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CainAid to Bible Understanding
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CAIN
[acquisition, or, something acquired].
The first child born on earth to the original human pair, Adam and Eve. (Gen. 4:1) The name Cain (Heb., Qaʹyin) apparently is derived from the root word qa·nahʹ, “to acquire.” God had not taken away the reproductive powers of sinful Adam and Eve. Also, Eve’s statement, “I have acquired [form of qa·nahʹ] a man with the aid of Jehovah,” could be made by her on the basis of God’s declaration, given in his judgment upon her, that he would greatly increase the pain of her pregnancy and that in birth pangs she would bring forth children.—Gen. 3:16.
Cain became a cultivator of the ground and, “at the expiration of some time,” he, as well as his younger brother Abel, brought offerings to present to Jehovah, feeling the need to gain God’s favor. Cain’s offering of “some fruits of the ground,” however, was not ‘looked upon with any favor’ by God. (Gen. 4:2-5; compare Numbers 16:15; Amos 5:22.) While some point out that Cain’s offering is not said to be of the choicest fruits whereas Abel’s offering is specified to have been of the “firstlings of his flock, even their fatty pieces,” other texts of the Bible do not seem to view Cain’s offering as having been inferior as to the quality of the products. Rather, as Hebrews 11:4 points out, Cain’s offering lacked the motivation of faith that made Abel’s sacrifice acceptable. The inferiority of Cain’s offering may also be because his offering was bloodless, whereas Abel’s represented a life poured out.
The manner in which the distinction between the approved and the disapproved offerings was made is not stated, but it was undoubtedly evident to both Cain and Abel. Jehovah, who reads the heart of man (1 Sam. 16:7; Ps. 139:1-6), knew the wrong attitude of Cain, and His rejection of Cain’s sacrifice resulted in that wrong disposition being made clearly manifest. The “works of the flesh” now began to be openly produced by Cain: “hatreds, strife jealousy, fits of anger.” (Gal. 5:19, 20) Jehovah showed the sullen man that exaltation could be his by simply turning to doing good. He could have humbled himself to imitate his brother’s approved example, but he chose to ignore God’s counsel to get the mastery over the sinful desire that ‘lurked at the door,’ craving to dominate him. (Gen. 4:6, 7; compare James 1:14, 15.) This disrespectful course was the “path of Cain.”—Jude 11.
The statement: “Let us go over into the field” (Gen. 4:8), is not included in the Masoretic text of the Hebrew Scriptures, but a number of Hebrew manuscripts have the sign of omission here, while the Samaritan Pentateuch, the Septuagint Version, the Syriac Peshitta and Old Latin texts all include these words as spoken by Cain to Abel. In the field Cain attacked Abel, killing him and thereby becoming the first human murderer. As such he could be said to have “originated with the wicked one” who is the “father” of manslayers as well as of the lie. (1 John 3:12; John 8:44) Cain’s callous response to Jehovah’s inquiry as to Abel’s whereabouts was further evidence of his attitude; it was not an expression of repentance or remorse but a lying retort: “I do not know. Am I my brother’s guardian?”—Gen. 4:8, 9.
God’s sentencing of Cain to banishment from the ground evidently meant his eviction from the neighborhood of the garden of Eden, and the curse already upon the earth would be increased in Cain’s case, the earth not responding to his cultivation of it. Cain expressed regret over the severity of his punishment and anxiety as to the possibility of Abel’s murder being avenged upon him, but still no sincere repentance. Jehovah “set up a sign for Cain” to prevent his being killed, but the record does not say that this sign or mark was placed on Cain’s person in any way. The “sign” likely consisted of God’s solemn decree itself, known and observed by others.—Gen. 4:10-15; compare verse 24 where that decree is referred to by Lamech.
Cain went into banishment in “the land of Fugitiveness to the east of Eden,” taking with him his wife, an anonymous daughter of Adam and Eve. Gen. 4:16, 17; compare 5:4, also the much later example of Abraham’s marriage to his half-sister Sarah, 20:12.) Following the birth of his son Enoch, Cain “engaged in building a city,” naming it for his son. Such city may have been but a fortified village by present standards and the record does not state when it was completed. His descendants are listed in part and include men who distinguished themselves in nomadic stock raising, the playing of musical instruments, the forging of metal tools, also practicing polygamy and violence. (4:17-24) Cain’s line ended with the global flood of Noah’s day.
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CainanAid to Bible Understanding
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CAINAN
(Ca·iʹnan).
1. Son of Enos (Enosh); an ancestor of Jesus’ earthly mother Mary. (Luke 3:37) Cainan is evidently called Kenan at Genesis 5:9-14 and 1 Chronicles 1:2.—See KENAN.
2. One listed in Luke’s genealogy of Jesus Christ as the son of Arphaxad. (Luke 3:36) The name “Cainan” appears in present copies of the Septuagint, such as the Alexandrine Manuscript of the fifth century C.E. (Gen. 10:24; 11:12, 13; 1 Chron. 1:18 but not 1:24), although it is not found in extant Hebrew manuscripts of the Hebrew Scriptures. Hence, Luke may have inserted the name Cainan between the names of Shelah and Arphaxad on the basis of the Septuagint reading, but there is some question as to whether this name actually appeared in the original text of Luke’s Gospel. The name “Cainan” is, in fact, missing at Luke 3:36 in the Cambridge Manuscript of the sixth century C.E. This omission is in harmony with the Masoretic text at Genesis 10:24; 11:12 and 1 Chronicles 1:18, according to which Shelah, not Cainan, is the son of Arpachshad. On the other hand, the name “Cainan” is possibly a variant of the word “Chaldean,” and therefore the Greek text of Luke 3:36 may once have read: “the son of the Chaldean Arphaxad.”—See ARPACHSHAD.
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CakeAid to Bible Understanding
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CAKE
Among the Hebrews and other Oriental peoples of ancient times bread was often baked in the form of flat disks, and it was not uncommon to refer to such bread by the term “cake.” In fact, one of the Hebrew words translated “cake” is from a root that means “to be round.”
However, cakes were of various shapes. For instance, ring-shaped cakes were used at the time of the installing of Israel’s priesthood (Ex. 29:2, 23) and Tamar prepared heart-shaped cakes. (2 Sam. 13:8; see LOAF.) Abraham told Sarah to make “round cakes” to feed the materialized angels that visited him.—Gen. 18:6; see also Numbers 11:8; Judges 7:13; 1 Kings 19:6; Ezekiel 4:12.
Through the prophet Hosea, Jehovah said: “Ephraim himself has become a round cake not turned on the other side.” (Hos. 7:8) Ephraim (Israel) had mingled with pagan peoples, adopting their ways and also seeking alliances with heathen nations and consequently was like a cake not turned. It was not uncommon to bake cakes on hot ashes or hot stones. If such cakes were not turned, they might be baked or even burned on one side and not baked at all on the other side.
During Israel’s Passover celebration unfermented cakes (yeastless or unleavened bread) were to be eaten, and associated with this observance was the “festival of unfermented cakes.” (Ex. 12:8, 15, 17-20; 13:3-7; 23:15; 34:18; Deut. 16:3, 8, 16) Unfermented ringshaped cakes moistened with oil or unfermented wafers that were smeared with oil were among the offerings Israel was to make to Jehovah God. (Lev. 2:4-7, 11, 12)
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