Chinenero Chochita Kuona ndi Maso!

KODI inu munaphunzira bwanji lilime la amayi wanu? Mwinamwake mwa kumva am’banja mwanu ndi mabwenzi anu akulankhula pamene munali wamng’ono. Anthu ambiri amaphunzira chinenero mwa kuchimva ndiyeno amadzachilankhula. Anthu akumva, pofuna kulankhula zimene akuganiza, amayamba awayesera mawuwo m’maganizo mwawo asanawalankhule. Komabe, ngati mwana wabadwa ali wogontha, kodi ubongo wake ungaganize zinthu mwa njira inanso? Kodi chilipo chinenero chimene anthu angamvane nacho mwa kuuzana malingaliro ndi zinthu zenizeni, popanda mawu?

Mungachione Koma Osati Kuchimva

Chimodzi mwa zinthu zodabwitsa zimene ubongo wa munthu ungachite ndicho luso lathu lakuphunzira chinenero ndi kuchilankhula. Komabe, ngati munthu samamva, nthaŵi zonse kuphunzira chinenero kumakhala ntchito ya maso, osati ya makutu. Ubwino wake ngwakuti anthufe timakonda kwambiri kulankhulana, ndiye zimenezo zimatipangitsa kugonjetsa chilichonse chooneka ngati chopinga. Kufuna kulankhulana kumeneku kwapangitsa anthu Ogontha kupeka zinenero zolankhula ndi manja padziko lonse. Chifukwa chakuti akumana okhaokha, kapena kuti anabadwira m’mabanja a Ogontha kapena anakumana pasukulu ya ogontha okhaokha ndiponso poti akukhala pakati pa anthu ambiri, iwo tsopano anakhoza kupanga chinenero chovuta, chochita kuona ndi maso—kulankhula ndi manja.a

Kwa Carl, wa ku United States, chinenero chimenechi chinali mphatso yomwe makolo ake Ogontha anampatsa.b Ngakhale kuti anabadwa ali wogontha, adakali wamng’ono ndithu anali kukhoza kutchula maina a zinthu, kumasulira zizindikiro zoperekedwa ndi manja, ndi kulongosola maganizo ake m’chinenero cholankhula ndi manja cha American Sign Language (ASL). Makanda ambiri Ogontha, obadwa kwa makolo Ogonthanso omwe amalankhula ndi manja, nawonso amayamba kulankhula ndi manja pausinkhu wa miyezi 10 mpaka 12. Buku lakuti A Journey Into the Deaf-World linanena kuti “anthu odziŵa za zinenero tsopano akuzindikira kuti luso lakuphunzira chinenero mwachibadwa nkuwaphunzitsanso ana ako limayambira m’ubongo. Kaya lusolo limaonekera pachinenero cholankhula ndi manja kapena pachinenero cholankhula ndi mawu zilibe kanthu.”

Sveta anabadwa m’banja lambadwo wachitatu la Ogontha, ku Russia. Iyeyo limodzi ndi mchimwene wake Wogonthanso anaphunzira chinenero cholankhula ndi manja cha Russian Sign Language. Pomadzafika nthaŵi imene anakamlembetsa kusukulu yamkaka ya Ogontha ali ndi zaka zitatu, anali atayamba kale kulankhula ndi manja mwa luso lachibadwa ndithu. Svetayo anavomereza kuti: “Ana ena Ogontha sankadziŵa kulankhula ndi manja, ndinkawaphunzitsa ndine ndemwe.” Ana ambiri Ogontha makolo awo anali Akumva koma osatha kulankhula ndi manja. Kusukulu nkumene ana Ogontha aakuluko ankaphunzitsira aang’ono kulankhula ndi manja, nawathandiza kumalankhulana mosavuta.

Lero makolo ambiri Akumva akuphunzira kulankhula ana awo ndi manja. Nchifukwa chake ana Ogonthawo amatha kulankhulana bwino ndithu asanayambe kupita kusukulu. Zili choncho ndi Andrew, wa ku Canada, yemwe makolo ake amamva. Iwowo anaphunzira kulankhula ndi manja ndipo ankalankhula naye adakali wamng’ono, kumpangira maziko achinenero choti azidzalankhula zaka zonse zamtsogolo. Tsopano onse am’banjalo amatha kulankhulana ndi manja pankhani ina iliyonse.

Anthu Ogontha amatha kuganiza zinthu zovuta kumvetsetsa ndi zosavuta kumvetsetsa, popanda kuganiza m’chinenero chimene anthu amalankhula ndi mawu. Monga momwedi tonsefe timaganizira malingaliro m’chinenero chathu, anthu ambiri Ogontha nawonso amaganiza m’chinenero chawo cholankhula ndi manja.

Kusiyanasiyana kwa Zinenero

Padziko lonse, anthu Ogontha ayambitsa chinenero chawochawo cholankhula ndi manja kapena abwereka zizindikiro za zinenero zina zolankhula ndi manja. Zina mwa zizindikiro za chinenero cholankhula ndi manja cha French Sign Language zinabwerekedwa ku ASL zaka 180 zapitazo. Zizindikiro zimenezo anaziphatikiza ndi zizindikiro zimene anali kuzigwiritsira ntchito kale komweko ku United States, ndipo tsopano zangokhala zizindikiro za ASL. Zinenero zolankhula ndi manja zimafutukuka pakupita kwa zaka ndipo zinenerozo zimawongoleredwa ndi anthu ozipeza.

Mmene zimakhalira ndi mwakuti zinenero zolankhula ndi manja sizimagwirizana ndi zinenero za m’dzikomo zolankhula ndi mawu. Mwachitsanzo, ku Puerto Rico amagwiritsira ntchito ASL ya ku America, pomwe cholankhulidwa kumeneko ndi Chispanya. Ngakhale kuti ku England ndi ku United States amalankhulako Chingelezi, ku England amagwiritsira ntchito chinenero cholankhula ndi manja cha British Sign Language, chomwe nchosiyana kwambiri ndi chinenero cholankhula ndi manja cha ASL. Ndiponso, chinenero cholankhula ndi manja cha Mexican Sign Language chimasiyana ndi zinenero zambiri zolankhula ndi manja za ku Latin America.

Munthu yemwe akuphunzira kulankhula ndi manja, amadabwa kupeza kuti chinenerocho chili ndi njira zambiri zomveketsera bwino malingaliro. Nkhani, malingaliro, kapena zinthu zina zambiri amatha kuzikamba ndi manja. Chosangalatsa nchakuti tsopano akulimbikira kukonzera anthu Ogontha maprogramu pamavidiyo, namagwiritsira ntchito ASL kukamba nkhani, kulakatula ndakatulo, kusimba zochitika m’mbiri ndi kuphunzitsa choonadi cha m’Baibulo. M’maiko ambiri anthu odziŵa kulankhula ndi manja akuwonjezekawonjezeka.

Kuŵerenga Zimene Sanazimvepo

Nthaŵi zonse anthu Akumva akamaŵerenga, amakumbukira kamvekedwe ka mawu amene anamvapo. Choncho, zambiri zimene amaŵerenga amazimvetsetsa chifukwa anazimvapo kale. M’zinenero zambiri, mawu olembedwa samatanthauza kapena kufanana ndi zinthu zimene zikunenedwazo. Anthu ambiri Akumva amaphunzira njira ya kaŵerengedwe mwa kuyerekezera mmene mawu amamvekera kotero kuti amvetsetse zimene akuŵerenga. Komabe, tangoyesani kuganizira kuti m’moyo wanu wonse simunamvepo mawu ena alionse kapena kumva wina akulankhula chinenero chilichonse! Nzovuta ndipo zogwetsa mphwayi kuphunzira kalembedwe ka chinenero chimene sichingamvedwe. Ndiye mpomvekadi kuti anthu Ogontha zimawavuta zedi kuŵerenga chinenero chimenechi, makamaka aja amene analekeratu kumva kapena anthu omwe sanamvepo kumene!

Sukulu zambiri zophunzitsa ana Ogontha padziko lapansi zinatulukira mapindu akugwiritsira ntchito ASL m’zaka zoyambirira zimene mwana amayamba kuphunzira kulankhula. (Onani mabokosi pamasamba 13 ndi 14.) Sukuluzo zinaona kuti kumtumiza mwana Wogontha kusukulu yophunzitsa kulankhula ndi manja ndi kumthandiza kuchidziŵa bwino chinenerocho, kudzapangitsa zinthu kumyendera bwino kwambiri kusukulu ndiponso kunyumba ngakhalenso m’zaka zamtsogolo pomadzaphunzira chinenero cholembedwa.

Nthumwi zina zoimira bungwe la United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, ponena za maphunziro a ana Ogontha zinati: “Masiku ano si bwino kumanyalanyaza za ASL, kapena kupeŵa kuthandizira njira zopititsira patsogolo maphunziro a anthu ogontha.” Komanso tiyenera kunenabe kuti, kaya makolo adzasankhira mwana wawo Wogonthayo maphunziro otani, koma nkofunika zedi kuti onse aŵiri azigwirizana kuthandiza mwana wawoyo kukula bwino.—Onani nkhani yakuti “Kuti Ndilankhule ndi Mwana Wanga, Ndinaphunzira Chinenero China,” mu Galamukani! ya November 8, 1996.

Kuwamvetsetsa Anthu Ogontha

Pamene ana Ogontha akhala achikulire Ogontha, nthaŵi zambiri amaulula kuti chinthu china chimene ankachifuna kwambiri kwa makolo awo chinali kulankhulana. Mwamuna wina Wogontha, wotchedwa Jack, anayesetsa kulankhulana ndi amayi ake okalamba pamene anali kutsirizika kuti afe. Mayiyo anayesa umu ndi umu kuti amuuze kanthu kena koma analephera kulemba ndiponso sankadziŵa kulankhula ndi manja. Kenako anakomoka ndiyeno nkutsirizika. Jack anavutika maganizo ndi zimene zinachitika pamphindi zomalizira zokhumudwitsazo. Vuto limenelo linamsonkhezera kuuza makolo a ana Ogontha kuti: “Ngati mukufuna kuti muzilankhulana mosavutikira ndi mwana wanu wogontha zinthu zothandiza, kuuzana malingaliro ndi zimene zili kumtima kwanu, zimene mukuganiza ndi kusonyezana chikondi, nenani ndi manja. . . . Kwa ine nzosathekanso. Koma kodi inuyo simungathe?”

Kwa zaka zambiri anthu ochuluka akhala akulephera kuzindikira mmene anthu Ogontha amaonera zinthu. Ena amaganiza kuti anthu ogontha samadziŵa chilichonse poti samamva. Makolo akhala akuwatetezera mopambanitsa ana awo Ogontha kapena kuopa kuwalola kusakanikirana ndi anthu Akumva. Anthu ena amaganiza molakwika kuti anthu Ogontha “ngosalankhula” kapena kuti ndi “mbeŵeŵe,” ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zambiri anthu Ogontha sakhala osalankhula iyayi. Iwo amangolephera kumva basi. Ena amaganiza kuti kulankhula ndi manja nkwachikale kapena kwaumbuli poyerekezera ndi chinenero cholankhula ndi mawu. Nchifukwa chake anthu ena Ogontha amaona kuti akuponderezedwa ndi kutinso amamvedwa molakwa.

Pamene Joseph anali mwana ku United States m’ma 1930, anakamlembetsa kusukulu yapadera ya ana Ogontha, koma sukuluyo inkaletsa zolankhula ndi manja. Iyeyo ndi anzake am’kalasi ankalangidwa chifukwa cholankhula ndi manja, ngakhale pamene sankamvetsetsa zimene aphunzitsi awo anali kunena. Anawo anakhumba kwambiri kumvetsetsa zonena za anthu ena ndi kutinso nawo azimvedwa! M’maiko amene mulibe sukulu zambiri za ana Ogontha, ambiri amakula ali osaphunzira bwino kwenikweni. Mwachitsanzo, mtolankhani wina wa Galamukani! cha kumadzulo kwa Afirika anati: “Kwa anthu ambiri Ogontha m’Afirika moyo ngwovuta ndipo wochititsa chisoni. Pa anthu onse opunduka, mwina anthu Ogontha ndiwo amene amanyalanyazidwa kwambiri ndipo ndiwo amene amamvedwa molakwika kwambiri.”

Tonsefe timafuna kuti anthu ena azitimvetsetsa. Nzachisoni kuti ena akaona munthu Wogontha, amangomuona ngati munthu yemwe “sangakhoze” kuchita chilichonse. Kungoganizira kuti munthuyo sangathe kuchita zinthu, kumalepheretsanso kuona maluso enieni a munthu Wogonthayo. Komabe, anthu ambiri Ogontha amadziona monga anthu “okhoza” kuchita zinthu. Amakhoza kulankhulana mosavuta, amadziŵanso kudzilemekeza, ndipo amakhoza bwino kusukulu, kunyumba, ndiponso mwauzimu. Mwatsoka, chifukwa cha nkhanza imene anthu Ogontha amakumana nayo, ena sakhulupiriranso anthu Akumva. Komabe, pamene Akumva amasonyeza moona mtima kuti akufuna kumvetsetsa anthu Ogontha ndi kuphunzira kulankhula ndi manja ndi kuwaona anthu Ogonthawo monga anthu amene “angathe” kuchita zinthu, onse amapindula.

Ngati mungakonde kuphunzira kulankhula ndi manja, kumbukirani kuti timalankhula malinga ndi mmene timaganizira ndi kulingalira zinthu. Kuti munthu aphunzire bwino kulankhula ndi manja, munthuyo afunikira kuganiza malinga ndi mmene chinenerocho chiliri. Nchifukwa chake kungophunzira zizindikiro chabe m’dikishonale ya ASL sikungamthandize munthu kudziŵadi kulankhula ndi manja. Bwanji osalola anthu amene amalankhula ndi manja masiku onse—anthu Ogontha, kuti akuphunzitseni? Kuphunzitsidwa chinenero china ndi anthu amene anakula akuchilankhula kumakuthandiza kuganiza ndi kulingalira zinthu mosiyana, komabe mosavuta.

Padziko lonseli, anthu Ogontha akuwonjezera kuphunzira zinthu zatsopano mogwiritsira ntchito chinenero chosangalatsa cholankhula ndi manja. Bwerani mudzaone nokha mmene amalankhulira ndi manja.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Bokosi patsamba 12]

“New York Ikufuna Kuphunzitsa Ogontha Kulankhula ndi Manja, Kenako Chingelezi”

Mutu wa nkhani umenewo unali m’magazini ya New York Times ya March 5, 1998. Felicia R. Lee analemba kuti: “Sukulu imodzi yokha mumzindawu yophunzitsa ana ogontha idzasinthiratu njira yake yophunzitsira kotero kuti aphunzitsi aziyamba kuphunzitsa ana kulankhula ndi manja mogwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro ndi majesichala moti kumeneko kudzakhala kusintha kwakukulu pankhani ya maphunziro a ana a sukulu ogontha.” Iyeyo anafotokoza kuti aphunzitsi ambiri “akuti atafufuza anapeza kuti chinenero choyamba cha anthu ogontha nchoona ndi maso, osati cholankhula, ndipo sukulu zimene zimagwiritsira ntchito njira imene ogontha amafuna, yotchedwa American Sign Language, zimaphunzitsa ana awo bwino kuposa mmene sukulu zina zimachitira.

“Akutero kuti ana asukulu ogontha ayenera kuonedwa monga ana olankhula zinenero ziŵiri, osati opunduka.”

Profesa Harlan Lane, wa ku Northeastern University, ku Boston, anati: “Ndikuganiza kuti [sukulu ya New York] ndiyo ikutsogolera pakukwaniritsa cholinga chimenechi.” Anauza Galamukani! kuti cholinga chachikulu ndicho kuphunzitsa Chingelezi monga chinenero chachiŵiri, chinenero choŵerenga.

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 13]

Nchinenerodi!

Anthu ena Akumva amaganiza molakwa kuti kulankhula ndi manja ndiko njira ina yovuta yakulankhula ndi thupi. Ndiponso afikira pakuchitcha kuti nchinenero cha zithunzithunzi. Ngakhale kuti munthu polankhula ndi manja amagwiritsiranso ntchito nkhope, thupi, ndiponso malo onse amene waimapo, zizindikiro zambiri zimangofanana pang’ono, mwinanso sizimafanana nkomwe ndi malingaliro amene munthuyo akufotokoza. Mwachitsanzo, m’chinenero cholankhula ndi manja cha American Sign Language (ASL), ukafuna kumuuza wina kuti “apange,” umagwiritsira ntchito manja onse aŵiri, utawafumbata ngati nkhonya, nkhonya imodzi pamwamba pa inzake, nkumaipotoza. Ngakhale kuti chizindikirocho nchodziŵika, munthu wosadziŵa kulankhula ndi manja sangadziŵe zimene chikutanthauzadi. M’chinenero cholankhula ndi manja cha Russian Sign Language (RLS), ukafuna kumuuza wina za “kufuna,” umagwiritsira ntchito manja aŵiri, zala zamanthu zitagunda chala chachitatu ndiyeno nkumazunguza manjawo molingana. (Onani zithunzi zili patsamba lomweli.) Choncho, zinthu zambiri zosatheka kuzigwira m’manja nkosathekanso kuyerekezera chithunzi chake ndi manja. Koma tsopano pali zinthu zina zimene timatha kuona, zoti ukhoza kuzifotokoza mwa zizindikiro, monga zizindikiro zoimira “nyumba” kapena “khanda.”—Onani zithunzi zili patsamba lomweli.

Lamulo lina la chinenero ndilo kugwiritsira ntchito mawu okonzedwa bwino omwe anthu onse amadziŵa. Zinenero zolankhula ndi manja nazonso zili ndi galamala yake. Mwachitsanzo, m’chinenero cha ASL amayamba ndi nkhani yake, nthaŵi zonse amayamba nthaŵi imene zinthu zinachitika, kenaka ndemanga yake. Ndiponso zinenero zolankhula ndi manja zimasimba nkhani malinga ndi nthaŵi imene zinthu zinachitika.

Nkhopenso imagwiritsidwa ntchito kukwaniritsa zimenezo kuthandiza munthu kusiyanitsa funso ndi lamulo, mawu oyamba kuti “ngati,” kapena mawu wamba. Chifukwa chakuti chinenero chochita kuona ndi maso, chimagwiritsira ntchito zizindikiro zakumaso ndi mbali zinanso zapadera.

[Zithunzi patsamba 13]

“Panga” m’chinenero cha ASL

“Kufuna” m’chinenero cha RLS

“Nyumba” m’chinenero cha ASL

“Khanda” m’chinenero cha ASL

[Bokosi patsamba 14]

Nzinenero Zenizeni

“Mosiyana ndi zimene anthu ambiri amaganiza, zinenero zolankhula ndi manja sizili chabe kulankhula ndi thupi ndi majesichala, zopekedwa ndi aphunzitsi, kapena zizindikiro za chinenero chimene anthu amalankhula ndi mawu. Izo zimapezeka kulikonse kumene kuli anthu ogontha, ndipo chilichonse nchosiyana ndi chinzake, ndipo nchokwanira, chili ndi malamulo a galamala ofanana ndi amene zinenero zonse zolankhula ndi mawu zili nawo padziko lonse.”

Ku Nicaragua “sukulu zinkalimbikira kuphunzitsa ana [ogontha] kulankhula ngakhalenso kuzindikira matanthauzo a mawu mwa kuyang’ana milomo ya wina polankhula, ndipo kulikonse kumene anayesa zimenezo, zotsatirapo zake zinali zosaphula kanthu. Komabe, anawo anaphunzira kulankhulana. M’mabwalo a maseŵera ndi m’mabasi a sukulu anawo ankapeka zizindikiro zawozawo zakulankhulana . . . Mwamsanga zizindikiro zimenezo zinadzakhala chinenero chimene tsopano chikutchedwa Lenguaje de Signos Nicaraguense.” Mbadwo wa achinyamata mwa ana ogonthawo wachiwongolera chinenerocho moti tsopano nchomveka bwino ndipo anachitcha Idioma de Signos Nicaraguense.—The Language Instinct, buku lolembedwa ndi Steven Pinker.

[Chithunzi patsamba 15]

Imeneyi ndiyo njira imodzi yomwe ungalankhulire ndi manja m’chinenero cha ASL, kuti “Atapita kusitolo, kenaka anapita kuntchito”

1 Sitolo

2 iye

3 pita ku

4 tsiriza

5 pita ku

6 ntchito