Maŋtsɛyeli Ko Ni Laaje Ni Wo Mɛi Ni Wieɔ Shiɔ Biblia Lɛ Hiɛgbele
“Tsutsu ko Iɛ, Ashur maŋtsɛyeli lɛ yinɔsane ji saji ni anuuu shishi yɛ je lɛ yinɔsane mli lɛ ateŋ ekome.” “Nɔ pɛ ni ale yɛ blema Ninive he lɛ jɛ yiŋfutumɔi ni egbɛ eshwa, kɛ gbalɛi ni wieɔ maŋ lɛ he yɛ Biblia lɛ mli lɛ mli, kɛ agbɛnɛ Ashur yinɔsane he saji bibii ni ajeee gbɛ aŋmaaa jogbaŋŋ ni yɔɔ Diodorus Siculus . . . kɛ niŋmaai krokomɛi amli lɛ mli.”—Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature, Volume 1 kɛ 3, 1862.
HELA yinɔsaneŋmalɔ Diodorus Siculus hi shi afii 2,000 ni eho nɛ. Ewie akɛ Ninive maŋ lɛ ji maŋtiase ko ni hiɛ koji ejwɛ; ni kɛ abua koji ejwɛ lɛ fɛɛ naa lɛ, efeɔ stadiai 480 yɛ ekɛlɛ nɔ. No feɔ shitoi 60 kɛbɔleɔ maŋ lɛ he! Biblia lɛ wieɔ he yɛ gbɛ ni tamɔ nakai nɔŋŋ nɔ, ni ewieɔ Ninive maŋ lɛ he akɛ maŋ kpeteŋkpele ni “feɔ gbii etɛ gbɛnyiɛmɔ.”—Yona 3:3.
Afii ohai 19 lɛ mli mɛi ni wieɔ shiɔ Biblia lɛ sumɔɔɔ ni amɛheɔ amɛyeɔ akɛ blema je lɛŋ maŋ ko ni aleee tsɔ lɛ baanyɛ ada tamɔ nakai. Amɛwie hu akɛ kɛji Ninive ehi shi pɛŋ lɛ, no lɛ eji blema hiŋmɛigbelemɔi ni tsɔ hiɛ ba dani Babilon ba lɛ eko fã.
Nɛkɛ susumɔ nɛɛ kɛ 1 Mose yitso 10, he ni wieɔ akɛ Noa nanakaŋsowa, Nimrod to klɛŋklɛŋ maŋkwramɔŋ maŋ lɛ shishi yɛ Babel, loo Babilon niiaŋ lɛ, kpaaa gbee. Biblia lɛ yaa nɔ akɛ: “Ni ejɛ nɛkɛ shikpɔŋ nɛɛ nɔ ni eyiŋ etee Ashur, ni eyato Ninive kɛ Rehobot-Ir kɛ Kala, kɛ Resen yɛ Ninive kɛ Kala teŋ. Maŋ kpeteŋkpele ji no.” (1 Mose 10:8-12) Kadimɔ akɛ, ŋmalɛi lɛ wieɔ Ashur maji heei ejwɛ lɛ ahe akɛ amɛfee “maŋ kpeteŋkpele” kome.”
Yɛ 1843 mli lɛ, French blema nibii ahe nilelɔ, Paul-Émile Botta, yana maŋtsɛ we ko ni etsɔ amaŋfɔ ni abakpɛlɛ nɔ akɛ eji Ashur maŋtiase ko fã. Beni nɛkɛ nii ni eyana nɛɛ he adafitswaa yashɛ maŋbii aŋɔɔ lɛ, eha mɛi na he miishɛɛ waa. Alan Millard tsɔɔ mli yɛ ewolo Treasures From Bible Times lɛ mli akɛ: “Beni ama nɔ mi akɛ nakai maŋtsɛ we lɛ, Sargon, ni ji Ashur maŋtsɛ ni atsi eta yɛ Yesaia 20:1, mɔ ni ajeɔ ŋwane akɛ ehi shi lɛlɛŋ, ejaakɛ kɛ jeee no kulɛ, aleee lɛ lɛ nɔ ni lɛ, eha maŋbii lɛ amiishɛɛ tee hiɛ waa.”
Yɛ nakai beaŋ nɔŋŋ hu lɛ, blema nibii ahe nilelɔ kroko, Austen Henry Layard, bɔi blema nibii ni efite tsaa yɛ he ko ni atsɛɔ jɛmɛ Nimrud, aaafee shitoi 26 yɛ Khorsabad wuoyi-anaigbɛ. Blema maŋ nɛɛ bafee Kala—ni ji Ashurbii amaji ejwɛ ni atsi amɛ tã yɛ 1 Mose 10:11 lɛ ateŋ ekome. Kɛkɛ ni yɛ 1849 lɛ, Layard tsa maŋtsɛ shia agbo ko ni efite yɛ he ko hu ni atsɛɔ jɛmɛ Kuyunjik, yɛ Kala kɛ Khorsabad teŋ. Abana akɛ nɛkɛ maŋtsɛ shia nɛɛ ji Ninive fã. Blema maji krokomɛi ni efite jwere Khorsabad kɛ Kala teŋ, ni amɛteŋ eko ji gɔŋkpɔ ni atsɛɔ lɛ Karamles lɛ. Layard tsɔɔ mli akɛ: “Kɛji wɔŋɔ gɔŋkpɔi wuji ejwɛ ni ji Nimrud [Kala], Koyunjik [Ninive], Khorsabad, kɛ Karamles, akɛ nakai shikpɔŋ lɛ koji ejwɛ lɛ, abaana akɛ ejɛkɛmɔ yɛ ekoji ejwɛ lɛ fɛɛ nɔ lɛ kɛ stadia 480 loo shitoi 60 yɛ shikpɔŋ lɛ he nilee gbɛfaŋ, ni feɔ gbii etɛ gbɛnyiɛmɔ, ni gbalɔ [Yona] kɛfa gbɛ lɛ kpaa gbee pɛpɛɛpɛ.”
Belɛ anaa faŋŋ akɛ, Yona kɛ nakai maji ni yɔɔ jɛmɛ niiaŋ lɛ fɛɛ fata he ni etsɛ lɛ “maŋ kpeteŋkpele,” ni ekɛ gbɛi ni atsɛ kɛje shishi klɛŋklɛŋ yɛ 1 Mose 10:11, ni ji Ninive lɛ tsɛ amɛ. Nakai nɔŋŋ afeɔ ŋmɛnɛ. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ lɛ, sɔrɔto-feemɔ ko yɛ blema maŋ ni ji London kɛ maji ni jwere ehe, ni feɔ nɔ ni bei komɛi lɛ atsɛɔ lɛ “London wulu” lɛ ateŋ.
Ashur Maŋtsɛ Henɔwolɔ Ko
Tsũi fe 70 yɔɔ maŋtsɛ we ni yɔɔ Ninive lɛ mli, ni atswa gbogboi aaashɛ shitoi enyɔ kɛbɔle he. Nɔ ni anaa yɛ gbogboi nɛɛ anɔ ji nibii ni ashɔ̃shɔ̃i ni ashã, ni akɛkai asraafoi akunimyelii kɛ nibii krokomɛi ni afee. Amɛteŋ pii efite kwraa. Shi, kɛmiibɛŋkɛ eshihilɛ naagbee gbɛ lɛ, Layard yana sɛɛtsu kome ko ni bɔ ni abaa yi aha lɛ sa kadimɔ waa. Nɔ ni atɛŋ yɛ egbogboi lɛ anɔ ji mfoniri ni miitsɔ bɔ ni afee ni nine shɛ maŋ ko ni he wa nɔ, kɛ nomii ni ahã amɛmiinyiɛ yɛ maŋtsɛ ni batutua amɛ lɛ, ni eta maŋtsɛsɛi nɔ yɛ maŋtiase lɛ sɛɛ lɛ hiɛ. Nɔ ni yɔɔ maŋtsɛ lɛ yiteŋgbɛ ji niŋmaa ko ni Ashurbii aniŋmaa he nilelɔi tsɔɔ shishi akɛ: “Sanherib, je lɛ fɛɛ nɔ maŋtsɛ, Ashur maŋtsɛ lɛ, ta nimedu-maŋtsɛsɛi nɔ ni ahã nomŋɔɔ nii (ni aloo) kɛjɛ Lakish (La-ki-su) lɛ ho yɛ ehiɛ ni ekwɛ.”
Ŋmɛnɛ, abaanyɛ ayakwɛ nɛkɛ nii ni akɛtsɔɔ kɛ niŋmaa nɛɛ yɛ British Museum. Ekɛ yinɔsane mli nii ni ba, ni aŋma afɔ shi yɛ Biblia lɛ mli yɛ 2 Maŋtsɛmɛi 18:13, 14 lɛ kpaa gbee akɛ: “Ni maŋtsɛ Hezekia yinɔ afi ni ji nyɔŋma kɛ ejwɛ lɛ nɔ lɛ Sanherib, Ashur maŋtsɛ lɛ, fã batua Yuda maji ni atswa gbogboi awo he la fɛɛ ni eŋɔ amɛ. Ni Hezekia, Yuda maŋtsɛ lɛ tsu ayakɛɛ Ashur maŋtsɛ lɛ yɛ Lakish akɛ ‘Mitɔ̃; kuu osɛɛ ni oya: nɔ ni oooŋɔfɔ minɔ lɛ matere!’ Ni Ashur maŋtsɛ lɛ tsɔɔ jwiɛtɛi talɛntai ohai etɛ kɛ shika talɛntai nyɔŋmai etɛ akɛ Hezekia, Yuda maŋtsɛ lɛ, abahã.”
Ana niŋmaai krokomɛi yɛ Ninive blema nibii ni atsa lɛ amli ni kɛ tutuamɔ ni Sanherib yatutua Yuda lɛ, kɛ too ni Hezekia wo lɛ he saji krokomɛi fataa he. Layard ŋma akɛ: “Ekolɛ yinɔsane mli odaseyeli ni aŋma afɔ shi ni kɛ amɛhe kpaa gbee, ni sa kadimɔ jogbaŋŋ lɛ ateŋ ekome, jwetri ni ji shika diɛŋtsɛ ni ahe kɛjɛ Hezekia dɛŋ, talentai nyɔŋmai etɛ lɛ, kɛ amɛhe kpaa gbee yɛ saji sɔrɔtoi enyɔ ni aŋmala lɛ amli.” Sir Henry Rawlinson, mɔ ni ye ebua ni akɛtsɔɔ Ashur niŋmaa shishi lɛ tswa adafi akɛ nɛkɛ niŋmaai nɛɛ “haa bɔ ni [Sanherib] ji mɔ ko ni ehi shi yɛ yinɔsane mli lɛ bafeɔ faŋŋ ni ŋwanejee ko kwraa baaa he.” Kɛfata he lɛ, Layard bi yɛ ewolo Nineveh and Babylon mli akɛ: “Beni anako nɛkɛ blema nibii nɛɛ, kulɛ namɔ baahe aye akɛ ekolɛ abaana, aloo eeenyɛ eba akɛ abaanyɛ ana tai ni Hezekia kɛ Sanherib wuu, ni Sanherib diɛŋtsɛ ŋmala amɛhe saji eshwie shi yɛ be mli ni awuu ta lɛ he yinɔsane, ni maa nibii ni aŋmala yɛ Biblia lɛ mli lɛ ateŋ saji bibii kwraa fe fɛɛ lɛ po nɔ mi, yɛ shikpɔŋ sũ kɛ jwɛi ni abua naa ama shi, ni kadiɔ he ni blema Ninive hi lɛ mli?”
Eji anɔkwale, nibii ni Sanherib ŋmala eshwie shi lɛ ekomɛi kɛ Biblia mli sane lɛ kpaaa gbee. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔ nɔ lɛ, blema nibii ahe nilelɔ Alan Millard wie akɛ: “Anɔkwa sane ko ni akadiɔ fe fɛɛ baa yɛ [Sanherib niŋmaa lɛ] naagbee. Hezekia tsu etsulɔ, kɛ too ni akɛɛ ewo lɛ fɛɛ, kɛyaha Sanherib, ‘ni sɛɛ mli lɛ, akɛtee Ninive.’ Ashur asraafoi lɛ tereee nibii lɛ kɛyaaa amɛmaŋ yɛ kunimyeli mli tamɔ amɛfeɔ daa lɛ.” Biblia lɛ wieɔ akɛ awo too lɛ dani Ashur maŋtsɛ lɛ ku esɛɛ kɛtee Ninive. (2 Maŋtsɛmɛi 18:15-17) Mɛni hewɔ anaa sɔrɔto-feemɔ yɛ mli lɛ? Ni mɛni hewɔ ni Sanherib nyɛɛɛ ekɛ Yuda maŋtiase, Yerusalem nɔ kunim ni eye lɛ apupuu ehe, tamɔ bɔ ni epupuu ehe beni eye Yuda maŋ ni ji Lakish ni atswa gbogbo awo he lɛ nɔ kunim lɛ? Biblia ŋmalɔi etɛ kɛ hetoo lɛ haa. Amɛteŋ mɔ kome, ni kɛ ehiŋmɛi na nibii ni ba lɛ, ŋma akɛ: “Kɛkɛ ni Yehowa bɔfo lɛ je kpo kɛtee Ashur ŋsra lɛŋ ni eyagbe mɛi akpei oha kɛ nyɔŋmai kpaanyɔ kɛ enumɔ; ni beni amɛte shi leebi maaŋkpa lɛ, naa, amɛ fɛɛ tswɛm amɛtsɔmɔ gbohii sɔŋŋ. Ni Ashur maŋtsɛ Sanherib fa yɛ jɛi ni eyiŋ etee, ni eku esɛɛ eyahi Ninive.”—Yesaia 37:36, 37; 2 Maŋtsɛmɛi 19:35; 2 Kronika 32:21.
Millard mu naa yɛ ewolo Treasures From Bible Times lɛ mli akɛ: “Yiŋtoo kpakpa ko bɛ ni aaadamɔ nɔ aje amaniɛbɔɔ nɛɛ he ŋwane . . . Shishinumɔ yɛ he akɛ, Sanherib eŋmaŋ nɛkɛ amanehulu ni ba nɛɛ efɔŋ shi ni esɛɛyelɔ ko abakane, ejaakɛ ebaagbe ehe guɔ.” Shi moŋ, Sanherib bɔ mɔdɛŋ ni eha efee tamɔ nɔ ni tutuamɔ ni eyatutua Yuda lɛ ye omanye, ni ákɛ Hezekia tee nɔ ehi eshishi, ni etsu akɛ too ni sa akɛ ewo lɛ tee Ninive.
Ama Ashur Shishijee nɔ Mi
Ayana woji atoohei ni sũ taoi akpei nyɔŋmai abɔ yɔɔ mli hu yɛ Ninive. Nɛkɛ nibii ni aŋmala ashwie shi nɛɛ maa nɔ mi akɛ Ashur Maŋtsɛyeli lɛ na eshishifai yɛ Babilon wuoyigbɛ, taakɛ 1 Mose 10:11 tsɔɔ lɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ. Yɛ nɛkɛ sane nɛɛ kɛ nitsumɔ mli lɛ, blema nibii ahe nikaselɔi kɛ amɛmɔdɛŋbɔi lɛ titri tsu nii kɛtee wuoyigbɛ waa. Encyclopaedia Biblica lɛ tsɔɔ mli akɛ: “Nibii ni Ashurbii lɛ eshi yɛ amɛsɛɛ lɛ fɛɛ tsɔɔ akɛ amɛshishijee jɛ Babilon. Amɛwiemɔ kɛ bɔ ni amɛŋmaa nii amɛhaa, amɛwoji, amɛ jamɔ, kɛ amɛ jeŋ nilee fɛɛ jɛ amɛhefatalɔi ni yɔɔ wuoyigbɛ lɛ aŋɔɔ, shi tsakemɔi fioo ko pɛ amɛfee yɛ mli.”
Nibii ni ayana, tamɔ nɔ ni yɔɔ yiteŋgbɛ lɛ nyɛɔ mɛi ni wieɔ shiɔ Biblia lɛ anɔ ni amɛbaa amɛsusumɔi lɛ ashi. Lɛlɛŋ, Biblia lɛ mlipɛimɔ kɛ anɔkwayeli jieɔ lɛ kpo akɛ niŋmalɔi anɔkwafoi ji mɛi ni ŋma, ni amɛŋma lɛ jogbaŋŋ hu. Tsutsu United States Kojomɔ He Wolo lɛ kojolɔ nukpa fe fɛɛ, Salmon P. Chase, wie beni epɛi Biblia lɛ mli lɛ sɛɛ akɛ: “Eji nikasemɔ kakadaŋŋ, ni yɔɔ hiɛdɔɔ kɛ naakpɛɛ: ni beni mikɛ odaseyeli he shishitoo mlai ni mikɛtsuɔ nii lɛ tsu nii yɛ nɛkɛ jamɔ he sane nɛɛ mli taakɛ mifeɔ daa yɛ je lɛŋ saji ahe lɛ, eha mikpɛ miyiŋ akɛ Biblia lɛ ji wolo ko ni jɛ hewalɛ ni nɔ kwɔ fe adesai anɔ̃ mli, ni ákɛ ejɛ Nyɔŋmɔ ŋɔɔ.”—The Book of Books: An Introduction.
Lɛlɛŋ, Biblia lɛ fe yinɔsane wolo ko ni ja pɛpɛɛpɛ kɛkɛ. Eji Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ ni jɛ mumɔŋ, nikeenii ko kɛha adesai asɛɛnamɔ. (2 Timoteo 3:16) Abaanyɛ ana enɛ he odaseyeli kɛtsɔ bɔ ni Biblia lɛ wieɔ shikpɔŋ he saji ahe ehaa lɛ mlipɛimɔ mli. Abaasusu enɛ he yɛ wolo tɛtrɛɛ nɛɛ mli nɔ ni baanyiɛ sɛɛ lɛ mli.
[Mfonirii ni yɔɔ baafa 6, 7]
Ŋwɛi gbɛ: Saji otii etɛ ni ana kɛjɛ gbogbo he nitɛŋmɔi amli
Shishi gbɛ: Ashur gbogbo he mfoniri ni atɛŋ ni miifee Lakish he ka ni awo lɛ he mfoniri
[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]
(Courtesy of The British Museum)
(Ejɛ The Bible in the British Museum, ni British Museum Press ŋma lɛ mli)
[He ni Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 4 lɛ Jɛ]
Courtesy of the Trustees of the British Museum