-
Kodi Kudziwa Mmene Baibulo Linapulumukira N’kothandiza?Nsanja ya Olonda (Yogawira)—2016 | Na. 4
-
-
NKHANI YA PACHIKUTO | BAIBULO—BUKU LOMWE LINAPULUMUKA M’ZAMBIRI
Kodi Kudziwa Mmene Baibulo Linapulumukira N’kothandiza?
Palibe buku lina lililonse la chipembedzo lomwe lingapose Baibulo, chifukwa lakhala likuthandiza anthu kuti azikhulupirira zinthu zolondola. Komanso ndi buku lokhalo limene anthu alifufuza kwambiri ndiponso kulipezera zifukwa.
Akatswiri ena amakaikira ngati uthenga wa m’Mabaibulo a masiku ano ulidi wofanana ndi womwe unali m’mipukutu yoyambirira. Mwachitsanzo, pulofesa wina wamaphunziro azachipembedzo ananena kuti: “Sitinganene motsimikiza kuti tinakoperadi uthenga wa m’Baibulo molondola chifukwa Mabaibulo ambiri ali ndi zinthu zolakwika zokhazokha. Komanso analembedwa patadutsa zaka zambiri kuchokera pamene mipukutu yoyambirira inalembedwa, choncho uthenga wake ndi wosiyana kwambiri ndi womwe unali m’mipukutuyi.”
Anthu enanso amakhulupirira kuti uthenga wa m’Baibulo unasinthidwa chifukwa ndi zomwe anaphunzitsidwa kuzipembedzo zawo. Mwachitsanzo Faizal, anauzidwa ndi anthu a m’banja lake omwe si Akhristu, kuti Baibulo ndi buku lopatulika koma linasinthidwa. Iye anati: “Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu akamandifotokozera zokhudza Baibulo ndinkakayikira kwambiri uthenga wake. Ndinkaona kuti si lolondola chifukwa linasinthidwa.”
Kodi kudziwa ngati Baibulo linasinthidwa kapena ayi kuli ndi phindu lililonse? Kuti mupeze yankho la funsoli, taganizirani mafunso awa: Kodi zikanakhala kuti zinthu zabwino zimene Baibulo limalonjeza sizinalembedwe m’mipukutu yoyambirira, mukanazikhulupirira? (Aroma 15:4) Zikanakhala kuti mfundo zonse za m’Mabaibulo a masiku ano ndi zolakwika, kodi mukanazigwiritsa ntchito posankha zochita pa nkhani zokhudza ntchito, banja kapena kupembedza Mulungu?
Ngakhale kuti mipukutu yoyambirira ya Baibulo sikupezeka, pali zolemba zina zakale komanso mipukutu ina yambiri ya Baibulo imene imatithandiza. Kodi zinatheka bwanji kuti mipukutuyi izipezekabe masiku ano? Funsoli ndi lofunika chifukwa anthu ena ankafuna kuithetseratu, kusintha uthenga wake komanso ikanatha kuwola. Kodi kupezeka kwa mipukutuyi kungakuthandizeni bwanji kukhulupirira kuti uthenga wa m’Baibulo ndi wolondola? Kuti mudziwe mayankho a mafunsowa, werengani nkhani zokhudza mmene Baibulo linapulumukira ku zinthu zonsezi.
-
-
Baibulo Linasungidwa Bwino Kuti LisawoleNsanja ya Olonda (Yogawira)—2016 | Na. 4
-
-
NKHANI YA PACHIKUTO | BAIBULO—BUKU LOMWE LINAPULUMUKA M’ZAMBIRI
Baibulo Linasungidwa Bwino Kuti Lisawole
VUTO LIMENE LINALIPO: Anthu omwe ankalemba komanso kukopera mipukutu ya Baibulo ankagwiritsa ntchito gumbwa komanso zikopa. (2 Timoteyo 4:13) Komatu zimenezi zikanachititsa kuti mipukutuyi iwonongeke mosavuta. N’chifukwa chiyani tikutero?
Gumbwa amang’ambika, kusuluka komanso kutha mosavuta. Richard Parkinson ndi Stephen Quirke, anaphunzira zinthu zosiyanasiyana za ku Egypt ndipo anati: “Gumbwa akhoza kuwola n’kutsala ulusi kapenanso fumbi lokhalokha. Mpukutu ukakhala nthawi yaitali umachita nkhungu kapenanso kuwola chifukwa cha chinyezi ndipo akaukwirira umadyedwa ndi chiswe.” Komanso mipukutu ina ya gumbwa itapezeka, sinasungidwe bwino ndipo inawonongeka chifukwa cha chinyezi komanso kuwala.
Mipukutu ya chikopa imakhala yolimba kusiyana ndi ya gumbwa. Koma nayonso imawonongeka ikasungidwa pamalo otentha, achinyezi kapenanso owala kwambiri.a Mipukutuyi imadyedwanso ndi tizilombo. Buku lina linanena kuti: “Kawirikawiri mipukutu yakale siikhalitsa.” (Everyday Writing in the Graeco-Roman East) Choncho zikanakhala kuti mipukutu ya Baibulo inawola, uthenga wake ukanatheranso pomwepo.
ZIMENE ZINATHANDIZA KUTI BAIBULO LISUNGIKE: Lamulo lachiyuda linkalimbikitsa mfumu iliyonse kuti izikopera “buku lakelake la chilamulo” lomwe ndi mabuku 5 oyambirira a m’Baibulo. (Deuteronomo 17:18) Komanso pofika chakumapeto kwa nthawi ya atumwi n’kuti akatswiri okopera malemba atakopera mipukutu yambiri. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuti malemba azipezeka m’masunagoge a ku Isiraeli ngakhalenso kumadera akutali monga ku Makedoniya. (Luka 4:16, 17; Machitidwe 17:11) Komano zinatheka bwanji kuti mipukutuyi isungidwe mpaka pano?
Katswiri wina wa Chipangano Chatsopano dzina lake Philip W. Comfort ananena kuti: “Ayuda ankakonda kusunga mipukutu m’mitsuko n’cholinga choti isawonongeke.” Ndipo zikuoneka kuti Akhristu nawonso ankachita zomwezo chifukwa mipukutu ina yoyambirira ya Baibulo inapezeka m’mitsuko, m’zipinda zamdima ndi m’mapanga a m’madera otentha kwambiri.
ZOTSATIRA ZAKE: Mipukutu yambiri ya Baibulo idakalipo ndipo yakhalapo kwa zaka zoposa 2,000. Kunena zoona palibenso mipukutu ya mabuku ena akale yomwe yakhalapo kwa nthawi yaitali chonchi.
a Mwachitsanzo, chikalata cholengeza kuti dziko la United States ndi lodziimira palokha (U.S. Declaration of Independence), chinalembedwa pachikopa. Panopa padutsa zaka zosapitirira 250 kuchokera nthawi yomwe chikalatachi chinalembedwa, koma zilembo zake zimavuta kuwerenga chifukwa zinafufutika.
-
-
Baibulo Linasungidwa Ngakhale Kuti Ena AnkalitsutsaNsanja ya Olonda (Yogawira)—2016 | Na. 4
-
-
NKHANI YA PACHIKUTO | BAIBULO—BUKU LOMWE LINAPULUMUKA M’ZAMBIRI
Baibulo Linapulumuka Ngakhale Kuti Ena Sankalifuna
VUTO LIMENE LINALIPO: Atsogoleri ambiri andale komanso azipembedzo sankafuna kuti anthu adziwe uthenga wa m’Baibulo. Choncho iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito udindo wawo poletsa anthu kumasulira, kusindikiza ngakhalenso kukhala ndi Baibulo. Tiyeni tione zitsanzo ziwiri:
Cha m’ma 167 B.C.E.: Mfumu Antiyokasi Epifanasi yemwe ankafuna kukakamiza Ayuda kuti azitsatira chipembedzo chachigiriki, analamula kuti Malemba onse Achiheberi awonongedwe. Wolemba mbiri wina dzina lake Heinrich Graetz, ananena kuti nduna za mfumuyi “zikapeza mipukutu ya Chilamulo, zinkaing’amba ndiponso kuitentha nthawi yomweyo. Komanso zinkapha aliyense amene wapezeka akuwerenga Baibulo pofuna kulimbikitsidwa ndiponso kutonthozedwa.”
Zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka 1500: Atsogoleri ena achikatolika ankakhumudwa chifukwa choti anthu a m’chipembedzochi ankalimbikitsa ena kutsatira mfundo za m’Baibulo m’malo mwa zikhulupiriro zachikatolika. Iwo ankafuna kuti anthu aziwerenga buku la Masalimo la m’Chilatini basi. Ndipo anthu wamba omwe anali ndi mabuku ena a m’Baibulo, ankawanena kuti ndi ampatuko. Pamsonkhano wina wa tchalitchichi anasankha anthu oti “azifufuza mwakhama anthu ampatuko . . . m’nyumba ndiponso m’zipinda zonse zapansi, zomwe ankazikayikira kuti akusungirako mabuku a m’Baibulo. . . . Ndipo nyumba iliyonse yomwe apezako wampatuko, aziigwetsa.”
Anthuwa akanakwanitsadi kuwononga Baibulo, ndiye kuti uthenga wake ukanatheranso pomwepo.
ZIMENE ZINATHANDIZA KUTI BAIBULO LISUNGIKE: Ngakhale kuti Mfumu Antiyokasi inkafuna kuti Baibulo lisapezekenso ku Isiraeli, Ayuda ambiri anali atasamukira m’mayiko osiyanasiyana. Ndipotu akatswiri amanena kuti pomwe inkafika nthawi ya Yesu, n’kuti Ayuda oposa 60 pa 100 alionse akukhala m’madera a kunja kwa dziko la Isiraeli. Ayudawa ankasunga mipukutu ya Malemba m’masunagoge awo ndipo ndi yomwenso anthu ena kuphatikizapo Akhristu, ankaigwiritsa ntchito.—Machitidwe 15:21.
M’zaka za m’ma 500 mpaka 1500, anthu ena analimba mtima n’kulolera kuzunzidwa ndipo anapitiriza kumasulira ndi kukopera Baibulo pamanja. Zikuoneka kuti pofika cha m’ma 1400, mabuku ena a m’Baibulo ankapezeka m’zinenero pafupifupi 33, ngakhale kuti pa nthawiyi kunalibe makina osindikizira mabuku. Patapita nthawi, anthu anayamba kumasulira komanso kusindikiza Mabaibulo m’zinenero zinanso zambiri.
ZOTSATIRA ZAKE: M’nkhaniyi taona kuti atsogoleri ena andale komanso azipembedzo ankafuna kuwononga Baibulo, koma sizinatheke. Baibulo lamasuliridwa komanso kufalitsidwa kwambiri kuposa buku lina lililonse. Lathandizanso mayiko ambiri pa nkhani zokhudza malamulo ndi zinenero. Komanso lathandiza anthu ambiri kusiya makhalidwe oipa.
-
-
Baibulo Linapulumuka Ngakhale Kuti Ena Ankafuna Kusintha Uthenga WakeNsanja ya Olonda (Yogawira)—2016 | Na. 4
-
-
NKHANI YA PACHIKUTO | BAIBULO—BUKU LOMWE LINAPULUMUKA M’ZAMBIRI
Baibulo Linapulumuka Ngakhale Kuti Ena Ankafuna Kusintha Uthenga Wake
VUTO LIMENE LINALIPO: M’nkhani zapitazi taona kuti Baibulo linasungidwa bwino ngakhale kuti likanawola komanso panali anthu omwe sankalifuna. Komabe pali anthu ena omwe ankafuna kusintha uthenga wake. Nthawi zina m’malo mophunzitsa mfundo za m’Baibulo, iwo ankasintha uthenga wake kuti ugwirizane ndi ziphunzitso zawo. Taonani zitsanzo izi:
Malo olambirira: M’zaka za pakati pa 300 ndi 100 B.C.E., Asamariya ena omwe anamasulira Pentatuke Wachisamariya (mabuku 5 oyambirira a m’Baibulo), anawonjezera mawu patsogolo pa Ekisodo 20:17 akuti: “Ku Gerizimu mudzamangako kachisi.” Iwo ankafuna kuti Malemba azigwirizana ndi zimene ankafuna zoti adzamange kachisi m’phiri la “Aargaareezem,” kapena kuti Gerizimu.
Chiphunzitso cha utatu: Pasanathe zaka 300 kuchokera pamene Baibulo linamalizidwa kulembedwa, wolemba mabuku wina yemwe ankakhulupirira utatu anawonjezera mawu pa 1 Yohane 5:7, akuti, “Kumwamba kuli Atate, Mawu, komanso Mzukwa Woyera: onsewa ndi mmodzi.” Katswiri wina wa Baibulo dzina lake Bruce Metzger, ananena kuti, “Kungoyambira mu 500 C.E., mawu amenewa ankapezeka kwambiri m’mipukutu yachilatini chakale komanso m’Baibulo lachilatini lotchedwa Vulgate.”
Dzina la Mulungu: Omasulira Baibulo ambiri anaganiza zochotsa dzina la Mulungu m’Baibulo chifukwa cha zomwe Ayuda ankakhulupirira zoti akatchula dzina la Mulungu akhoza kuona malodza. Ndiyeno anayamba kumangogwiritsa ntchito maina audindo monga “Mulungu” kapena “Ambuye.” Komatu nthawi zina m’Baibulo mawuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito ponena za anthu, mafano ngakhalenso Mdyerekezi.—Yohane 10:34, 35; 1 Akorinto 8:5, 6; 2 Akorinto 4:4.a
ZIMENE ZINATHANDIZA KUTI BAIBULO LISUNGIKE: Choyamba, ngakhale kuti anthu ena ankafuna kusintha uthenga wa m’Baibulo, panali ena ambiri amene ankakopera Malemba mwaluso komanso mosamala. Mwachitsanzo, m’zaka za m’ma 500 ndi 900 C.E., Amasorete anakopera Malemba Achiheberi n’kupanga buku lomwe limadziwika kuti Zolemba za Amasorete. Iwo akamakopera, ankawerenga liwu lililonse pofuna kutsimikizira kuti sanawonjezeremo mfundo zolakwika. Ngati akukayikira kuti mumpukutu womwe akugwiritsa ntchitowo muli mfundo zolakwika, ankalemba mfundozo m’mphepete mwa mpukutuwo. Amasorete sankafuna kusintha uthenga wa m’Baibulo ngakhale pang’ono. Pulofesa wina dzina lake Moshe Goshen-Gottstein analemba kuti: “Iwo ankadziwa kuti kusintha uthenga wa m’Baibulo mwadala unali mlandu waukulu.”
Chachiwiri, masiku ano pali mipukutu yambiri yomwe inapezeka. Choncho akatswiri a Baibulo savutika kudziwa ngati pali mfundo zina zosiyana ndi za m’mipukutu yoyambirira. Mwachitsanzo, kwa zaka zambiri atsogoleri azipembedzo ankaphunzitsa kuti Mabaibulo awo Achilatini anali odalirika kwambiri. Koma chodabwitsa n’choti pa 1 Yohane 5:7 anaphatikizapo mawu olakwika aja omwe tawatchula kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi. Ndipotu mawuwa anawaphatikizanso m’Baibulo la King James. Komano mipukutu ina itapezeka, m’pamene anazindikira kuti m’mipukutu yakale munalibe mawuwa. Bruce Metzger analemba kuti: “M’mipukutu yakale (monga ya Chiameniya, Chiitiopiya, Chikoputiki, Chiarabu ndi Chisilaviki), mulibe mawu omwe anawawonjezera [pa 1 Yohane 5:7], kupatulapo m’mpukutu wa Chilatini tautchula uja. N’chifukwa chake m’mabaibulo ena okonzedwanso monga la King James anachotsamo mawu olakwikawa.
Kodi mipukutu yakale imatsimikiziradi kuti uthenga wa m’Baibulo sunasinthe? Mipukutu ya ku Nyanja Yakufa itapezeka mu 1947, akatswiri anali ndi mwayi woyerekezera Zolemba za Amasorete ndi zimene zinali m’mipukutuyi, yomwe inalembedwa zaka zoposa 1,000 m’mbuyomo. Munthu wina yemwe anakonza nawo mipukutu ya ku Nyanja Yakufa ananena kuti mpukutu umodzi wokha “unapereka umboni wosatsutsika wosonyeza kuti ntchito yokopera Malemba yomwe okopera Achiyuda anagwira m’zaka zopitirira 1,000, inachitika mwaluso ndiponso mosamala kwambiri.”
Mumzinda wa Dublin, ku Ireland muli Laibulale yotchedwa Chester Beatty komwe anasungako pafupifupi mipukutu yonse ya Malemba Achigiriki Achikhristu yopangidwa ndi gumbwa. Ina mwa mipukutuyi ndi ya m’zaka za m’ma 100 C.E., zomwe zikusonyeza kuti yangokhalapo kwa zaka 100 zokha, kuchokera pamene Baibulo linamalizidwa kulembedwa. Buku lina linanenanso kuti, “mipukutu ya gumbwa imatsimikizira kuti uthenga wa m’Baibulo unalembedwa mwatsatanetsatane komanso kuti uthengawu sunasinthidwe paliponse.”—The Anchor Bible Dictionary.
“Tinganenedi motsimikiza kuti palibenso buku lina lakale lomwe linamasuliridwa ndiponso kukopedwa molondola kuposa Baibulo”
ZOTSATIRA ZAKE: Mipukutu yambiri yakale yomwe inapezeka yathandiza kuti uthenga wa m’Baibulo ukhale wolondola. Katswiri wina dzina lake Frederic Kenyon analemba zokhudza Malemba Achigiriki Achikhristu kuti: “Palibenso buku lina lakale lomwe lili ndi umboni wotsimikizira kuti ndi lolondola kuposa Baibulo, ndipo palibe katswiri aliyense woganiza bwino yemwe angatsutse zoti uthenga womwe tili nawowu ndi wodalirika.” Ponena za Malemba Achiheberi, katswiri wina dzina lake William Henry Green, ananena kuti: “Tinganenedi motsimikiza kuti palibenso buku lina lakale lomwe linamasuliridwa ndi kukopedwa molondola kuposa Baibulo.”
a Kuti mudziwe zambiri, Onani Kabuku Kothandiza Kuphunzira Mawu a Mulungu tsamba 1-5 ndi 6-13. Kabukuka kakupezekanso pawebusaiti yathu ya www.jw.org/ny.
-
-
N’chifukwa Chiyani Baibulo LinapulumukaNsanja ya Olonda (Yogawira)—2016 | Na. 4
-
-
NKHANI YA PACHIKUTO | BAIBULO—BUKU LOMWE LINAPULUMUKA M’ZAMBIRI
N’chifukwa Chiyani Baibulo Linapulumuka?
Masiku ano mukhoza kupeza ndiponso kuwerenga Baibulo mosavuta. Ndipo ngati mwasankha Baibulo lomwe linamasuliridwa molondola, m’posavuta kutsimikizira kuti uthenga wake ndi wochokeradi m’mipukutu yoyambirira ya Baibulo.a M’nkhani zapitazi taona kuti Baibulo linapulumuka ngakhale kuti likanatha kuwola, anthu ena ankalitsutsa, komanso ankafuna kusintha uthenga wake. Koma n’chifukwa chiyani linapulumuka modabwitsa chonchi?
“Panopa sindikukayika ngakhale pang’ono kuti Baibulo lomwe ndili nalo ndi mphatso yochokera kwa Mulungu”
Anthu ambiri amene akuphunzira Baibulo amavomereza zomwe mtumwi Paulo analemba kuti: “Malemba onse anauziridwa ndi Mulungu.” (2 Timoteyo 3:16) Anthuwa amakhulupirira kuti Baibulo linapulumuka chifukwa chakuti ndi Mawu a Mulungu komanso Iye analiteteza. Faizal yemwe watchulidwa m’nkhani yoyambirira, anaganiza zoyamba kuphunzira Baibulo pofuna kutsimikizira zimenezi. Iye anadabwa ataona kuti zinthu zambiri zimene anthu amaphunzitsa m’matchalitchi awo sizichokera m’Baibulo. Faizal anachita chidwi kwambiri ataphunzira cholinga cha Mulungu chokhudza dziko lapansi kuchokera m’Baibulo.
Iye ananena kuti: “Panopa sindikukayika ngakhale pang’ono kuti Baibulo lomwe ndili nalo ndi mphatso yochokera kwa Mulungu. Komanso ngati Mulungu yemwe ndi Wamphamvuyonse anakwanitsa kulenga chilengedwechi, kodi angalephere kutipatsa buku ndi kuliteteza kuti tiziliwerenga? Munthu yemwe angatsutse zimenezi ndiye kuti akuderera mphamvu za Mulungu, yemwe ndi Wamphamvuyonse, nanga ine ndani kuti ndichite zimenezi?”—Yesaya 40:8.
a Onani nkhani yakuti, “Kodi Mungadziwe Bwanji Baibulo Lomasuliridwa Bwino?” mu Nsanja ya Olonda ya May 1, 2008.
-