye. Okungenani zingu-19 izimangaliso okubhekiselwa kuzo ngokuthé ngqo.
8. Yiziphi izici ezibonisa ngokusobala ukuthi iVangeli likaMarku lalilotshelwe amaRoma?
8 Njengoba uMathewu alilobela amaJuda iVangeli lakhe, ngokusobala uMarku walilobela amaRoma ngokuyinhloko. Sikwazi kanjani lokhu? UMthetho kaMose uthintwa kuphela lapho kukhulunywa ngengxoxo eyayibhekisela kuwo, futhi uhlu lozalo lukaJesu alukho. Ivangeli likaKristu limelelwa njengelinokubaluleka kwendawo yonke. Uchaza amasiko nezimfundiso zamaJuda okungenzeka ukuthi abafundi abangemaJuda babengajwayelene nazo. (2:18; 7:3, 4; 14:12; 15:42) Izinkulumo zesiAramu ziyahunyushwa. (3:17; 5:41; 7:11, 34; 14:36; 15:22, 34) Uchaza amagama ezindawo zasePalestina nawezitshalo. (1:5, 13; 11:13; 13:3) Inani lezinhlamvu zemali yamaJuda linikezwa ngemali yamaRoma. (12:42, umbhalo waphansi weNW.) Usebenzisa amagama amaningi esiLatini kunabanye abalobi bamaVangeli, ngokwesibonelo, elithi speculator (ibutho), praetorium (iPretoriyu, noma indlu yombusi), kanye nelithi centurio (induna yekhulu).—6:27; 15:16, 39.
9. Incwadi kaMarku yalotshelwaphi futhi nini, futhi yini eqinisekisa ubuqiniso bayo?
9 Njengoba ngokusobala uMarku ayelobela amaRoma ngokuyinhloko, cishe ukuloba kwakhe wakwenzela eRoma. Kokubili inkolelo endala impela nokuqukethwe ilencwadi kuvumela isiphetho sokuthi yahlanganiselwa eRoma phakathi nokuboshwa kokuqala noma kwesibili komphostoli uPawulu, ngakho-ke kuphakathi nonyaka ka-60-65 C.E. Ngaleyominyaka uMarku waba seRoma okungenani kanye, futhi mhlawumbe kabili. Zonke izazi eziholayo zekhulu lesibili nelesithathu leminyaka ziqinisekisa ukuthi uMarku owayiloba. LeliVangeli lase likhona kakade phakathi kwamaKristu phakathi nekhulu lesibili leminyaka. Ukuvela kwalo kuzo zonke izinhlu zokuqala zemiBhalo yamaKristu yesiGreki kuqinisekisa ubuqiniso beVangeli likaMarku.
10. Kumelwe sibhekwe kanjani isiphetho eside nesifushane sikaMarku, futhi ngani?
10 Nokho, iziphetho, eside nesifushane, ngezinye izikhathi ezinezelwa ngemva kwesahluko 16, ivesi 8, akumelwe zibhekwe njengeziyiqiniso. Azikho kweminingi imibhalo yasendulo elotshwe ngesandla, njengeSinaitic neVatican No. 1209. Izazi zekhulu lesine uEusebius noJerome zivumelana ngokuthi umbhalo oyiqiniso uphetha ngamazwi athi “babesaba.” Ezinye iziphetho cishe zanezelwa ngenjongo yokwenza ngcono isiphetho esingalindelekile leliVangeli eliphetha ngaso.
11. (a) Yini ebonisa ukuthi iVangeli likaMarku linembile, futhi yiliphi igunya eligcizelelwayo? (b) Kungani lezi ‘kuyizindaba ezinhle,’ futhi iyiphi inkathi iVangeli likaMarku eliyihlanganisayo?
11 Ukuthi ukulandisa kukaMarku kunembile kubonakala ekuvumelaneni okugcwele kweVangeli lakhe hhayi namanye amaVangeli kuphela kodwa futhi neminye imiBhalo eNgcwele kusukela kuGenesise kuya kusAmbulo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uJesu uboniswa ngokuphindaphindiwe njengonegunya hhayi nje kuphela kwakushoyo kodwa naphezu kwamandla emvelo, phezu kukaSathane namademoni, phezu kokugula nezifo, yebo, naphezu kokufa ngokwakho. Ngakho uMarku uqala ukulandisa kwakhe ngesethulo esihlaba umxhwele: “Ukuqala kwevangeli [“kwezindaba ezinhle,” NW] likaJesu Kristu.” Ukuza kwakhe nenkonzo kwakusho “izindaba ezinhle,” futhi ngalokho ukutadisha iVangeli likaMarku kumelwe kube nenzuzo kubo bonke abafundi. Izenzakalo ezichazwa uMarku zihlanganisa inkathi esukela entwasahlobo ka-29 C.E. kuya entwasahlobo ka-33 C.E.
OKUQUKETHWE INCWADI KAMARKU
12. Yini ehlanganiswe emavesini okuqala angu-13 kaMarku?
12 Ukubhapathizwa nokulingwa kukaJesu (1:1-13). UMarku uqala izindaba ezinhle ngokuchaza uJohane uMbhapathizi. Uyisithunywa esabikezelwa, esathunywa ukuba simemezele: “Lungisani indlela yeNkosi, nenze imikhondo yayo iqonde.” NgaLowo ozofika ngokushesha, umbhapathizi uthi, ‘Unamandla kunami.’ Yebo, uyobhapathiza, hhayi ngamanzi, kodwa ngomoya ongcwele. Manje uJesu uyafika evela eNazaretha laseGalile, futhi uJohane uyambhapathiza. Umoya wehlela phezu kukaJesu njengejuba, futhi kuzwakala izwi ezulwini: “Wena uyiNdodana yami ethandekayo; ngithokozile ngawe.” (1:3, 7, 11) UJesu ulingwa uSathane ehlane, futhi izingelosi ziyamkhonza. Zonke lezenzakalo ezivusa amadlingozi zihlanganiswe emavesini kaMarku okuqala angu-13.
13. Yiziphi izindlela uJesu alibonisa ngazo ngokushesha igunya lakhe ‘njengoNgcwele kaNkulunkulu’?
13 UJesu uqala inkonzo eGalile (1:14–6:6). Emva kokuboshwa kukaJohane, uJesu uhamba eshumayela ivangeli likaNkulunkulu eGalile. Yeka isigijimi esishaqisayo anaso! “Umbuso kaNkulunkulu ususondele; phendukani, nikholwe yivangeli.” (1:15) Ubiza uSimoni noAndreya noJakobe noJohane bedoba ukuba babe ngabafundi bakhe. NgeSabatha uqala ukufundisa esinagogeni laseKapernawume. Abantu bayamangala, ngoba ufundisa “njengonamandla [“njengonegunya,” NW], kungenjengababhali.” Ubonisa igunya lakhe ‘njengoNgcwele kaNkulunkulu’ ngokukhipha umoya ongcolile kumuntu okhwelwe yiwo nangokuphulukisa umkhwekazi kaSimoni, owayegula enomkhuhlane. Izindaba zisakazeka njengomlilo wequbula, futhi sekuhlwile “umuzi wonke” ubuthene ngaphandle kwendlu kaSimoni. UJesu uphilisa abaningi abagulayo futhi ukhipha amademoni amaningi.—1:22, 24, 33.
14. UJesu ubunikeza kanjani ubufakazi begunya lakhe lokuthethelela izono?
14 UJesu ukumemezela obala ukuthunywa kwakhe: “Ukuba ngishumayele.” (1:38) Ushumayela kulo lonke elaseGalile. Noma kuphi lapho ehamba khona, ukhipha amademoni futhi uphulukisa abagulayo, kuhlanganise nonochoko nofe uhlangothi athi kuye: “Uthethelelwe izono zakho.” Abanye ababhali bayazindla ezinhliziyweni zabo, ‘Lokhu ukuhlambalaza. Ubani ongathethelela izono ngaphandle kukaNkulunkulu?’ Eziqonda izizindlo zabo, uJesu ubonisa ukuthi “iNdodana yomuntu inamandla . . . okuthethelela izono” ngokutshela ofé uhlangothi ukuba avuke aye endlini yakhe. Abantu badumisa uNkulunkulu. Lapho umthelisi uLevi (uMathewu) eba umlandeli wakhe, uJesu utshela ababhali: “Kangizelanga ukubiza abalungileyo kodwa izoni.” Uzibonisa ngokwakhe ‘eyiNkosi ngisho neyesabatha.’—2:5, 7, 10, 17, 28.
15. UJesu uthini ngalabo abaphika izimangaliso zakhe, futhi uthini ngezibopho zomkhaya?
15 Manje uJesu wakha iqembu labaphostoli abangu-12. Abakubo babonisa ukuphikisa okuthile, futhi abanye ababhali baseJerusalema bammangalela ngokukhipha amademoni ngombusi wamademoni. UJesu uyababuza, “USathane angakhipha kanjani uSathane na?” futhi uyabaxwayisa: “Lowo ohlambalaza uMoya oNgcwele kanakuthethelelwa naphakade, kodwa unecala lesono esingapheliyo.” Phakathi nengxoxo, unina nabafowabo bayafika bemfuna, kodwa uJesu ushukunyiselwa ukuba athi: “Owenza intando kaNkulunkulu nguye ongumfowethu nodadewethu nomame.”—3:23, 29, 35.
16. Ngemifanekiso, yini uJesu ayifundisayo ‘ngombuso kaNkulunkulu’?
16 UJesu uqala ukufundisa “imfihlakalo [“engcwele,” NW] yombuso kaNkulunkulu” ngemifanekiso. Ukhuluma ngendoda ehlwanyela imbewu ewela ezinhlotsheni ezihlukahlukene zomhlabathi (efanekisa izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zabalizwayo izwi) nangesibani esikhanya othini lwaso. Komunye umfanekiso, uJesu uthi uMbuso kaNkulunkulu unjengokuba umuntu ephonsa imbewu emhlabathini: “Umhlabathi uthela isithelo ngokwawo, kuqala ikhaba, khona isikhwebu, besekuba-yizinhlamvu ezipheleleyo esikhwetshini.” (4:11, 28) Unikeza futhi umfanekiso wenhlamvu yesinaphi, leyo, nakuba incinyane kunazo zonke izimbewu, imila ibe-nkulu ibe namagatsha amakhulu omthunzi.
17. Izimangaliso zikaJesu zilibonisa kanjani izinga legunya lakhe?
17 Njengoba bewela uLwandle LwaseGalile uJesu ngokuyisimangaliso uthulisa isivunguvungu esikhulu, futhi ulwandle olunesivunguvungu luyathula ngokuyala kwakhe: “Thula, uthi du.” (4:39) Ezweni lamaGerasa, uJesu ukhipha ‘iLegiyona’ yamademoni kumuntu oyedwa futhi uyivumela ukuba ingene emhlanjini wezingulube ezicishe zibe ngu-2 000, lezo, ezigulukudela eweni futhi ziminze olwandle. (5:8-13) Ngemva kwalokhu, uJesu uwelela emuva ogwini olungaphesheya. Kuphulukiswa owesifazane onomopho, osuneminyaka engu-12 ungelapheki, ngokuthinta nje ingubo kaJesu, lapho esendleleni eyovusa indodakazi kaJayiru eneminyaka engu-12. Ngempela, iNdodana yomuntu inegunya phezu kwakho kokubili ukuphila nokufa! Nokho, abantu basezweni lakubo kaJesu bayaliphikisa igunya lakhe. Uyamangala ngokungakholwa kwabo kodwa uyaqhubeka “[e]hamba imizi ngemizi efundisa.”—6:6.
18. (a) Inkonzo kaJesu yandiswa kanjani? (b) Yini eshukumisa uJesu ukuba afundise futhi enze izimangaliso?
18 Inkonzo yaseGalile iyandiswa (6:7–9:50). Abangu-12 bathunywa ngababili neziyalezo namandla okushumayela nokufundisa, okuphilisa abantu, nawokukhipha amademoni. Igama likaJesu liqala ukwaziwa kakhulu, abanye becabanga ukuthi unguJohane uMbhapathizi ovuswe kwabafileyo. Lokhu kuyamkhathaza uHerode, njengoba uJohane anqunywa ikhanda phakathi nedili likaHerode losuku lokuzalwa. Abaphostoli bayabuya ohambweni lwabo lokushumayela futhi babika umsebenzi wabo kuJesu. Isixuku esikhulu sabantu silandela uJesu kulo lonke elaseGalile, futhi ‘uba nesihe ngaso, ngoba sinjengezimvu ezingenamalusi.’ Ngakho uqala ukusifundisa okuningi. (6:34) Futhi usilungiselela ngothando ukudla okungokwenyama, esuthisa amadoda angu-5 000 ngezinkwa ezinhlanu nezinhlanzi ezimbili. Ngokushesha ngemva kwalokho, lapho abafundi behlupheka emkhunjini wabo belwisana nesiphepho njengoba beya eBetsayida, uza kubo ehamba phezu kolwandle futhi uthulisa umoya. Akumangalisi ukuthi ngisho nabafundi bakhe “bamangala kakhulu”!—6:51.
19, 20. (a) UJesu ubasola kanjani ababhali nabaFarisi? (b) Yiziphi izenzakalo eziholela ekubeni noPetru asolwe?
19 Esifundeni saseGenesaretha, uJesu uhileleka engxoxweni nababhali nabaFarisi baseJerusalema ngokudla ngezandla ezingahlanjiwe, futhi uyabakhuza ‘ngokuyeka umyalo kaNkulunkulu babambe isiko labantu.’ Uthi akukhona okungenayo kuvela ngaphandle okungcolisa umuntu, kodwa yilokho okuphuma ngaphakathi, enhliziyweni, okungukuthi, “imicabango emibi.” (7:8, 21) Eya enyakatho emikhawulweni yaseTire naseSidoni, wenzela oweZizwe isimangaliso, ekhipha idemoni endodakazini yowesifazane ongumSirofenike.
20 Esebuyele eGalile, uJesu uphinda uba nesihe ngesixuku esimlandelayo futhi usuthisa amadoda angu-4 000 ngezinkwa eziyisikhombisa nezinhlanzana eziyingcosana. Uxwayisa abafundi bakhe ngemvubelo yabaFarisi nemvubelo kaHerode, kodwa ngalesosikhathi bayehluleka ukuthola iphuzu. Khona-ke, wenza esinye isimangaliso—ukuphulukiswa kwempumputhe eBetsayida. Engxoxweni besendleleni eya emizaneni yaseKesariya Filipi, uPetru usho ngokuqiniseka ukuthi uJesu “unguKristu” kodwa futhi uphikisa ngamandla lapho uJesu ekhuluma ngokuhlupheka nokufa okusondelayo kweNdodana yomuntu. Ngalokhu, uJesu uyamsola: “Buyela emva kwami, Sathane, ngokuba awuqondi okukaNkulunkulu kepha okwabantu.” (8:29, 33) UJesu unxusa abafundi bakhe ukuba bamlandele njalo ngenxa yevangeli; uma beba nezinhloni ngaye, naye uyoba nezinhloni ngabo lapho eza ngenkazimulo kaYise.
21. (a) Obani ababona “umbuso kaNkulunkulu ufikile ngamandla,” futhi kanjani? (b) UJesu ukugcizelela kanjani ukubeka uMbuso kuqala?
21 Ezinsukwini eziyisithupha kamuva, lapho ephezulu entabeni ende, uPetru, uJakobe, noJohane baba nelungelo lokubona “umbuso kaNkulunkulu ufikile ngamandla” njengoba bebona uJesu eguqulwa isimo enkazimulweni. (9:1) UJesu uphinda ubonisa igunya lakhe ngokukhipha umoya oyisimungulu komunye umfana, futhi ngokwesibili ukhuluma ngokuhlupheka kwakhe nokufa okuzayo. Ululeka abafundi bakhe ukuba bangavumeli lutho lubavimbele ekungeneni ekuphileni. Ingabe isandla sakho siyakukhubekisa? Sinqume! Unyawo lwakho? Lunqume! Iso lakho? Likhiphe! Kungcono kakhulu ukungena eMbusweni kaNkulunkulu ukhubazekile kunokuphonswa uphelele eGehena.
22. Yisiphi iseluleko esiqokomisa inkonzo kaJesu ePhereya?
22 Inkonzo ePhereya (10:1-52). UJesu uza emikhawulweni yaseJudiya “nangaphesheya kweJordani” (ePhereya). Manje abaFarisi bambuza ngesahlukaniso, futhi usebenzisa lelithuba ekuvezeni izimiso zikaNkulunkulu ngomshado. Insizwa enothile imbuza ngokudla ifa lokuphila okuphakade kodwa iyadabuka ngokuzwa ukuthi ukuze ibe negugu ezulwini, kumelwe ithengise impahla yayo futhi ibe umlandeli kaJesu. UJesu utshela abafundi bakhe: “Kulula ukuba ikamela lingene ngentunja yosungulo kunokuba onothileyo angene embusweni kaNkulunkulu.” Ukhuthaza labo abashiye konke ngenxa yevangeli, ebathembisa “[okuphindwe] ngekhulu manje . . . kanye nokuzingelwa, nasenkathini ezayo ukuphila okuphakade.”—10:1, 25, 30.
23. Iyiphi ingxoxo nesimangaliso okwenzeka endleleni eya eJerusalema?
23 UJesu nabangu-12 manje baya eJerusalema. UJesu ubatshela okwesithathu ngokuhlupheka okungaphambi kwakhe nangokuvuka kwakhe. Ubabuza ukuthi bangasiphuza yini isitsha asiphuzayo, futhi uyabatshela: “Ofuna ukuba-ngowokuqala phakathi kwenu makabe-yinceku yabo bonke.” Besaphuma eJeriko, isinxibi esiyimpumputhe siyamemeza ngasendleleni: “Jesu, Ndodana kaDavide, ngihawukele!” UJesu wenza lendoda eyimpumputhe ukuba ibone—ukuphulukisa kwakhe kokugcina okuyisimangaliso ngokokuloba kukaMarku.—10:44, 47, 48.
24, 25. (a) UJesu ulifakazela ngaziphi izenzo igunya lakhe? (b) Ubaphendula ngamaphi amaphuzu abaphikisi bakhe? (c) Yisiphi isixwayiso uJesu asinikeza isixuku, futhi yini ayincomayo kubafundi bakhe?
24 UJesu eseJerusalema namaphethelo (11:1–15:47). Ukulandisa kuhamba ngokushesha! UJesu ungena emzini egibele ithole lembongolo, futhi abantu bamhalalisela njengeNkosi. Ngakusasa uhlanza ithempeli. Abapristi abakhulu nababhali bayamesaba futhi bafuna ukumbulala. “Lokhu ukwenza ngagunya lini na?” bebuza. (11:28) Ngekhono uJesu ubuyisela lombuzo kubo futhi ubatshela umfanekiso wabalimi ababulala indlalifa yesivini. Bayalibona iphuzu futhi bayamyeka.
25 Ngokulandelayo bathumela abanye babaFarisi ukuba bamhile ngombuzo wentela. Ecela udenariyu, uyabuza: “Ngokabani lomfanekiso nalombhalo na?” Bayaphendula: “NgokaKesari.” Khona-ke uJesu uthi: “Nikani uKesari okukaKesari noNkulunkulu okukaNkulunkulu.” Akumangalisi ukuthi bayamangala ngaye! (12:16, 17) Manje abaSadusi, abangakholelwa ovukweni, bazama ukumhila ngalombuzo: ‘Uma owesifazane ebe namadoda ayisikhombisa ngokulandelana, uyoba umfazi kabani ovukweni?’ Ngokushesha uJesu uphendula ngokuthi labo abavuka kwabafileyo bayoba “njengezingelosi ezulwini,” ngoba ngeke baganwe. (12:19-23, 25) “Ngumuphi umyalo wokuqala kuyo yonke na?” kubuza omunye wababhali. UJesu uyaphendula: “Owokuqala ngowokuthi: Yizwa, Israyeli: iNkosi uNkulunkulu wethu, iNkosi yinye. Woyithanda iNkosi, uNkulunkulu wakho ngayo yonke inhliziyo yakho, nangawo wonke umphefumulo wakho, nangayo yonke ingqondo yakho, nangawo onke amandla akho. Owesibili yiló: Womthanda umakhelwane wakho njengalokhu uzithanda wena.” (12:28-31) Ngemva kwalokhu, akekho onesibindi sokumbuza. Igunya likaJesu njengomfundisi ophelele liyaphakanyiswa. Isixuku esikhulu silalela ngenjabulo, futhi uJesu usixwayisa ngababhali abaqhoshayo. Khona-ke uncoma kubafundi bakhe umfelokazi ompofu obeke kakhulu emphongolweni kunabo bonke abanye, ngoba izinhlamvu zakhe zemali ezincane zaziyikho “konke anakho, konke abephila ngakho.”—12:44.
26. Iyiphi ewukuphela kwenkulumo ende eyalotshwa uMarku, futhi iphetha ngasiphi isiyalo?
26 Ehlezi eNtabeni yemiNqumo, maqondana nethempeli, uJesu utshela abane babafundi bakhe ngasese ‘ngesibonakaliso’ sokuphela kwalezi zinto. (Lena ukuphela kwenkulumo ende elotshwe uMarku, futhi ifana naleyo ekuMathewu izahluko 24 no-25.) Iphetha ngokuyala kukaJesu: “Kepha lolosuku nalelohora akakho owazi-lutho ngalo, nazingelosi ezulwini, naNdodana, nguBaba kuphela. Kepha lokhu engikusho kini ngikusho kubo bonke, ngithi: Lindani.”—13:4, 32, 37.
27. Chaza izenzakalo eziholela ekukhashelweni kukaJesu eGetsemane.
27 EBethaniya eseduze owesifazane ugcoba uJesu ngamafutha abizayo. Abanye bathi lokhu ukuchitha, kodwa uJesu uthi kuwumsebenzi omuhle, wokulungiselela ukumbelwa kwakhe. Ngesikhathi esimisiwe, uJesu nabangu-12 bahlangana emzini ngenjongo yokugubha iPhasika. Uveza umkhapheli wakhe futhi umisa isidlo sakusihlwa esiyisikhumbuzo nabafundi bakhe abathembekile, futhi baya eNtabeni yemiNqumo. Endleleni uJesu ubatshela ukuthi bonke bazokhubeka. “Hayi mina,” kusho uPetru. Kodwa uJesu uthi kuye: “Ngalobubusuku, lingakakhali kabili iqhude, uzakungiphika kathathu.” Lapho befika endaweni ethiwa iGetsemane, uJesu uyamonyuka eyokhuleka, ecela abafundi bakhe ukuba balinde. Umthandazo wakhe ufinyelela umvuthwandaba ngalamazwi: “Aba, Baba, konke kungenzeka kuwe; ake ususe kimi lesisitsha, kepha kungabi-njengokuba ngithanda mina, kodwa njengokuba uthanda wena.” Izikhathi ezintathu uJesu ubuyela kubafundi bakhe, futhi izikhathi ezintathu ubathola belele, ngisho “namanje”! (14:29, 30, 36, 41) Kodwa ihora selifikile! Bheka!—umkhapheli!
28. Yiziphi izenzakalo zokuboshwa nokuvela kukaJesu phambi kompristi omkhulu?
28 UJuda uyasondela futhi wanga uJesu. Lesi yisiboniso emadodeni ahlomile abapristi sokuba ambophe. Amletha egcekeni lompristi omkhulu, lapho abaningi befakaza amanga ngaye, kodwa ubufakazi babo abuhlangani. UJesu ngokwakhe uthulile. Ekugcineni, umpristi omkhulu uyambuza: “UnguKristu, iNdodana yoBongekayo na?” UJesu uyaphendula, “Nginguye.” Umpristi omkhulu uyamemeza, ‘Ukuhlambalaza!’ Futhi bonke bamlahla ngokuthi ufanele ukufa. (14:61-64) Egcekeni ngaphansi, uPetru usemphike kathathu uJesu. Iqhude likhala okwesibili, futhi uPetru, ekhumbula amazwi kaJesu, ukhala nokukhala izinyembezi.
29. Yimuphi umbhalo uMarku awulobayo wokuquliswa kukaJesu kokugcina nokubulawa, futhi kuboniswa kanjani ukuthi uMbuso oyimpikiswano?
29 Masinyane ekuntweleni kokusa umphakathi (iSanhedrin) uyabhunga bese uthumela uJesu eboshiwe kuPilatu. Ngokushesha uyaqaphela ukuthi uJesu akasona isigebengu futhi uzama ukumkhulula. Nokho, ngokuphikelela kwesixuku esishoshozelwa abapristi abakhulu, ekugcineni unikela uJesu ukuba abethelwe. UJesu ulethwa eGolgotha, (okusho ukuthi, “iNdawo yeKhanda”) futhi uyabethelwa, kubhalwe icala lakhe ngaphezulu: “INKOSI YABAJUDA.” Abadlulayo bayamhlambalaza: “Wasindisa abanye, angezisindise yena.” Emini (ngehora lesithupha) kuba mnyama emhlabeni wonke kuze kube yihora lesishiyagalolunye. Khona-ke uJesu umemeza ngezwi elikhulu, “Nkulunkulu wami, Nkulunkulu wami, ungishiyeleni na?” futhi uyafa. Ibona lezizinto, induna yekhulu iyaphawula: “Nempela lomuntu ubeyiNdodana kaNkulunkulu.” UJosefa waseArimatheya, omunye weSanhedrin kodwa okholelwa eMbusweni kaNkulunkulu, ucela isidumbu sikaJesu kuPilatu futhi usibeka ethuneni eliqoshwe edwaleni.—15:22, 26, 31, 34, 39.
30. Ngosuku lokuqala lwesonto, yini eyenzekayo ethuneni?
30 Izenzakalo zangemva kokufa kukaJesu (16:1-8). Ekuseni kakhulu ngosuku lokuqala lwesonto, abesifazane abathathu baya ethuneni. Bayamangala ukuthola ukuthi itshe elikhulu ebelingasemnyango seligingqiwe. “Insizwa” ehlezi ngaphakathi ibatshela ukuthi uJesu uvukile. (16:5) Akasekho lapho kodwa uyabandulela ukuya eGalile. Bayabaleka ethuneni, bethuthumela futhi besaba.
ISIZATHU SOKUBA IBE NENZUZO
31. (a) UMarku ukufakazela kanjani ukuba kukaJesu uMesiya? (b) Yini ebonisa igunya likaJesu njengeNdodana kaNkulunkulu, futhi yini ayigcizelela?
31 Ngalomfanekiso okhanyayo olotshiwe kaJesu Kristu, bonke abafundi bencwadi kaMarku, kusukela ezikhathini zamaKristu akuqala kuze kube manje, baye bakwazi ukubona ukugcwaliseka kweziprofetho eziningi zemiBhalo yesiHeberu eziphathelene noMesiya. Kusukela engcaphunweni yokuqala, “Bheka, ngiyasithuma isithunywa sami phambi kwakho,” kuya emazwini kaJesu osizi esigxotsheni, “Nkulunkulu wami, Nkulunkulu wami, ungishiyeleni na?” konke ukulandisa ngenkonzo yakhe yentshiseko, njengoba kulotshwe uMarku, kuyavumelana nalokho imiBhalo yesiHeberu eyakubikezela. (Marku 1:2; 15:34; Mal. 3:1; IHu. 22:1) Ngaphezu kwalokho, izimangaliso zakhe nemisebenzi emangalisayo, isifundo sakhe esinempilo, ukuphikisa kwakhe okungenaphutha, ukwencika kwakhe ngokuphelele eZwini likaJehova nasemoyeni wakhe, nokwalusa kwakhe izimvu ngomusa—zonke lezinto zimphawula njengaLowo oweza ngegunya njengeNdodana kaNkulunkulu. Wafundisa “njengonamandla [“njengonegunya,” NW],” igunya alamukela kuJehova, futhi wagcizelela “[uku]shumayela ivangeli likaNkulunkulu,” okungukuthi, ukuthi “umbuso kaNkulunkulu ususondele,” njengomsebenzi wakhe oyinhloko lapha emhlabeni. Imfundiso yakhe iye yabonakala inenzuzo engenakulinganiswa kubo bonke abaye bayilalela.—Marku 1:22, 14, 15.
32. UMarku uyisebenzisa izikhathi ezingaki inkulumo ethi “umbuso kaNkulunkulu,” futhi yiziphi ezinye zezimiso eziqondisayo azibekayo zokuzuza ukuphila ngaloMbuso?
32 UJesu wathi kubafundi bakhe: “Nina niphiwe imfihlakalo yombuso kaNkulunkulu.” UMarku usebenzisa lenkulumo ethi “umbuso kaNkulunkulu” izikhathi ezingu-14 futhi ubeka izimiso eziningi eziqondisayo zalabo abayozuza ukuphila ngaloMbuso. UJesu wathi: “Olahlekelwa ngukuphila kwakhe ngenxa yami nangenxa yevangeli uyakukusindisa.” Noma yisiphi isithiyo ekuzuzeni ukuphila kumelwe sisuswe: “Kungcono ungene embusweni kaNkulunkulu uneso linye kunokuba uphonswe [eGehena, NW] unamehlo omabili.” UJesu futhi wathi: “Yilowo nalowo ongamukeli umbuso kaNkulunkulu njengomntwana kasoze angena kuwo,” futhi “Kulukhuni kangakanani kwabanomnotho ukungena embusweni kaNkulunkulu.” Wathi umuntu oqondayo ukuthi ukugcina imiyalo emibili emikhulu kudlula yonke iminikelo yokushiswa nemihlatshelo ‘akakude nombuso kaNkulunkulu.’ Lezi kanye nezinye izimfundiso zoMbuso zeVangeli likaMarku ziqukethe isiyalo esihle esingasisebenzisa ekuphileni kwethu kwansuku zonke.—4:11; 8:35; 9:43-48; 10:13-15, 23-25; 12:28-34.
33. (a) Singayithola kanjani inzuzo eVangelini likaMarku? (b) Iyiphi inkambo incwadi kaMarku okufanele isikhuthazele kuyona, futhi ngani?
33 Izindaba ezinhle “ngokukaMarku” mhlawumbe zingafundwa zonke ngehora elilodwa noma amabili, zinikeze umfundi ukubukeza inkonzo kaJesu okuvusa amadlingozi, okusheshayo, nokunamandla. Ukufundwa okunjalo kwalokhu kulandisa okuphefumlelwe, kanye nokutadishisisa nokuzindla ngakho, kuyoba nenzuzo njalo. IVangeli likaMarku linenzuzo kumaKristu ashushiswayo namuhla ngendlela efanayo nasekhulwini lokuqala leminyaka, ngoba manje amaKristu eqiniso abhekene “nezikhathi ezinzima” futhi anesidingo sesiqondiso esiphefumlelwe njengaleso esitholakala kulombhalo ophathelene neSibonelo sethu, uJesu Kristu. Lifunde, mazikuvuse amadlingozi izenzakalo zalo, futhi thola isikhuthazo sokulandela ezinyathelweni zoMqalisi noMphelelisi wokukholwa kwethu, uJesu, nenjabulo efanayo engenakunqotshwa ayibonisa. (2 Thim. 3:1; Heb. 12:2) Yebo, mbone njengendoda eyayisebenza, ngenwa yintshiseko yakhe, futhi lingisa ubuqotho bakhe bokungahlehli nesibindi naphezu kovivinyo nokuphikiswa. Thola induduzo kulengxenye ecebile yemiBhalo ephefumlelwe. Mayikuzuzise ekuphishekeleni kwakho ukuphila okuphakade!
[Imibhalo yaphansi]
a Insight on the Scriptures, Umq. 2, ikhasi 337.