Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Zimene Anthu Amalakwitsa Lerolino

ANTHU ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe posachedwapa anachita ntchito yaikulu. Choyamba, monga kagulu kawo kotchedwa International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) [Mkupiti wa Dziko Lonse Woletsa Mabomba Otchera m’Nthaka] anagwirizanitsa mabungwe oposa 1,000 a m’maiko 60. Kenako anakakamiza maboma kuvomereza pangano loletsa zida zimenezi m’maiko onse. Zitatha zimenezo, kagulu ka ICBL limodzi ndi mtsogoleri wake wakhama, Jody Williams wosinthitsa zinthu wa ku America, anapata mphotho ya Nobel Peace mu 1997.

Komabe, khama ngati limenelo limapangitsa ena kukambapo ndemanga zopangitsa anthu kuganiza. Monga mmene Human Rights Watch World Report 1998 inanenera, ufulu wachibadwidwe konsekonse udakali “kuponderezedwa.” Ndipo si kuti oyenera kuwaimba mlandu ndi atsogoleri opondereza a m’maiko osauka okha ayi. Lipotilo linati: “Maiko amphamvu anaonetsa kuti anganyalanyaze ufulu wachibadwidwe ngati aona kuti ukudodometsa mkhalidwe wa zachuma kapena zolinga zawo pa zankhondo—limenelo ndi vuto lofala ku Ulaya ndi ku United States.”

Kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, nkovuta kunyalanyaza kuponderezedwa kwa ufulu wawo wachibadwidwe. Mkhalidwe wawo watsiku ndi tsiku ngwomvetsa chisoni chifukwa amanyozedwa, ngaumphaŵi, amafa ndi njala, amazunzidwa, akazi amagwiriridwa, ana amasautsidwa, amachitidwa akapolo, ndipo amazunzidwa kufikira kufa. Kwa anthu ozunzidwa amenewo, mikhalidwe yabwino imene amalonjezedwa m’mapangano ambirimbiri a ufulu wachibadwidwe silinso mikhalidwe imene munthu angakhale nayo. Ndiponso, kwa anthu ambiri, zenizeni zimene anthu amafuna zotchulidwa m’mfundo 30 za Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Chikalata cha mfundo za ufulu wa anthu onse wachibadwidwe) zangokhala malonjezo osakwaniritsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, taganizani pang’ono za mmene mbali zina za ufulu wolemekezedwa wotchulidwa m’Chikalatacho ukukhalira m’moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.

Anthu Onse Kukhala Olingana?

Anthu onse amabadwa mfulu ndipo ngolingana ndipo ali ndi ulemu ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe wolingana.—Mfundo 1. 

Chikalata choyamba kulembedwa cha Mfundo za Ufulu, Mfundo 1 inkati: “Amuna onse . . . ngolingana.” Komabe, mamembala achikazi a m’bungwe limene linalemba panganolo, anaumirira kuti mawuwo asinthidwe, kuopera kuti anthu ena sawamva bwino, nkumaganiza kuti akazi sanali kuphatikizidwamo. Akaziwo anapambana, ndiye mawu akuti “amuna onse . . . ngolingana” anakhala “anthu onse . . . ngolingana.” (Tapendeketsa mawu ndife.) Koma kodi kusintha mawu a pangano limeneli kunatanthauzanso kusintha malo a akazi?

Pa December 10, 1997, Tsiku Lokumbukira Ufulu Wachibadwidwe, Mkazi wa Pulezidenti wa United States, A Hillary Clinton, anauza UN kuti dziko lidakachitirabe “akazi ngati kuti sali anthu anzawo.” Mayiyo anapereka zitsanzo izi: Mwa anthu onse osauka padziko lapansi, 70 % ndi akazi. Mwa ana onse okwana mamiliyoni 130 padziko lapansi amene amalephera kupita kusukulu, zigawo ziŵiri za iwo ndi atsikana. Mwa anthu 96 miliyoni padziko lapansi osadziŵa kulemba ndi kuŵerenga, zigawo ziŵiri za iwo ndi akazi. Mayi Clinton anatinso, akazi ndiwo amazunzidwa kwambiri panyumba ndiponso kugwiriridwa, ndipo chimenecho “nchimodzi mwa zinthu zambiri zimene sizisumidwa nkomwe ndiponso nkupondereza ufulu wachibadwidwe kofala kwambiri padziko lonse.”

Akazi ena amangophedwa asanabadwe. Makamaka m’maiko a ku Asia, amayi ena amataya mimba ya ana awo aakazi chifukwa amakonda ana aamuna kuposa ana aakazi. M’maiko ena kukonda ana aamuna kwapangitsa ntchito yopima akazi apathupi kukhala bizinesi yaikulu chifukwa anthu amafuna kudziŵiratu kuti adzabala mnyamata kapena mtsikana. Chipatala china chopima akazi apathupi ofuna kudziŵiratu za mwana yemwe adzabadwa, potsatsa malonda ake, chinati, zili bwino kulipira $38 tsopano lino kuti muphe khanda lalikazi lomwe lidzabadwe, m’malo moti mudzalipire $3,800 nthaŵi ina pomlipirira malowolo. Malonda amenewo amayenda. Ofufuza ena kuchipatala chachikulu ku Asia anapeza kuti 95.5 peresenti ya makanda omwe anawazindikira kuti adzakhala akazi, anatayidwa. M’maiko enanso anthu amakonda ana aamuna kuposa aakazi. Pamene wina yemwe anali katswiri wankhonya wa ku U.S. anafunsidwa kuti anali ndi ana angati, anayankha kuti: “Mnyamata mmodzi ndi olakwika asanu ndi aŵiri.” Buku lina la UN lakuti Women and Violence, linati, “kuti anthu adzasinthe maganizo awo mmene amaonera akazi, padzapita nthaŵi yaitali—ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kapena padzapita mbadwo umene, mwina kuposanso.”

Ana Osasangalala

Palibe aliyense amene adzakhala kapolo kapena kukhala womangika; ukapolo limodzi ndi malonda a mtundu uliwonse ogulitsa akapolo zidzaletsedwa.—Mfundo 4.

Mwa kungolemba papepala, ukapolo unathetsedwa. Maboma asayina mapangano ambirimbiri oletsa ukapolo. Komabe, bungwe lina la ku Britain lotsutsa za ukapolo, lodziŵika kukhala lakale kwambiri pamabungwe onse ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe, lotchedwa Anti-Slavery Society, linati: “Lerolino kuli akapolo ambiri kuposa kale.” Ukapolo wamakono umaphatikizapo kulandidwa ufulu wachibadwidwe m’njira zosiyanasiyana. Akuti kukakamiza ana kugwira ntchito ndikonso mtundu wina waukapolo wa masiku ano.

Mwachitsanzo, pali mnyamata wina wa ku South America, wotchedwa Derivan. ‘Timanja take ntong’ambika chifukwa chonyamula makwambala a khonje ochindikala, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kupangira matiresi. Ntchito yake njonyamula makwambalawo m’nkhokwe ndi kuwanyamula kukawatula pamakina omwe ali chapatali ndithu ngati mamita 90. Pakutha tsiku lililonse lamaola 12, amakhala atanyamula makwambala ambiri zedi. Derivan anayamba kugwira ntchito ali ndi zaka zisanu. Lero ali ndi zaka 11.’—World Press Review.

Bungwe la International Labour Office limayerekezera kuti ana okwana 250,000,000 azaka zapakati pa 5 ndi 14 amagwira ntchito masiku ano—gulu la antchito ang’onoang’ono kuchuluka kwawo pafupifupi ngati anthu onse a ku Brazil ndi a ku Mexico ataphatikizidwa! Ambiri mwa ana opanda chimwemwewa amagwira ntchito m’migodi, kukoka ngolo zodzaza malasha; kuyenda kuvukuvu m’matope pokakolola dzinthu kumunda; kapena amakhala akuŵerama pamakina olukira ziguduli. Ngakhale ana aang’ono—azaka zitatu, zinayi, ndi zisanu—amawagwiritsa ntchito m’magulu namalima, kubzala mbewu, kukolola dzinthu m’munda kuyambira mmaŵa mpaka madzulo. Mwinimunda wina m’dziko la m’Asia anati: “Ana ngosawonongetsa ndalama kwambiri kusiyana ndi mathirekitala ndipo amalima bwino kuposa ng’ombe.”

Kusankha Chipembedzo Kapena Kuchisintha

Aliyense ali ndi ufulu wakuchita zimene waganiza, kuchita zimene chikumbumtima chake chamuuza ndiponso ufulu wachipembedzo; ufulu umenewu ukuphatikizanso kusintha chipembedzo chake.—Mfundo 18.

Pa October 16, 1997, bungwe la Msonkhano Waukulu wa UN linalandira “lipoti lachidule lakuti anthu ayenera kulekeratu kutsutsa zipembedzo za ena.” Lipotilo, lomwe linalembedwa ndi Mtolankhani wapadera wa bungwe loona za mfundo za ufulu wachibadwidwe, Commission on Human Rights, Abdelfattah Amor, linasimba kuti anthu adakaswabe Mfundo 18. Ponena za maiko ochuluka, lipotilo linatchulanso nkhani zambiri za ‘kuvuta anthu, kuwopseza anthu, kuzunza anthu, kumanga anthu popanda kuwazenga mlandu, kusoŵetsa anthu, ndi kuwapha.’

Mofananamonso, chikalata cha 1997 Human Rights Reports, cholembedwa ndi U.S. Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, chinanena kuti ngakhale maiko amene akhala ndi maboma ololera ufulu wa munthu aliyense kwa nthaŵi yaitali nawonso “akhala akuyesayesa kulanda ufulu wa magulu a anthu a zikhulupiriro za anthu ochepa, namawaona onsewo ngati ‘timagulu tampatuko.’” Kachitidwe kameneko kakudetsa nkhaŵa. A Willy Fautre, pulezidenti wa bungwe la ku Brussels lotchedwa Ufulu Wachibadwidwe Wopanda Malire, anati: “Ufulu wachipembedzo ndicho chinthu chabwino kwambiri chosonyeza kuti anthu ena onse ayeneradi kukhala aufulu m’dera lililonse.”

Msana Kupweteka Koma M’thumba Mopanda Kanthu

Aliyense wogwira ntchito ali ndi ufulu wolipidwa bwino ndiponso moyenerera kuti adzizisamala yekha ndi banja lake mwanjira yopatsa ulemu monga anthu.—Mfundo 23.

Odula nzimbe ku Caribbean mwina angalandire madola atatu patsiku, koma ndalama zolipirira nyumba ndi zipangizo zogwirira ntchito nzambiri moti nthaŵi yomweyonso iwo amakongola kwa eni mindawo. Ndiponso, samalipidwa ndalama zenizeni koma mwa cheke. Antchitowo amakakamizika kukagula mafuta awo ophikira, mpunga, ndi nyemba kusitolo ya eni kampani yanzimbeyo, popeza kuti sitoloyo ndi yokhayo imene ili pafupi nawo. Komabe, kuti eni sitolowo alandire cheke cha antchitowo, amachotsaponso ndalama zonga 10 mpaka 20 peresenti pachekepo. Bill O’Neill, wachiŵiri kwa mtsogoleri wa Komiti ya Maloya a za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe, polankhula pa wailesi ya UN, anati: “Kumapeto kwa nyengo yotuta, upeza kuti alibiretu chilichonse, komatu atagwira ntchito yothyola msana kwa milungu kapena miyezi yambiri. Palibe ngakhale khobiri limene asunga, ndipo nyengo yotuta yonseyo imatha atakhala movutikira zedi.”

Onse Angalandire Mankhwala?

Aliyense ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi moyo wabwino kuti akhale ndi thanzi ndi umoyo wabwino iyeyo ndi banja lake, kuphatikizapo kupeza chakudya, zovala, nyumba ndi chithandizo cha mankhwala.—Mfundo 25.

‘Ricardo ndi Justina ndi alimi osauka a ku Latin America, omwe amakhala pamtunda wa makilomita 80 kunja kwa mzinda wina. Pamene khanda lawo lachikazi, Gemma anadwala, anapita naye kuchipatala chapafupi, koma a kuchipatalawo anawabweza chifukwa zinaonekeratu kuti Ricardo akanalephera kulipira. Tsiku lotsatira, Justina anakongola ndalama kwa anansi ena kuti ayendere ulendo wautali wopita kumzinda. Pamene Justina anafika kuchipatala chaching’ono cha boma, anamuuza kuti panalibe mabedi ndiye akabwerenso mmaŵa. Poti analibe achibale m’mzindawo kapena ndalama zoti alipirire chipinda chogona, mayiyo anagona patebulo mumsika. Justina analikumbatira khandalo kuti alifunditse ndi kuliteteza, koma sizinathandize. Usiku womwewo, mwanayo Gemma anamwalira.’—Human Rights and Social Work.

Padziko lonse, munthu mmodzi mwa anthu anayi amakhala movutikira kwambiri, dola imodzi (ya U.S.) ndiyo imene amadya patsiku. Amakumana ndi mavuto amene anaona Ricardo ndi Justina: Zipatala zolipira zilipo koma kuti sangakwanitse, pomwe zipatala zaulere angazikwanitse koma zili kutali. Nzachisoni kuti ngakhale kuti anthu osauka oposa biliyoni imodzi padziko lapansi apatsidwa ‘ufulu wa chithandizo cha mankhwala,’ kudakali kovuta kwa iwo kupeza phindu la zipatala.

Mpambo wa zinthu zoopsa zimene anthu amachita pakupondereza ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi wautali kwambiri. Nkhani ngati zimene tatchulazi, zinganenedwe nthaŵi zochuluka kwambiri. Ngakhale kuti mabungwe oona za ufulu wachibadwidwe limodzi ndi anthu ena akudzipereka mwakhama pakuchirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe, namaika moyo wawo pachiswe kuti mwina athandize amuna, akazi, ndi ana padziko lonse lapansi, komabe zoti anthu adzakhaladi ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe langokhala loto basi. Kodi tsiku lina zidzatheka? Ndithudi zidzatheka, koma zinthu zingapo ziyenera kudzasintha kaye. Nkhani yotsatira ikufotokoza zinthu ziŵiri mwa izo.

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 8]

Courtesy MgM Stiftung Menschen gegen Minen (www.mgm.org)

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 9]

UN PHOTO 148051/J. P. Laffont—SYGMA

WHO photo/PAHO by J. Vizcarra