3:14

bitter jealousy: The Greek term used here for “jealousy” refers to negative feelings over someone else’s accomplishments or success. (Pr 14:30; see study note on Ga 5:20.) James describes such jealousy as being “bitter”​—the same word he used in verse 11 to describe undrinkable water. Such bitter jealousy could be fueled by a person’s inordinate desire to outshine others in teaching ability and displays of wisdom.

contentiousness: The Greek word that James here uses can refer to a mental attitude or tendency that leads to quarreling and strife. The apostle Paul used the same Greek word to describe one of “the works of the flesh” mentioned at Ga 5:19, 20, where it is rendered “dissensions.” Some scholars suggest that this word could also be rendered “selfish ambition.” Prideful, selfish ambition often breeds contentions. An ambitious person tends to quarrel with others, creating strife as he tries to gain greater influence or prominence. James thus urges his readers to avoid such a spirit. Instead, they should promote peace and unity in the congregation. James uses the phrase in your hearts to stress that the root of such problems lies in the treacherous heart of sinful humans.​—Jer 17:9; Mt 15:18.

do not be bragging and lying against the truth: James here reproves certain men, especially teachers in the congregation, who claimed to be “wise and understanding” but were actually contentious, motivated by bitter jealousy and selfish ambition. (Jas 3:13) They were “lying against the truth,” that is, Christian truth as revealed in the inspired Scriptures. They claimed to represent Jehovah but failed to display the wisdom that comes from him. (Jas 3:17 and study notes) In fact, such men misrepresented the truth, which clearly condemned their behavior. (Ga 5:26; Php 2:3) They also failed to meet the qualifications for Christian teachers as set forth in God’s Word.​—1Ti 3:3 and study note; Tit 3:2 and study note; compare Jer 9:23, 24.