Yerusalemu Walembwa mu Baibolo—Cinshi Cintu Ukusambilila Ifya Cishawasha Kusokolola?

KWALIBAKO ukubebeta ifya cishawasha ukukalamba mu Yerusalemu, ukucilisha ukutula 1967. Ubwingi ubwa fifulo fyasangwa nomba kuti fyamonwa ku bantu bonse, e co lekeni tutandalileko fimo no kumona ifyo ukusambilila ifya cishawasha kumfwana bwino ne fyalembwa mu Baibolo.

Yerusalemu Ilyo Davidi Aali Imfumu

Incende iyo Baibolo ita ukuti ulupili lwa Sione, apakuulilwe Umusumba wa kwa Davidi uwa pa kale, imoneka iishacindama nga nshi muli Yerusalemu wa pali ndakai. Ifyasangwa mu Musumba wa kwa Davidi, ifyasangilwe na profesa umuyashi Yigal Shiloh pa kati ka 1978 na 1985, kwasokolwele icimpangilile ca cilibwe icakosa, nelyo icibumba, lwa ku kabanga ka lupili.

Profesa Shiloh asosele ukuti cifwile ukuba cintu cashala ku cimpangilile cishaikulila ica fibumba fya mabwe umo abena Yebusi (abaleikalako ilyo Davidi talacandila iyi ncende) bakuulile icubo. Alondolwele ukuti icimpangilile capala amatabo ico asangile pa muulu wa ifi fibumba fyali lubali lwe cele lipya ilyakuulilwe na Davidi pa ncende apabelele icubo ca bena Yebusi. Pali 2 Samwele 5:9, tubelengapo kuti: “Davidi aikele mwi cele, ainike ne shina lya liko Umusumba wa kwa Davidi. Kabili Davidi akuulile umusumba ukushinguluka ukutula pa Milo no kwisashingulusha ku ng’anda yakwe.”

Mupepi ne ci cimpangilile paba ubwingililo bwa kwalefuma amenshi ya kale na kale aya mu musumba, ifiputulwa fimo fimo fimoneka kwati e ko fyali na ku nshita ya kwa Davidi. Amashiwi yamo ayaba muli Baibolo pa lwa menshi ya mu Yerusalemu yalilenga ukuti kubeko ifipusho. Ku ca kumwenako, Davidi aebele abaume bakwe ukuti “onse uuleuma abena Yebusi, afike mu mpembwe [sha menshi], ome” abalwani. (2 Samwele 5:8) Mushika wa kwa Davidi Yoabu alicitile ci. Nga amashiwi ya kuti “impembwe sha menshi” yalola mwi?

Kwalimako ifipusho fimbi pa lwa munyangala walumbuka uwa Siloamu, uumoneka kwati waimbilwe na bainjiniya ba Mfumu Hisekia mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 8 B.C.E. kabili uwaloshiwako pali 2 Ishamfumu 20:20 na 2 Imilandu 32:30. Ni shani fintu amabumba yabili aya baleimba ishi mpembwe baishilekumana capamo, apantu ibumba limo limo lyalefume ntunga imbi? Mulandu nshi basalilepo ukunyonganya impembwe no kuilenga ukulepelako mu cifulo ca kwimba fye iyaololoka? Ni shani fintu baalesanga umwela wakumanina uwa kupeema, ukucilisha apantu bafwile balebomfya inyali sha mafuta?

Magazini wa Biblical Archaeology Review alyesha ukwasuka ifyo fipusho. Dan Gill, uwasambilile ifya lubwe uwaipushiwe pali ifi ifya kusangasanga, batila asosele ukuti: “Pa nshi ya Musumba wa kwa Davidi paba impito sha menshi ishiitwa karst ishabumbwa fye ifyo fine. Ishiwi lya kuti “karst” e lyo babomfya ku basambilila ifya lubwe ku kulondolola icitungu umo basanga ifimfokonshi, ifishiba ne mpito ishipangikako pa mulandu wa menshi ilyo yalepita no kukonkoloka mu mabwe ya pa nshi. . . . Ukubebeta uko twabebetele ifya menshi menshi pa nshi ya Musumba wa kwa Davidi kulangilila ukuti fyaelenganishiwe sana sana na bantunse balamuka abakushishe fye impito sha menshi ishaliko kale ishapangilwe ku fishombe ifyasangwike ifishiba.”

Ici kuti caafwa ukulondolola ifyo umunyangala wa Siloamu waimbilwe. Pa kwimba bafwile bakonkele impito yabumbwa fye iyali iyanyongana mu mbali ya lupili. Amabumba ya baleimba limo ukufuma kuli ulu lutwe e lyo limbi na lyo ukufuma ku lutwe lubiye yafwile yalimbile umunyangala wa kubomfya pa kashita kanono ukupitila mu kwalula ifishiba fyaliko kale. Lyene impito yalola pa nshi yalimbilwe pa kuti amenshi yalekonkoloka ukufuma ku mulonga wa Gihone ukuya ku Cishiba ca Siloamu, ico limbi cabelele mu kati ka musumba. Uyu wali mulimo walefwaya ukulamuka ukwine kwine apantu ukufuma pa nshi ukufika mu muulu ni basentimita fye 32, lelo mu butali mwena mamita 533.

Abasoma balishiba ukufuma fye kale ukuti umusumba wa pa kale walefumya sana amenshi ku mulonga wa Gihone. Uyu mulonga wabelele ku nse ya musumba lelo lwa mupepi icalengele ukuti cibe icayanguka ukwimba icishiba calepa amamita 11 ukuya pa nshi, umo abekashi baletapa amenshi ukwabula ukuti baleya ku nse ya fibumba. Ici cishiba citwa Icishiba ca kwa Warren, ishina ilyo bafumishe kuli Charles Warren, uwacisangile mu 1867. Lelo ni lilali lintu impito ne cishiba fyaimbilwe? Bushe e ko fyali mu nshita ya kwa Davidi? Bushe iyi yali e mpembwe ya menshi iyo Yoabu abomfeshe? Dan Gill ayasuko kuti: “Pa kwesha ukusanga nga ca kuti Icishiba ca kwa Warren mu cine cine cali cimfokonshi ca mu bubumbo, twabebetele iciputusha ca ku nse ye libwe ukufuma ku fibumba fya ciko ukubomfya mashini wa carbon-14. Tapali ico twasangile, ukulangilila ukuti ili libwe lyalikeleko imyaka ukucila pali 40,000: Ici cileshininkisha ukwabula ukutwishika ukuli konse ukuti ici cishiba cifwile tacaimbilwe ku muntu.”

Ifitantaala Ukufuma ku Nshita ya kwa Hisekia

Imfumu Hisekia aikeleko ilyo uluko lwa bena Ashuri lwalecimfya ukucimfya kukalamba. Mu mwaka walenga 6 uwa kuteka kwakwe, abena Ashuri bacandile Samaria, umusumba wa bwangalishi bwa bufumu bwa mikowa 10. Pa numa ya myaka 8 (mu 732 B.C.E.) abena Ashuri balibwelele na kabili, ukutiinya ukucandila Yuda na Yerusalemu. Ibuuku lya 2 Imilandu 32:1-8 lilondolola inshila ya kwa Hisekia iya kuicingililamo. Bushe kwalibako ubushininkisho ubuli bonse ubumoneka ukufuma kuli iyi nshita?

Ee e ko bwaba, mu 1969, Profesa Nahman Avigad asangile ifitantaala ukufuma kuli ici ciputulwa ca nshita. Pa numa ya kufishula kwasangilwe iciputusha ca cibumba cishaikulila, ica kubalilapo calepele amamita 40 mu butali, amamita 7 mu bwipi, kabili ukulingana ne fyo batunganya, calepele amamita 8 ukuya mu muulu. Ici cibumba casangilwe lubali pa cilibwe icikulu e lyo lubali pa ncende apali amayanda kale. Nani wakuulile ici cibumba kabili lilali? Magazini wa pa fya cishawasha ashimiko kuti: “Ifiputulwa fibili muli Baibolo fyalyafwile Avigad ukusanga inshita icibumba cakulilwe ne mifwaile ya ciko.” Ifi fiputulwa fibelengwo kuti: “E lyo Hisekia aikoseshe, akuulile ilinga ponse apatobwa, asanswile impungu, acitile ne linga limbi ku nse.” (2 Imilandu 32:5) “Mwabongololapo na mayanda ku kukoshe linga.” (Esaya 22:10) Ilelo abatandashi kuti bamona iciputulwa ca ici cibumba citwa Icifulo ca baYuda ica Musumba wa Kale.

Ukusanga kumbi na ko kusokolola ukuti Yerusalemu pali iyi nshita aali umukulu nga nshi ukucila fintu aali kale ilyo iyi nshita yali tailafika, napamo ici cali pa mulandu wa bwingi bwa mbutushi ishafumine ku bufumu bwa ku kapinda ka ku kuso pa numa lintu bwacimfiwe ku bena Ashuri. Profesa Shiloh atungenye ukuti umusumba wa bena Yebusi wali amahekita mupepi na 6. Mu nshita ya kwa Solomone wali amahekita mupepi na 16. Ukufika mu nshita Hisekia aishileikalako, pa numa ya myaka 300, incende ye linga iya musumba yalikulile ukufika ku mahekita 60.

Inshishi Ishalebomfiwa mu Nshita ye Tempele lya Ntanshi

Inshishi ishalebomfiwa mu nshita ye Tempele lya Ntanshi, e kutila, ilyo abena Babele bashilaonaula Yerusalemu mu 607 B.C.E., e kwafuma ifyebo na kumbi. Kwaliko ukusanga kwakulisha lintu ininga sha kushiikamo ishingi shasangilwe mu mikunkuluko ya Mupokapoka wa Hinomu mu 1979 na 1980. “Ukutula apo twatendekela ukusambilila ifya cishawasha mu Yerusalemu, ici cili fye ni cimo ica fifulo finono nga nshi umo balesungila ifintu ifyo twasanga mupepi ne Tempele lya Ntanshi ifya kuti mu kati muli fye fyonse ifyabikilwemo. Mwali ifinkolonkolo ukucila pali 1,000,” e fyasosa uwasambilila ifya cishawasha Gabriel Barkay. Atwalilila ukuti: “Ico uusambilila ifya cishawasha uuli onse uubombela mu Israel, kabili ukucilisha mu Yerusalemu afwaisha nga nshi kusangako ifyebo fimo ifyalembwa.” Ifimfungwa fibili ifinono ifya silfere fyalisangilwe, lelo finshi fyalembelwepo?

Barkay alondololo kuti: “Ilyo nafungulwile icimfungwa no kucibika pe samba lye glasi likusha ifilembo, namwene ukuti pa muulu paali ifilembo fyalembwa busaka busaka, ukulembwa na kacela akatwa ukubomfya icimfungwa canakanaka icishatikama ica silfere. . . . Ishina lya kwa Lesa ilimonekesha mu filembo lyaba ne filembo fya ciHebere fine ifyalembelwe mu ciHebere ca kale ukuti, yod-he-waw-he.” Mu lupapulo lwalembelwe pa numa, Barkay alundako kuti: “Icatusungwishe ca kuti pali ifi fimfungwa fya silfere fibili pali amashiwi ya kupaala ayalembelwe mu kupalisha nga nshi ku Mapaalo ya Baibolo aya kwa Shimapepo.” (Impendwa 6:24-26) Uyu wali e muku wa kubalilapo ishina lya kwa Yehova lyasangilwe mu fyalembwa ifyasangilwe mu Yerusalemu.

Ni nshila nshi abasoma babomfeshe pa kwishiba ifyo ifimfungwa fyakokola? Maka maka babebetele icifulo ukwasangilwe ifyo fimfungwa. Ifinkolonkolo fye bumba ukucila pali 300 fyasangilwe umo balesungila ifintu mwi tempele, ukulangilila ukuti fyali fya mu mwanda wa myaka uwalenga 7 no walenga 6 B.C.E. Lintu ifilembo fyalinganishiwa ku filembo fimbi ifyaishibikwa inshita fyalembelwe, cilangilila ukuti na co cine ca muli iyi ine nshita. Ifi fimfungwa fisangwa mu ng’anda ya babenye iya Israel Museum ku Jerusalem.

Ukonaulwa kwa Yerusalemu mu 607 B.C.E.

Baibolo ilanda pa lwa konaulwa kwa Yerusalemu mu 607 B.C.E. muli 2 Ishamfumu icipandwa 25, 2 Imilandu icipandwa 36, na Yeremia icipandwa 39, ukushimika ukuti umulalo wa kwa Nebukadnesari waocele umusumba. Bushe ifya kushula fya nomba line fyalishininkisha ukuti ubu bulondoloshi bwa cine? Profesa Yigal Shiloh asoso kuti, “ubushininkisho [bwa bonaushi bwa bena Babele] ubwaba mu Baibolo . . . bwalikashiwa ku bushininkisho bwamonekesha ubwa basambilila ifya cishawasha; ukonaulwa kwa mupwilapo ukwa fikuulwa fyalekanalekana, no mulilo uwaocele amayanda ya mbao ayalekanalekana.” Alundilepo no kuti: “Ikuba lya ubu bonaushi lyalisangwa mu fyashulwa fimo na fimo mu Jerusalem.”

Abatandashi balamona ifitantaala fya ubu bonaushi ubwacitikeko imyaka ukucila 2,500 iyapitapo. Israelite Tower, Burnt Room, na Bullae House e fifulo ifyo abasambilila ifya cishawasha basunga bwino bwino pa kuti abantu balefitamba. Abasambilila ifya cishawasha Jane M. Cahill na David Tarler mu citabo ca kuti Ancient Jerusalem Revealed basupawila ukuti: “Ubonaushi bwakulisha ubo abena Babele baletele pali Yerusalemu bulamonekesha mu fitantaala fishaifulila ifyashikisa ifyo bashulile mu fifulo pamo nga Burnt Room na Bullae House, e lyo na kabili bulamonekela na mu mabwe yashaikulila aya fibumba fyabongolwelwe ayo basangile ku mukunkuluko wa ku kabanga. Ubulondoloshi bwa mu Baibolo pa lwa bonaushi bwa musumba . . . bulomfwana no bushininkisho bwa basambilila ifya cishawasha.”

Muli fyo, ubulondoloshi bwa mu Baibolo ubwa Yerusalemu ukufuma mu nshiku sha kwa Davidi ukufika fye na lintu yaonawilwe mu 607 B.C.E. mu nshila ishingi bwalishininkishiwa ku fya cishawasha ifyasangwa mu myaka yapitapo 25. Lelo ni shani pa lwa Yerusalemu waliko mu mwanda wa myaka uwa kubalilapo C.E.?

Yerusalemu mu Nshita ya kwa Yesu

Ifyashulwa, Baibolo, kalemba wa lyashi lya kale umuYuda uwa mu mwanda wa myaka uwa kubalilapo Josephus, ne fyalembwa fimbi filaafwa abasoma ukulondolola ifyali Yerusalemu mu nshiku sha kwa Yesu, ilyo abena Roma bashilaonaula yene mu 70 .C.E. Icipasho ico balangisha ku numa lye hotela likalamba mu Jerusalem, lyonse balaciteulula ukulingana ne fyasokolola ifintu ifipya ifyo bashula. Ulubali lukalamba ulwa musumba lwali cifulo umo balesungila ifintu mwi Tempele, ilyo Herode akushishe nga nshi ukufika ku miku ibili ukucila lilya ilyakuulilwe na Solomone. Lyali e cikuulwa cakulisha icapangwa no muntu mu nshita sha pa kale, lyalepele amamita mupepi na 480 mu butali na mamita 280 mu bufumo. Amabwe yamo aya kukuulilako yafinine amatani 50, limo ni cikanga lifike ku matani 400 kabili yali “ayashingalinganishiwa ku yali yonse muli ilya nshita ya pa kale,” e fyasosa uwasoma umo.

E mulandu wine kanshi abantu bamo cabapeseshe amano ilyo baumfwile Yesu ukusoso kuti: “Sopololeni itempele ili, kabili nkaliimya mu nshiku shitatu.” Batontonkenye ukuti aalelanda pa lwa cikuulwa ce tempele icishaikulila, nangu cingati wene asosele “itempele mubili wakwe.” E ico, batile: “Imyaka amakumi yane ne myaka mutanda e lyo lyalekuulwa itempele ili, na iwe mu nshiku shitatu ukaliimya mwa?” (Yohane 2:19-21) Pa mulandu wa fyashulwa mupepi na pabelele Itempele, abatandashi nomba kuti bamona ifiputulwa fya fibumba ne mbali shimbi isha bukuule ifyaliko mu nshita ya kwa Yesu kabili kuti banina fye no kunina amatabo ayo Yesu afwile aleninapo ukulola ku mpongolo she tempele ishabelele ku kapinda ka ku kulyo.

Mupepi ne cibumba ca ku masamba ye Tempele, mu Cifulo ca baYuda ica Musumba wa Kale, kwaba ififulo fibili ifyashulwa no kuwamishiwa bwino bwino ifya mu mwanda wa myaka uwa kubalilapo C.E., ifyaishibikwa ukuti Burnt House ne Cifulo ca kwa Herode. Pa numa ya kusanga Burnt House, uwasambilila ifya cishawasha Nahman Avigad alembele ukuti: “Nomba calimoneke fye apabuuta tutu ukuti ici cikuulwa caocewe ku bena Roma mu 70 A.D., ilyo Yerusalemu aonawilwe. Pa muku wa kubalilapo ukutula apo batendekela umulimo wa kushula ifya kushulashula muli uyu musumba, ubushininkisho bwamonekesha ubwa basambilila ifya cishawasha pa lwa kocewa kwa musumba bwalisokolweke bonse fye.”—Moneni ifikope pe bula 12.

Fimo fimo pali ifi fyasangwa filasanikilanako pa lwa fya kucitika ifya mu bumi bwa kwa Yesu. Ifikuulwa fyabelele mu Musumba wa pa Muulu, umo abantu ba cuma aba mu Yerusalemu baleikala, ukusanshako na bashimapepo bakalamba. Umwa kusambila umwingi ukulingana ne cishilano mwalisangilwe mu mayanda. Uwasoma umo alandapo kuti: “Ukufulisha kwa mwa kusambila kushininkisha ukuti abekashi ba mu Musumba wa pa Muulu balebaka nga nshi amafunde ya kusanguluka kwa cishilano mu nshita ye Tempele lya Bubili. (Aya mafunde yalembwa muli Mishnah, umwaba ifipandwa 10 ifilanda fye pali mikveh.)” Ifi fyebo fitwaafwa ukumfwikisha amashiwi ayo Yesu alandile pa lwa fishilano fya baFarise na bakalemba.—Mateo 15:1-20; Marko 7:1-15.

Ifipe fya mabwe ifingi nga nshi na fyo fyalisangwa mu Jerusalem. Nahman Avigad atila: “Mulandu nshi, kanshi, fyamonekele pa nshita fye imo ine kabili ifishaifulila nga nshi mu ng’anda fye imo iya mu Yerusalemu? Icasuko cisangwa muli halakhah, amafunde ya ciYuda pa lwa kusanguluka kwa cishilano. Mishnah itwebo kuti ifipe fya mabwe ni fimo ifya fipe ifishalekowela . . . Ilibwe lyena talyalekowela nangu panono ukulingana ne ci cishilano.” Calitubululwa ukuti ici cilelangilila umulandu amenshi ayo Yesu asangwile ukuba umwangashi yasungilwe mu mitondo ya mabwe mu cifulo ca fipe fye bumba.—Ubwina Lebi 11:33; Yohane 2:6.

Nga mwatandalila ing’anda ya babenye iya Israel Museum kuti mwamona ififulo fibili umwasungilwa amafupa ya bafwa ifyaibela nga nshi. Magazini wa Biblical Archaeology Review alondolola ukuti: “Ififulo fya kusungilamo amafupa ya bafwa maka maka fyalibomfiwe pa myaka mupepi na 100 ilyo abena Roma bashilaonaula Yerusalemu mu 70 C.E. . . . Icitumbi ca muntu calebikwa mu lucengo lwa mu cibumba mu ninga baaleshika abafwa; pa numa ya kubola, balelonganika amafupa no kuyabika mu cifulo balesungila amafupa ya bafwa—ilingi line ici caleba cipe cabalabata icalepangilwa ne libwe lya limestone.” Ifyo balangisha fibili fyasangilwe mu November 1990 mu lucengo baaleshiika. Uwasambilila ifya cishawasha Zvi Greenhut ashimiko kuti: “Ishiwi lya kuti . . . ‘Caiapha’ pa fipe umwasungilwa amafupa ya bafwa mu nshishi lilamoneka pano pa muku wa kubalilapo ku basambilila ifya cishawasha. Napamo lyali lishina lya lupwa lwa kwa Shimapepo Mukalamba Kayafa, uwalumbulwa . . . mu Cipingo Cipya . . . Cali ni mu ng’anda yakwe mu Yerusalemu e mo Yesu apeelelwemo ku mulashi wa ciRoma Ponti Pilato.” Icipe cimo umo basungila amafupa ya bafwa calimo amafupa ya muntu uyo napamo aali ne myaka 60. Abasoma batunganya ukuti aya mafupa ya kwa Kayafa. Uwasoma umo atila ifi fyasangilwe fyacitikeko mu nshita ya kwa Yesu. Atila: “Ikobili ilyasangilwe mu cipe cimo umusungilwa amafupa ya bafwa lyapangilwe na Herode Agripa (37-44 C.E.). Ifipe fibili ifyo basungilamo amafupa ya bafwa apaba ishina lya kwa Kayafa fifwile fyali fya ku kwamba kwa mwanda wa myaka uwa kubalilapo.”

William G. Dever, profesa uwa pa Near Eastern University of Arizona apo basambilila ifya cishawasha, ukukuma kuli Yerusalemu alandilepo kuti: “Tatulekukumya pa kusoso kuti mu myaka yapitapo 15 natusambilila ifingi nga nshi pa lwa fya cishawasha pa lwa ici cifulo cacindamisha ukucila fintu twasambilile mu myaka yatangilileko 150.” Ubwingi bwa mibombele ya basambilila ifya cishawasha mu Yerusalemu mu myaka ya nomba line mu cine cine yalisangako ifintu ifyalenga ilyashi lya kale ilya mu Baibolo ukumfwika bwino bwino.

[Abatusuminishe Ukubomfya Icikope pe bula 9]

Ukupashanya ifyalemoneka Umusumba wa Yerusalemu mu nshita kwali Itempele lya Bubili – kusangwa mu lubansa lwe hotela lya Holyland, ku Jerusalem

[Ifikope pe bula 10]

Pa muulu: Icifutu cabelele pa kati ka kapinda ka ku kulyo na masamba ake Tempele lya mu Yerusalemu

Ku kulyo: Ukwingila mu Cishiba ca kwa Warren