12:23

in general assembly: This expression translates a Greek word that could literally be rendered “an assembly of all,” that is, of an entire people. The term could also denote a public feast; it was used in the Greek Septuagint to render the Hebrew term for “festal [or, “festive”] seasons.” (Eze 46:11; Ho 2:11 [2:13, LXX]) During those joyful festival seasons, the entire nation of Israel would gather at Jerusalem​—on the literal Mount Zion​—to celebrate Jehovah’s festivals. The use of this word here seems to indicate that the assembly of spirit creatures before Jehovah is a joyous one. (Compare Job 38:7.) By contrast, the atmosphere of the gathering at Mount Sinai was marked by a fearful display of divine power.​—Ex 19:16-19; Heb 12:18-21; see study notes on Heb 12:22.

the congregation of the firstborn: The Scriptures identify Jesus as “the firstborn of all creation” and “the firstborn from the dead.” (Col 1:15, 18; Re 1:5; 3:14) However, the Greek words here rendered “firstborn” and “who have been enrolled” are in the plural. The ancient nation of Israel was referred to as a congregation, and God called them collectively “my firstborn.” (Ex 4:22; De 18:16, ftn.) Similarly, the new “Israel of God” can be defined as “the congregation of the firstborn.” (Ga 6:16 and study note) So “the firstborn” mentioned here are spirit-anointed Christians. They are “firstborn” in the sense that they are the first imperfect humans to be accepted by God as sons on the basis of their faith in Christ’s sacrifice. Also, they are the first of Jesus’ followers to be resurrected to endless life.​—Re 20:6; compare Jas 1:18 and study note.

who have been enrolled in the heavens: Paul here refers to Christians who have been anointed with holy spirit and who will rule with Christ in “his heavenly Kingdom.” (2Ti 4:18) They have thus received “the heavenly calling,” or invitation. (Heb 3:1 and study note) The Greek expression rendered “who have been enrolled” at times refers to registration as citizens. For anointed Christians, their “citizenship exists in the heavens.” (Php 3:20 and study note) Paul wanted the Hebrew Christians to appreciate that although they were still on earth, they had been “raised up with the Christ.” (Col 3:1; see also Eph 2:6 and study note.) Their resurrection to life in heaven with Christ was assured, provided that they remain faithful until death. (Re 2:10) So they needed to keep their minds “on the things above,” the prospect of reigning in God’s Kingdom.​—Col 3:2 and study note.

the spiritual lives of righteous ones: This phrase refers to the blessed condition enjoyed by Christ’s spirit-anointed followers. After their anointing, they live “spiritual lives” in that they are adopted as God’s sons who continue to be “led by God’s spirit.” (Ro 8:14, 15 and study note; compare study note on Heb 12:9.) Though imperfect, such Christians are “righteous ones” who are made perfect in this sense: Jehovah mercifully declares them completely righteous.​—Mt 26:27, 28; Ro 5:1; 8:1-4; see study note on Heb 10:14.