Matembenuzidwe a Baibulo Amene Anasintha Dziko Lapansi

Pamene Mose mneneri wa Mulungu anayamba kulemba Baibulo zaka zoposa 3,500 zapitazo, ndi mtundu umodzi wokha waung’ono umene unatha kuliŵerenga. (Deuteronomo 7:7) Zinali motero chifukwa chakuti Malemba analipo m’chinenero choyambirira cha mtundu wokhawo, Chihebri. Koma zimenezo zinali kudzasintha m’kupita kwa nthaŵi.

KUFALIKIRA kwa uthenga wa Baibulo ndi chisonkhezero chake chabwino pazaka mazana onsewa kwakukulukulu nzotsatirapo za matembenuzidwe ake oyamba​—Septuagint. Kodi analitembenuziranji? Ndipo kodi tinganenedi kuti Baibulo limeneli linasintha dziko lapansi?

Matembenuzidwe Ouziridwa?

Atabwerako ku Babulo kumene anali akapolo m’zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiŵiri ndi zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi B.C.E., Ayuda ambiri sanakakhale kudziko la Israyeli ndi Yuda wakale. Kwa Ayuda obadwira kuukapolo, Chihebri chinakhala chinenero chongophunzira. Podzafika m’zaka za zana lachitatu B.C.E., kunali Ayuda ku Alesandriya, Igupto​—mudzi wa zochitika zambiri mu Ufumu wa Grisi. Ayuda amenewo anaona kufunika kwa kutembenuzira Malemba Opatulika m’Chigiriki, chimene tsopano chinali chinenero chawo.

Mpaka panthaŵi imeneyo, uthenga wouziridwa wa Baibulo unali wolembedwa m’Chihebri, ndipo zigawo zina zazing’ono zinalembedwa m’chinenero chofanana kwambiri ndi Chihebri, Chialamu. Kodi kulemba Mawu a Mulungu m’chinenero china kukanachepetsa mphamvu yake youziridwa ndi Mulungu, mwinanso kumasulira mawuwo molakwika? Kodi Ayuda, opatsidwa Mawu ouziridwawo, akanadzilola kukhala pangozi yopotoza uthengawo poutembenuza?​—Salmo 147:19, 20; Aroma 3:1, 2.

Nkhani zovuta zimenezi zinawachititsa mantha. Komabe, nkhaŵa yakuti m’kupita kwa nthaŵi Ayuda sadzatha kumva Mawu a Mulungu inaposa nkhaŵa zina zonse pomalizira pake. Anasankha kutembenuzira m’Chigiriki mabuku a Torah​—mabuku asanu oyambirira a m’Baibulo, olembedwa ndi Mose. Kutembenuza kwenikweniko sikukudziŵika kuti kunachitikadi motani chifukwa kumangosimbidwa m’nthano. Malinga nkunena kwa Letter of Aristeas, wolamulira wa Igupto Ptolemy II (285-246 B.C.E.) anafuna kuti kope la Pentatuke (kapena kuti, Torah) litembenuzidwe m’Chigiriki kuti aliike m’laibulale yake yachifumu. Iye anaitana akatswiri amaphunziro 72 achiyuda, amene anabwera ku Igupto kuchokera ku Israyeli nachita ntchitoyo pamasiku 72. Matembenuzidwe ameneŵa anaŵerengedwa kwa Ayuda, amene anati akumveka bwino ndiponso ngolondola. Pambuyo pake anawonjezeramo zina m’nkhani imeneyi zonena kuti wotembenuza aliyense anali ndi chipinda chake, koma matembenuzidwe awo anali ofanana ndendende nzilembo zomwe. Chifukwa cha nthano ya otembenuza 72, Baibulo lotembenuzidwa m’Chigiriki limeneli analitcha kuti Septuagint, dzina lozikidwa paliwu lachilatini lotanthauza “Makumi Asanu ndi Aŵiri.”

Akatswiri ambiri amakono amaphunziro amavomereza kuti Letter of Aristeas ilibe umboni. Iwo amakhulupiriranso kuti nzeru yakuti atembenuze Baibulo sinachokere kwa Ptolemy II, koma kwa atsogoleri a Ayuda a ku Alesandriya. Koma zolemba za wafilosofi wachiyuda wa ku Alesandriya Philo ndi za wolemba mbiri wachiyuda Josephus limodzinso ndi Talmud zonse zimasonyeza kuti Ayuda ambiri a m’zaka za zana loyamba ankakhulupirira kuti Septuagint inauziridwa mofanana ndi Malemba oyambirira. Mosakayikira, zikhulupiriro zimenezo zinakhalapo poyesayesa kuchititsa Ayuda onse padziko lapansi kuti avomereze Septuagint.

Ngakhale kuti poyamba anangotembenuza mabuku asanu okha a Mose, dzina lakuti Septuagint m’kupita kwa nthaŵi linadzakhala dzina la Malemba onse Achihebri otembenuzidwira m’Chigiriki. Mabuku enawo anatembenuzidwa pazaka zana limodzi zotsatira kapena kuposapo. Kutembenuzidwa kwa Septuagint yonse kunachitika pang’onopang’ono ndipo osati monga ntchito ya gulu limodzi. Otembenuzawo anali ndi maluso osiyana ndiponso ankasiyana mmene amadziŵira Chihebri. Mabuku ambiri anatembenuzidwa motsatira Chihebri ndendende, ndipo nthaŵi zina monkitsa, pamene matembenuzidwe ena anangotsatira tanthauzo lake. Pali mabuku angapo a matembenuzidwe aŵiri, aatali ndiponso aafupi. Podzafika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachiŵiri B.C.E., mabuku onse a m’Malemba Achihebri analipo m’Chigiriki. Ngakhale kuti panali zotsatirapo zosiyanasiyana, kutembenuzira Malemba Achihebri m’Chigiriki kunachita zochuluka kuposa zimene otembenuzawo anayembekezera.

Yafeti m’Mahema a Semu?

Ponena za Septuagint, Talmud imagwira mawu Genesis 9:27 kuti: “Yafeti, akhale iye m’mahema a Semu.” (Megillah 9b, Talmud ya ku Babulo) Talmud ikunena mophiphiritsa kuti mwa kumveka bwino kwa Chigiriki cha mu Septuagint, Yafeti (atate wa Yavani, kholo la Agiriki) anakhala m’mahema a Semu (kholo la mtundu wa Israyeli). Komabe, tinganenenso kuti mwa Septuagint, Semu anakhala m’mahema a Yafeti. Motani?

Alexander Wamkulu atalanda maiko ambiri, cha kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachinayi B.C.E., panali kuyesayesa kwamphamvu kuti afalitse Chigiriki ndi chikhalidwe chawo kumaiko ogonjetsedwawo. Kuchita zimenezi kunatchedwa kuti Hellenization (Kufalitsa Chikhalidwe cha Agiriki). Nthaŵi zonse Ayuda anadzimva kuti chikhalidwe chawo chikusinthidwa. Kufalikira kwa chikhalidwe cha Agiriki ndi filosofi yawo kukanakhala kupondereza chipembedzo chenichenicho cha Ayuda. Kodi akanatani kuti zimenezo zisachitike?

Ponena za china chimene mwina chinali cholinga cha Ayuda potembenuza Septuagint, wotembenuza Baibulo wina wachiyuda Max Margolis anati: “Ngati tinganene kuti imeneyi inali nzeru ya Ayuda, ndiye kuti panali cholinga china, ndipo chimenechi chinali kupereka Chilamulo chachiyuda kwa anthu Akunja ndi kutsimikizira anthu padziko lonse lapansi kuti Ayuda ali ndi chikhalidwe cholingana ndi nzeru za Helasi [Grisi].” Ndiye kuti kupereka Malemba Achihebri kwa anthu olankhula Chigiriki kuyenera kuti kunali ngati kudzitetezera komanso kubwezera.

Kufalitsa Chikhalidwe cha Agiriki kwa Alexander kunali kutapangitsa Chigiriki kukhala chinenero cha anthu onse padziko lapansi. Ngakhale ufumu wake utalandidwa ndi Aroma, Chigiriki chofala (kapena kuti Koine) chinakhalabe chinenero cholankhulidwa pamalonda ndi polankhula ndi mitundu ina. Kaya zimenezi zinachitika chifukwa cha kuyesayesa kapena zinangochitika zokha, Septuagint ya Malemba Achihebri imeneyi inaloŵa mwamsanga m’nyumba ndi m’mitima ya anthu ambiri osakhala Ayuda amene poyamba sanadziŵe Mulungu ndi Chilamulo cha Ayuda. Zotsatirapo zake zinali zodabwitsa.

Otembenukira ku Chiyuda ndi Oopa Mulungu

Pomadzafika m’zaka za zana loyamba C.E., Philo analemba kuti “kukoma ndi ulemerero wa malamulo a Mose nzapamtima kwa mitundu ina yonse, osati kwa Ayuda okha.” Ponena za Ayuda a kunja kwa Palestina a m’zaka za zana loyamba, wolemba mbiri wachiyuda Joseph Klausner anati: “Sungakhulupirire kuti Ayuda mamiliyoni onsewo anachokera ku Palestina wochepa yekhayo. Umaoneratu kuti chiŵerengero chachikulu chimenechi chimaphatikizaponso amuna ndi akazi ochuluka otembenukira ku Chiyuda.”

Komabe, mfundo zogwira mtima zimenezi sizikufotokoza nkhani yonse. Wolemba wotchedwa Shaye J. D. Cohen, profesa wa mbiri ya Ayuda, anati: “Akunja ambiri, amuna ndi akazi omwe, anatembenuka kukhala Ayuda m’zaka za mazana omalizira a B.C.E. ndi m’zaka za mazana aŵiri oyamba a C.E. Komanso ochuluka kwambiri anali akunja amene analandira mbali zina za Chiyuda koma sanatembenuke.” Onse aŵiri Klausner ndi Cohen anatcha osatembenuka ameneŵa kukhala oopa Mulungu, mawu amene amaonekera m’zofalitsa zambiri zachigiriki za panthaŵiyo.

Kodi wotembenukira ku Chiyuda ndi woopa Mulungu akusiyana pati? Otembenukira ku Chiyuda anali otembenuka m’zonse, ndipo ankaonedwa kukhala Ayuda m’zonse chifukwa chakuti analandira Mulungu wa Israyeli (atakana milungu ina yonse), nadulidwa, ndi kudziphatika kumtundu wa Israyeli. Koma ponena za oopa Mulungu, Cohen anati: “Ngakhale kuti akunja ameneŵa ankatsatira miyambo yambiri yachiyuda ndi kulemekeza Mulungu wa Ayuda m’njira zosiyanasiyana, iwo sanali kudziona ngati Ayuda ndiponso ena sanali kuwaona ngati Ayuda.” Klausner anawafotokoza kuti anali “apakati,” popeza analandira Chiyuda ndi “kutsatira ina mwa miyambo yake, koma . . . sanakhaliretu Ayuda.”

Mwina ena anachita chidwi ndi Mulungu chifukwa chokambitsirana ndi Ayuda ochita umishonale kapena ataona kuti Ayudawo anali osiyana mwa mayendedwe awo, miyambo, ndi khalidwe. Komabe, Septuagint ndi imene inathandiza kwambiri oopa Mulungu ameneŵa kuti aphunzire za Yehova Mulungu. Pamene kuli kwakuti sitingathe kudziŵa chiŵerengero chenicheni cha oopa Mulungu a m’zaka za zana loyamba, mosakayikira Septuagint inafalitsa chidziŵitso chonena za Mulungu mu Ufumu wonse wa Roma. Maziko ofunika kwambiri anali kuyalidwa kudzera mwa Septuagint.

Septuagint Inathandiza Kutsegulira Njira

Septuagint inathandiza kwambiri pofalitsa uthenga wa Chikristu. Ayuda ambiri olankhula Chigiriki ndiwo ena mwa amene analipo pamene mpingo wachikristu unapangidwa pa Pentekoste wa 33 C.E. Otembenukira ku Chiyuda nawonso ndiwo ena mwa amene anakhala otsatira a Kristu m’masiku oyambirirawo. (Machitidwe 2:5-11; 6:1-6; 8:26-38) Popeza kuti zolemba zouziridwa za atumwi a Yesu ndi ophunzira ena oyambirira zinalembedwa kuti ziŵerengedwe ndi anthu ochuluka koposa, anazilemba m’Chigiriki.a Choncho, mawu ambiri a m’Malemba Achihebri ogwidwa m’Malemba Achigiriki Achikristu anatengedwa mu Septuagint.

Kusiyapo Ayuda enieni ndi otembenukira ku Chiyuda, panalinso ena amene anali okonzeka kulandira uthenga wa Ufumu. Korneliyo Wakunjayo anali “munthu wopembedza, ndi wakuopa Mulungu ndi banja lake lonse, amene anapatsa anthu zachifundo zambiri, napemphera Mulungu kosaleka.” Mu 36 C.E., Korneliyo, banja lake, ndi ena amene anasonkhana panyumba pake anali Akunja oyamba kubatizidwa monga otsatira a Kristu. (Machitidwe 10:1, 2, 24, 44-48; yerekezerani ndi Luka 7:2-10.) Pamene mtumwi Paulo anayenda maulendo mu Asia Minor monse ndi m’Grisi, iye analalikira kwa Akunja ambiri amene anali kale oopa Mulungu ndiponso kwa “Ahelene opembedza Mulungu.” (Machitidwe 13:16, 26; 17:4, NW) Kodi nchifukwa chiyani Korneliyo ndi Akunja enawo anali okonzeka kulandira uthenga wabwino? Septuagint inathandiza kutsegulira njira. Katswiri wina wamaphunziro akulingalira kuti Septuagint “ndi buku limene linathandiza kwambiri moti popanda ilo, Dziko Lachikristu ndi chikhalidwe chakumadzulo kukanakhala kulibe.”

Septuagint Sikhalanso “Youziridwa”

Chifuwa choigwiritsira ntchito kwambiri Septuagint, Ayuda anaikana m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Mwachitsnzo, pokambitsirana ndi Akristu, Ayuda ankanena kuti Septuagint inatembenuzidwa molakwa. Podzafika m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri C.E., Ayuda anawakaniratu matembenuzidwe amene poyamba ankawanena kuti ngouziridwa. Arabi anatsutsa nthano yonena za otembenuza 72, nati: “Nthaŵi inayake zinachitika kuti akulu asanu anatembenuzira Mfumu Ptolemy mabuku a Torah m’Chigiriki, ndipo tsikulo linali latsoka kwa Israyeli monga momwe tsiku limene anapanga mwana wa ng’ombe wagolidi linalili, chifukwa chakuti mabuku a Torah sanatembenuzidwe molongosoka.” Pofuna kutsimikiza kuti pali kugwirizana kwambiri ndi malingaliro a Arabi, Arabiwo analamula kuti pakhalenso matembenuzidwe ena a m’Chigiriki. Zimenezo zinachitika m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri C.E. pogwiritsira ntchito wotembenukira ku Chiyuda wina wotchedwa Aquila, wophunzira wa rabi Akiba.

Ayuda anasiya kugwiritsira ntchito Septuagint, koma iyo inakhala “Chipangano Chakale” chimene Tchalitchi cha Katolika chatsopanocho chinkagwiritsira ntchito mpaka italoŵedwa m’malo ndi Vulgate yachilatini ya Jerome. Ngakhale kuti mawu otembenuzidwa saposa mawu oyambirira, Septuagint inachita zambiri pofalitsa chidziŵitso chonena za Yehova Mulungu ndi Ufumu wake wochitidwa ndi Yesu Kristu. Ndithudi, Septuagint ndi matembenuzidwe a Baibulo amene anasintha dziko lapansi.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

[Chithunzi patsamba 31]

Anthu ambiri amene Paulo analalikira anaimva “Septuagint”

[Mawu a Chithunzi patsamba 29]

Courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority