Blema Ŋɛsukói Maa Biblia Mli Saji Anɔ Mi

BIBLIA lɛ ji Nyɔŋmɔ Wiemɔ ni jɛ mumɔŋ. (2 Timoteo 3:16) Nɔ ni ewie yɛ mɛi ni hi shi yɛ blema kɛ hei ni amɛhi shi yɛ lɛ ja, ni jamɔ kɛ maŋkwramɔŋ he saji yɛ nakai beaŋ lɛ he amaniɛ ni ebɔ lɛ hu ja. Eyɛ mli akɛ blema nibii ni ana lɛ maa bɔ ni wɔnuɔ Biblia lɛ shishi wɔhaa lɛ nɔ mi loo amɛhaa nakai shishinumɔ lɛ yaa hiɛ moŋ, shi jeee nomɛi doo haa wɔyiŋ tsɔɔ akɛ Ŋmalɛi lɛ ja.

Nibii ni mɛi ni kaseɔ blema nibii ahe nii lɛ fɔɔ namɔ waa kɛ́ amɛmiitsa hei ni gbɔmɛi hi shi yɛ blema lɛ ji ŋɛsukói. Atsɛɔ ŋɛsukói nɛɛ hu akɛ gbɛkói. Yɛ blema maji babaoo ni yɔɔ Asia Wuoyi-anaigbɛ ni Mizraim kɛ Mesopotamia fata he lɛ amli lɛ, asɛ̃ɛɛ ŋɛsukói ahe, ni aŋmalaa nibii ashwieɔ nɔ. Aŋmalaa kpaŋmɔi, shika he akɔntaabui, nii abɔ ni ahɔɔ, kɛ nibii krokomɛi ashwieɔ nɔ, tamɔ bɔ ni aŋmalaa enɛɛmɛi ahe saji yɛ woji anɔ ŋmɛnɛ lɛ nɔŋŋ. Bei pii lɛ akɛ inki ŋmaa nii lɛ ashwieɔ ŋɛsukó lɛ nɔ, ni anyɛɔ aŋmaa wiemɔ kome loo wiemɔi babaoo ashwieɔ nɔ.

Mɛi ni kaseɔ blema nibii ahe nii ni tsa Israel hei ni gbɔmɛi hi shi yɛ lɛ na ŋɛsukói babaoo ni akɛtsu nii yɛ Biblia beaŋ. Wɔyɛ ŋɛsukói ni akɛtsu nii yɛ afi 600 afii lɛ kɛmiimɔ afi 700 D.Ŋ.B. afii lɛ amli ní ana yɛ hei srɔtoi etɛ lɛ ahe miishɛɛ waa, ejaakɛ amɛmaa yinɔsaji srɔtoi ni atsɔɔ mli fitsofitso yɛ Biblia lɛ mli lɛ anɔ mi. Ana ŋɛsukói nɛɛ yɛ Samaria, Arad, kɛ Lakish. Nyɛhaa wɔsusua ŋɛsukói nɛɛ ateŋ eko fɛɛ eko he wɔkwɛa.

Ŋɛsukói ni Ana yɛ Samaria Lɛ

Samaria ji Israel kooyigbɛ akutsei nyɔŋma lɛ maŋtiase kɛyashi afi 740 D.Ŋ.B. beni Ashurbii lɛ butu maŋtiase lɛ. Awie Samaria maŋ lɛ shishitoo he yɛ 1 Maŋtsɛmɛi 16:23, 24 lɛ akɛ: “Asa, Yuda maŋtsɛ lɛ, yinɔ afi ni ji nyɔŋmai-etɛ kɛ ekome lɛ nɔ [afi 947 D.Ŋ.B.] Omri baye Israel nɔ maŋtsɛ . . . Ni eyahe Shomron gɔŋ lɛ yɛ Shemer dɛŋ eha jwiɛtɛi talentai enyɔ, ni eto maŋ yɛ gɔŋ lɛ nɔ ni . . . ewo maŋ ni eto lɛ akɛ . . . Samaria.” Samaria hi shi kɛyashi Roma nɔyeli beaŋ beni atsake egbɛi lɛ ni atsɛ́ lɛ akɛ Sebaste. Yɛ naagbee lɛ, ebatsɔ amaŋfɔ yɛ afi 500 Ŋ.B. afii lɛ amli.

Beni blema nibii ahe nilelɔi komɛi tsaa he ni blema Samaria yɔɔ yɛ afi 1910 lɛ, amɛna ŋɛsukói komɛi ní amɛtsɔɔ akɛ akɛtsu nii yɛ afi 700 D.Ŋ.B. afii lɛ amli. Aŋmala mu kɛ wein ni akɛbaa Samaria kɛjɛɔ hei srɔtoi ni bɛŋkɛ lɛ lɛ ahe saji yɛ ŋɛsukói nɛɛ anɔ. Wolo ko ni wieɔ blema nibii ahe (Ancient Inscriptions—Voices From the Biblical World) lɛ wie ŋɛsukói ni ana nɛɛ he akɛ: “Eja gbɛ akɛ abuɔ ŋɛsukói 63 ni ana yɛ afi 1910 lɛ ashiɔ blema Israel niŋmaai ni akpɛ́ yɛ nibii ahe ni yɔɔ bianɛ ni he hiaa waa lɛ anɔ . . . Jeee saji ni yɔɔ ŋɛsukói ni ana yɛ Samaria lɛ anɔ lɛ hewɔ ni amɛhe hiaa waa lɛ . . . shi moŋ Israelbii agbɛi, akutsei agbɛi, kɛ hei agbɛi babaoo ni yɔɔ amɛ nɔ lɛ hewɔ ni amɛhe hiaa waa lɛ.” Mɛɛ gbɛ nɔ gbɛi nɛɛ maa saji ni yɔɔ Biblia lɛ mli lɛ anɔ mi?

Beni Israelbii lɛ ŋɔ Shiwoo Shikpɔŋ lɛ ní amɛja yɛ amɛkutsei lɛ anaa lɛ, Samaria yaje shikpɔŋ ni akɛha Manase akutso lɛ mli. Yoshua 17:1-6 lɛ tsɔɔ ákɛ akɛ shikpɔji ni yɔɔ Samaria kɛ ehewɔŋ lɛ ha wekui nyɔŋma ni jɛ Manase nabi Gilead mli lɛ. Wekui nɛɛ ji Abiezer, Helek, Asriel, Shekem, kɛ Shemida wekui lɛ. Gilead binuu ni ji ekpaa ni ji Hefer lɛ yɛ nabii yei enumɔ shi ebɛ nabii hii, amɛji Mala, Noa, Hogla, Milka, kɛ Tirza, ni afo shikpɔŋ aha amɛteŋ mɔ fɛɛ mɔ.—4 Mose 27:1-7.

Aŋma wekui nyɔŋma nɛɛ ateŋ kpawo gbɛi yɛ ŋɛsukói ni ana yɛ Samaria lɛ anɔ, ni ji Gilead bihii enumɔ lɛ fɛɛ agbɛi kɛ Hefer nabii yei enyɔ ni ji Hogla kɛ Noa lɛ agbɛi. Aŋma yɛ wolo ni wieɔ blema nibii ahe (NIV Archaeological Study Bible) lɛ mli akɛ: “Wekui agbɛi ni aŋma yɛ ŋɛsukói ni ana yɛ Samaria lɛ anɔ lɛ haa wɔnáa odaseyeli kroko yɛ Biblia lɛ sɛɛ ni tsɔɔ akɛ Manase wekui lɛ hi shikpɔji ni Biblia lɛ kɛɛ amɛhi nɔ lɛ.” No hewɔ lɛ ŋɛsukói nɛɛ maa Israel akutsei lɛ ashishijee he saji nɛɛ ni aŋma yɛ Biblia lɛ mli lɛ nɔ mi.

Etamɔ nɔ ni ŋɛsukói ni ana yɛ Samaria lɛ maa Israelbii lɛ ajamɔ he saji ni aŋma yɛ Biblia lɛ mli lɛ hu nɔ mi. Beni aŋma niŋmaa ni yɔɔ ŋɛsukói ni ana yɛ Samaria lɛ, no mli lɛ Israelbii lɛ kɛ Kanaanbii anyɔŋmɔ ni ji Baal lɛ jamɔ efata Yehowa jamɔ he. Yɛ Hoshea gbalɛ ni aŋma yɛ afi 700 D.Ŋ.B. afii lɛ amli lɛ, agba akɛ be ko baaba ni Israel baajɛ tsuitsakemɔ mli atsɛ́ Yehowa akɛ “Miwu” ni etsɛŋ lɛ “mi-Baal” loo ‘Minuŋtsɔ’ dɔŋŋ. (Hoshea 2:18, 19) Mɛi komɛi agbɛi ni ana yɛ ŋɛsukói ni ana yɛ Samaria lɛ anɔ lɛ ashishi ji “Baal ji mitsɛ,” “Baal láa,” “Baal he wa,” “Baal kaiɔ,” kɛ ekrokomɛi ni tamɔ enɛɛmɛi. Kɛ́ ana mɛi agbɛi 11 ni Yehowa gbɛi lɛ jeɔ kpo yɛ gbɛ ko nɔ yɛ amɛgbɛi amli lɛ, abaana mɛi krokomɛi 7 ni “Baal” gbɛi lɛ jeɔ kpo yɛ gbɛ ko nɔ yɛ amɛgbɛi lɛ amli.

Ŋɛsukói ni Ana yɛ Arad Lɛ

Arad ji blema maŋtiase ko ni yɔɔ Yerusalem wuoyigbɛ shɔŋŋ, ni nugbɔ enɛɛɛ tsɔ yɛ jɛmɛ. Hei srɔtoi ni atsa yɛ Arad lɛ ha ana Israelbii amɔji ni ama yɛ bei srɔtoi amli kɛjɛ Salomo maŋtsɛyeli beaŋ (1037-998 D.Ŋ.B.) kɛyashi beni Babilonbii lɛ kpata Yerusalem hiɛ yɛ afi 607 D.Ŋ.B. Arad ji he ni shitsalɔi ná ŋɛsukói ni akɛtsu nii yɛ Biblia beaŋ ni fa fe fɛɛ yɛ. Ŋɛsukói ni fa fe 200 ni aŋmala nibii ashwie nɔ yɛ Hebri, Aramaik, kɛ wiemɔi krokomɛi amli lɛ fata he.

Ŋɛsukói ni ana yɛ Arad lɛ ekomɛi ma Biblia mli saji ni kɔɔ osɔfoi awekui lɛ ahe lɛ nɔ mi. Akɛ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ lɛ, atsĩ “Kora bii” lɛ ni awie amɛhe yɛ 2 Mose 6:24 kɛ 4 Mose 26:11 lɛ atã yɛ ŋɛsukói lɛ ekome nɔ. Lala 42, 44-49, 84, 85, 87, kɛ 88 lɛ klɛŋklɛŋ kukuji lɛ tsɔɔ diɛŋtsɛ akɛ “Kora bii” lɛ ji mɛi ni fo lalai nɛɛ. Osɔfoi awekui krokomɛi ni atsĩ amɛ tã yɛ ŋɛsukóí ni ana yɛ Arad lɛ anɔ lɛ ji Pashur kɛ Meremot wekui lɛ.—1 Kronika 9:12; Ezra 8:33.

Susumɔ nɔkwɛmɔnɔ kroko he okwɛ. Yɛ mɔɔ ko ni atsɔɔ akɛ amã etsɛɛɛ tsɔ dani Babilonbii lɛ bakpata Yesuralem hiɛ ni etsɔ kóikói lɛ mli lɛ, shitsalɔi na ŋɛsukó ko ni aŋma sane ko yɛ nɔ kɛha mɔɔ lɛ asafoiatsɛ lɛ. Wolo ni ji The Context of Scripture lɛ tsɔɔ akɛ nɔ ni aŋma yɛ ŋɛsukó lɛ nɔ fã ko kɛɛ akɛ: “Kɛyaha minuŋtsɔ Elyashib. Te Yahweh [Yehowa] kɛbo eye eha tɛŋŋ? . . . Yɛ saji ni ofã akɛ mitsu he nii lɛ agbɛfaŋ lɛ: amrɔ nɛɛ nɔ fɛɛ nɔ miiya nɔ pɛpɛɛpɛ: eyɛ Yahweh sɔlemɔwe lɛ.” Woloŋlelɔi pii heɔ amɛyeɔ akɛ sɔlemɔwe ni atsĩ tã lɛ ji Yerusalem sɔlemɔwe ni ama yɛ Salomo beaŋ lɛ.

Ŋɛsukói ni Ana yɛ Lakish Lɛ

Blema maŋ ni atswa gbogbo awo he ni ji Lakish lɛ yɛ Yerusalem wuoyi-anaigbɛ, ni jɛmɛ kɛ Yerusalem jɛkɛmɔ ji kilomitai 43. Beni atsa shi yɛ jɛmɛ yɛ afi 1930 lɛ, ana ŋɛsukói henɔ kome ni amɛteŋ 12 ji saji ni aŋmala kɛyaha mɛi ní atsɔɔ akɛ “amɛhe hiaa waa . . . ejaakɛ amɛtsɔɔ bɔ ni maŋkwramɔŋ saji ji yɛ Yuda kɛ bɔ ni jɛmɛ fee hirihiri eha beni amɛsaa amɛhe kɛha Nebukadnezar [Babilon Maŋtsɛ] tutuamɔ ni amɛnyɛŋ naa foi amɛje lɛ.”

Saji ni aŋmala kɛyaha mɛi lɛ ateŋ nɔ ni he hiaa fe fɛɛ ji nɔ ni tee nɔ yɛ asraafonyo nukpa ko kɛ Yaosh ni eeenyɛ efee akɛ lɛ ji asrafoiatsɛ yɛ Lakish lɛ teŋ lɛ. Wiemɔ ni akɛtsu nii yɛ saji ni amɛŋmala lɛ amli lɛ je wiemɔ ni gbalɔ Yeremia ni hi shi yɛ nakai beaŋ lɛ kɛtsu nii lɛ. Susumɔ bɔ ni saji ni aŋmala nɛɛ ateŋ enyɔ fiɔ bɔ ni Biblia lɛ tsɔɔ jaramɔ bei ni tee nɔ lɛ mli lɛ sɛɛ lɛ he okwɛ.

Yɛ Yeremia 34:7 lɛ, gbalɔ lɛ tsɔɔ “beni Babel maŋtsɛ lɛ ta lɛ kɛ Yerusalem kɛ Yuda maji ní eshwɛ, ni ji Lakish kɛ Azeka lɛ, wuɔ lɛ; ejaakɛ enɛɛmɛi ji maji ní atswa gbogboi awo he ní eshwɛ yɛ Yuda maji lɛ ateŋ.” Etamɔ nɔ ni mɛi ni ŋmala saji ni ana yɛ Lakish lɛ ateŋ ekome wie nɔ ni tee nɔ nɛɛ nɔŋŋ he. Eŋma akɛ: “Wɔmiikwɛ akɛ wɔbaana Lakish lasu pukɔŋŋ okadi [aflaŋaa] lɛ lo . . . , ejaakɛ wɔnaaa Azeka.” Woloŋlelɔi babaoo heɔ amɛyeɔ akɛ wiemɔ nɛɛ tsɔɔ akɛ no mli lɛ Babilonbii lɛ eye Azeka nɔ kunim, ni eshwɛ Lakish nɔ kunim ni amɛbaaye. Nɔ ni sa kadimɔ yɛ sane nɛɛ mli ji “lasu pukɔŋŋ okadi” loo aflaŋaa ni atsĩ tã lɛ. Yeremia 6:1 hu tsí gbɛ ni tamɔ nɛkɛ ni atsɔɔ nɔ atswaa adafi lɛ tã.

Aheɔ eyeɔ akɛ saji ni aŋmala ni ana yɛ Lakish lɛ ateŋ ekome hu maa nɔ ni gbalɔ Yeremia kɛ gbalɔ Ezekiel wie yɛ mɔdɛŋ ni Yuda maŋtsɛ lɛ bɔ koni eha Mizraim abafi Yuda sɛɛ kɛtse Babilon hiɛ atua lɛ he lɛ nɔ mi. (Yeremia 37:5-8; 46:25, 26; Ezekiel 17:15-17) Sane ni aŋma ni ana yɛ Lakish nɛɛ kɛɛ akɛ: “Amrɔ nɛɛ otsulɔ nine eshɛ saji nɛɛ anɔ: Tatsɛ Konyahu ni ji Elnatan bi lɛ efã kɛtee wuoyigbɛ bɔni afee ni eya Mizraim.” Bei pii lɛ woloŋlelɔi tsɔɔ nifeemɔ nɛɛ shishi akɛ eji mɔdɛŋ ni abɔ koni ayabi Mizraimbii lɛ ni amɛbaye amɛbua kɛwu ta.

Ŋɛsukói ni ana yɛ Lakish lɛ hu tsĩ gbɛi ni yɔɔ Yeremia wolo lɛ mli lɛ ateŋ ekomɛi atã. Gbɛi nɛɛ ji Neria, Yaazania, Gemaria, Elnatan kɛ Hoshaia. (Yeremia 32:12; 35:3; 36:10, 12; 42:1) Abɛ nɔmimaa kɛji mɛi ni atsĩ amɛ tã nɛɛ nɔŋŋ ahe Yeremia wie lɛ. Shi akɛni Yeremia hi shi yɛ nakai beaŋ hewɔ lɛ, gbɛi ni atsĩ tã ni tamɔ nɔ ni Yeremia tsĩ tã lɛ nɔŋŋ lɛ sa kadimɔ.

Nɔ ko ni Je Kpo yɛ Fɛɛ Mli

Ŋɛsukói ni ana yɛ Samaria, Arad, kɛ Lakish lɛ maa nibii komɛi ni aŋmala yɛ Biblia lɛ mli lɛ anɔ mi. Wekui agbɛi, hei agbɛi, jamɔ kɛ maŋkwramɔ he saji fata nibii nɛɛ ahe. Kɛlɛ, nɔ ko ni he hiaa waa je kpo yɛ ŋɛsukói ni ana yɛ hei srɔtoi etɛ lɛ fɛɛ mli.

Ana wiemɔi tamɔ “Yehowa aha bo hejɔlɛ” yɛ ŋɛsukoi ni akɛŋmala saji kɛyaha mɛi, ní ana yɛ Arad kɛ Lakish lɛ anɔ. Lakish ŋɛsukói lɛ ateŋ kpawo nɔ shɛɛ saji lɛ tsĩ Nyɔŋmɔ gbɛi lɛ tã shii 11. Kɛfata he lɛ, ana Yehowa gbɛi lɛ ni afo lɛ kuku lɛ yɛ Hebribii pii agbɛi ni aŋmala yɛ ŋɛsukói ni ana yɛ hei srɔtoi etɛ lɛ anɔ lɛ mli. No hewɔ lɛ, ŋɛsukói nɛɛ maa nɔ mi akɛ Israelbii ni hi shi yɛ nakai beaŋ lɛ kɛ Nyɔŋmɔ gbɛi lɛ fɔɔ nitsumɔ.

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 13]

Ŋɛsukó ko kɛ enɔ shɛɛ sane ni ana yɛ Arad ní aŋma kɛyaha nuu ko ni atsɛɔ lɛ Elyashib

[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]

Photograph © Israel Museum, Jerusalem; courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority

[Mfoniri ni yɔɔ baafa 14]

Nyɔŋmɔ gbɛi lɛ yɛ Lakish ŋɛsukó ko nɔ

[He ni Sane lɛ Jɛ]

Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum