Yehova ndi Mulungu Wamapangano

“Ndidzapangana pangano latsopano ndi nyumba ya Israyeli, ndi nyumba ya Yuda.”​—YEREMIYA 31:31.

1, 2. (a) Kodi Yesu anayambitsa phwando lotani usiku wa pa Nisani 14, 33 C.E.? (b) Kodi ndi pangano lotani limene Yesu anatchula lokhudzana ndi imfa yake?

USIKU wa pa Nisani 14, 33 C.E., Yesu anachita phwando la Paskha ndi atumwi ake 12. Popeza anadziŵa kuti imeneyi ndi nthaŵi yomaliza kudya nawo ndi kuti posapita nthaŵi adzaphedwa ndi adani ake, Yesu anapezerapo mpata pachochitikacho wofotokoza nkhani zambiri zofunika kwa ophunzira ake oyandikana naye kwambiri.​—Yohane 13:1–17:26.

² Panali panthaŵiyi pamene, atauza Yudasi Isikariote kutuluka, Yesu anayambitsa phwando lachipembedzo lapachaka lokhalo limene Akristu akulamulidwa kuchita​—Chikumbutso cha imfa yake. Nkhaniyo imati: “Ndipo pamene iwo analinkudya, Yesu anatenga mkate, nadalitsa, naunyema; ndipo mmene anapatsa kwa ophunzira, anati, Tengani, idyani; ichi ndi thupi langa. Ndipo pamene anatenga chikho, anayamika, napatsa iwo, nanena, Mumwere ichi inu nonse, pakuti ichi ndicho mwazi wanga wa pangano, wothiridwa chifukwa cha anthu ambiri ku kuchotsa machimo.” (Mateyu 26:26-28) Otsatira a Yesu anayenera kukumbukira imfa yake mosachulukitsa zochita ndiponso mwaulemu. Ndipo Yesu anatchula za pangano lina lokhudzana ndi imfa yake. M’nkhani ya Luka, panganoli likutchedwa “pangano latsopano.”​—Luka 22:20.

 3. Kodi ndi mafunso otani amene amafunsidwa ponena za pangano latsopano?

³ Kodi pangano latsopano nchiyani? Ngati ndi pangano latsopano, kodi zikutanthauza kuti pali pangano lakale? Kodi pali mapangano ena ogwirizana ndi pangano latsopanoli? Ameneŵa ndi mafunso ofunika chifukwa chakuti Yesu ananena kuti mwazi wa pangano udzathiridwa “kuchotsa machimo.” Tonsefe tikufunitsitsa kukhululukidwa koteroko.​—Aroma 3:23.

Pangano ndi Abrahamu

 4. Kodi ndi lonjezo lakale lotani limene likutithandiza kumvetsa pangano latsopano?

⁴ Kuti timvetse za pangano latsopano, tiyenera kubwerera kumbuyo zaka zoposa 2,000 Yesu asanayambe utumiki wake wa padziko lapansi panthaŵi imene Tera ndi banja lake​—kuphatikizapo Abramu (pambuyo pake, Abrahamu) ndi mkazi wa Abramu Sarai, (pambuyo pake, Sara)​—anasamuka kuchokera ku Uri wokhupukayo wa kwa Akaldayo kumka ku Harana kumpoto kwa Mesopotamiya. Iwo anakhala kumeneko mpaka imfa ya Tera. Ndiyeno, molamulidwa ndi Yehova, Abrahamu wazaka 75 anadutsa Mtsinje wa Firate ndipo anapita kummwera chakumadzulo naloŵa m’dziko la Kanani kukakhala moyo wosamukasamuka m’mahema. (Genesis 11:31–12:1, 4, 5; Machitidwe 7:2-5) Mmenemo munali mu 1943 B.C.E. Pamene Abrahamu anali adakali ku Harana, Yehova anamuuza kuti: “Ndidzakuyesa iwe mtundu waukulu, ndipo ndidzakudalitsa iwe, ndi kubukitsa dzina lako; nukhale iwe mdalitso; ndipo ndidzadalitsa amene akudalitsa iwe; ndi kutemberera iye amene akutemberera iwe; ndipo mwa iwe adzadalitsidwa mabanja onse a dziko lapansi.” Pambuyo pake, Abrahamu atadutsa kuloŵa m’Kanani, Yehova anawonjezera kuti: “Ndidzapatsa mbewu yako dziko lino.”​—Genesis 12:2, 3, 7.

 5. Kodi lonjezo la Yehova kwa Abrahamu nlogwirizana ndi ulosi uti wakale?

⁵ Pangano lopanga ndi Abrahamu limenelo linagwirizana ndi pangano lina mwa mapangano a Yehova. Ndithudi, linapangitsa Abrahamu kukhala munthu wofunika kwambiri m’mbiri ya anthu, mbali yofunika pakukwaniritsidwa kwa ulosi woyamba wolembedwa. Adamu ndi Hava atachimwa m’munda wa Edene, Yehova anawaweruza onse aŵiri, ndipo panthaŵi imodzimodziyo analankhula kwa Satana, amene anasokeretsa Hava, kuti: “Ndidzaika udani pakati pa iwe ndi mkaziyo, ndi pakati pa mbewu yako ndi mbewu yake; ndipo idzalalira mutu wako, ndipo iwe udzalalira chitende chake.” (Genesis 3:15) Pangano la Yehova ndi Abrahamu linasonyeza kuti Mbewu mwa imene ntchito za Satana zidzawonongedwa idzaonekera m’mbadwa za kholo lakale limenelo.

 6. (a) Kodi lonjezo la Yehova kwa Abrahamu linali kudzakwaniritsidwa kudzera mwa yani? (b) Kodi pangano la Abrahamu nchiyani?

⁶ Popeza kuti lonjezo la Yehova linali lokhudzana ndi mbewu ina yake, Abrahamu anafunikira kukhala ndi mwana wamwamuna mmene mudzadzere Mbewuyo. Koma iyeyo ndi Sara anakalamba ndipo anali adakali opanda mwana. Komabe, pomalizira pake, Yehova anawadalitsa, kukonzanso mozizwitsa mphamvu zawo zakubala, ndipo Sara anabalira Abrahamu mwana wamwamuna, Isake, zimene zinali kukwaniritsa lonjezo lonena za mbewu. (Genesis 17:15-17; 21:1-7) Patapita zaka zambiri, Yehova atayesa chikhulupiriro cha Abrahamu​—kufikira poti anali wofunitsitsa kupereka mwana wake wokondedwa, Isake, monga nsembe​—iye anabwereza lonjezo lake kwa Abrahamu kuti: “Kudalitsa ndidzakudalitsa iwe, kuchulukitsa ndidzachulukitsa mbewu zako monga nyenyezi za kumwamba, monga mchenga wa m’mphepete mwa nyanja; ndipo mbewu zako zidzagonjetsa chipata cha adani awo; m’mbewu zako mitundu yonse ya dziko lapansi idzadalitsidwa: chifukwa wamvera mawu anga.” (Genesis 22:15-18) Lonjezo lowonjezereka limeneli nthaŵi zambiri limatchedwa kuti pangano la Abrahamu, ndipo pangano latsopano lapambuyo pake linali kudzagwirizana kwambiri ndi limeneli.

 7. Kodi mbewu za Abrahamu zinayamba motani kuchuluka, ndipo ndi mikhalidwe yotani imene inawachititsa kukakhala ku Igupto?

⁷ M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, Isake anakhala ndi ana aamuna amapasa, Esau ndi Yakobo. Yehova anasankha Yakobo kukhala kholo la Mbewu Yolonjezedwayo. (Genesis 28:10-15; Aroma 9:10-13) Yakobo anali ndi ana aamuna 12. Mwachionekere, tsopano imeneyi inali nthaŵi yoti mbewu za Abrahamu ziyambe kuchuluka. Ana a Yakobo atakula, ndipo ambiri atakhala ndi mabanja awo, njala inawakakamiza onsewo kusamukira ku Igupto kumene, mwa chitsogozo cha Mulungu, mwana wa Yakobo, Yosefe, anali atawakonzera zonse. (Genesis 45:5-13; 46:26, 27) Patapita zaka zoŵerengeka, njala inatha ku Kanani. Koma banja la Yakobo linakhalabe ku Igupto​—poyamba monga alendo koma pambuyo pake monga akapolo. Munali mu 1513 B.C.E., zaka 430 Abrahamu atadutsa Firate, pamene Mose anatsogolera mbadwa za Yakobo kutuluka m’Igupto kukakhala mwaufulu. (Eksodo 1:8-14; 12:40, 41; Agalatiya 3:16, 17) Yehova tsopano anali kudzapereka chisamaliro chapadera ku pangano lake ndi Abrahamu.​—Eksodo 2:24; 6:2-5.

“Pangano Lakale”

 8. Kodi Yehova anapangana chiyani ndi mbadwa za Yakobo pa Sinai, ndipo kodi zimenezi zinakhudzana motani ndi pangano la Abrahamu?

⁸ Pamene Yakobo ndi ana ake anasamukira ku Igupto anali banja limodzi lalikulu, koma mbadwa zawo zinasamuka kuchoka ku Igupto monga gulu lalikulu la mafuko aakulu. (Eksodo 1:5-7; 12:37, 38) Yehova asanawabweretse ku Kanani, iye anawatsogolera kupita kummwera munsi mwa phiri lotchedwa kuti Horebu (kapena kuti Sinai) ku Arabiya. Kumeneko, anapangana nawo pangano. Panganoli linadzatchedwa kuti “pangano lakale” polisiyanitsa ndi “pangano latsopano.” (2 Akorinto 3:14) Kudzera m’pangano lakale, Yehova anachititsa kukwaniritsidwa kophiphiritsira kwa pangano lake kwa Abrahamu.

 9. (a) Kodi ndi zinthu zinayi ziti zimene Yehova analonjeza kudzera m’pangano la Abrahamu? (b) Kodi pangano la Yehova ndi Israyeli linapereka ziyembekezo zina zotani, koma kodi iwo anayenera kuchitanji?

⁹ Yehova anafotokozera Israyeli za zoloŵetsedwa m’panganoli kuti: “Ngati mudzamvera mawu anga ndithu, ndi kusunga chipangano changa, ndidzakuyesani chuma changa chapadera koposa mitundu yonse ya anthu; pakuti dziko lonse lapansi ndi langa; ndipo ndidzakuyesani ufumu wanga wa ansembe, ndi mtundu wopatulika.” (Eksodo 19:5, 6) Yehova analonjeza kuti mbewu za Abrahamu (1) zidzakhala mtundu waukulu, (2) zidzapatsidwa chilakiko pa adani awo, (3) zidzatenga dziko la Kanani, ndiponso (4) zidzakhala njira yodalitsira mitundu. Kenaka anawadziŵitsa kuti iwowo atha kuloŵa m’madalitsowa monga anthu ake apadera, Israyeli, ‘ufumu wa ansembe ndi mtundu wopatulika,’ ngati adzasunga malamulo ake. Kodi Aisrayeli anavomera kuloŵa m’panganoli? Iwo anayankha onse pamodzi kuti: “Zonse adazilankhula Yehova tidzazichita.”​—Eksodo 19:8.

10. Kodi Yehova anawalinganiza motani Aisrayeli kukhala mtundu, ndipo anawayembekezera kuchitanji?

¹⁰ Chotero, Yehova analinganiza Aisrayeli kukhala mtundu. Anawapatsa malamulo owatsogoza pakulambira ndi pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Anawapatsanso chihema cholambiriramo (pambuyo pake, kachisi ku Yerusalemu) ndi ansembe ochita utumiki wopatulika pachihemapo. Kusunga panganolo kunatanthauza kumvera malamulo a Yehova, ndiponso makamaka kulambira iye yekha basi. Lamulo loyamba pa Malamulo Khumi amene anali chimake cha malamulo ameneŵo linali lakuti: “Ine ndine Yehova Mulungu wako, amene ndinatulutsa iwe ku dziko la Aigupto, ku nyumba ya akapolo. Usakhale nayo milungu ina koma Ine ndekha.”​—Eksodo 20:2, 3.

Madalitso Kudzera m’Pangano la Chilamulo

11, 12. Kodi malonjezo a m’pangano lakale anakwaniritsidwa m’njira zotani pa Israyeli?

¹¹ Kodi malonjezo a m’pangano la Chilamulo anakwaniritsidwa pa Israyeli? Kodi Israyeli anakhaladi “mtundu wopatulika”? Pokhala mbadwa za Adamu, Aisrayeli anali anthu ochimwa. (Aroma 5:12) Komabe, potsatira Chilamulocho, nsembe zophimba machimo awo zinali kuperekedwa. Ponena za nsembe zoperekedwa pa Tsiku la Chitetezo lachaka chilichonse, Yehova anati: “Tsikuli adzachitira inu chotetezera, kukuyeretsani; adzakuyeretsani, kukuchotserani zoipa zanu zonse pamaso pa Yehova.” (Levitiko 16:30) Chotero, pamene Israyeli anali wokhulupirika, anakhala mtundu wopatulika, woyeretsedwa kaamba ka utumiki wa Yehova. Koma kukhala woyera kumeneku kunadalira pa kumvera kwawo Chilamulo ndi kupereka nsembe nthaŵi zonse.

¹² Kodi Israyeli anakhala ‘ufumu wa ansembe’? Kuyambira pachiyambi, mtunduwo unali ufumu, wokhala ndi Mfumu yakumwamba, Yehova. (Yesaya 33:22) Ndiponso, pangano la Chilamulo linapereka mwaŵi wakuti anthunso angakhale mafumu, kotero kuti pambuyo pake mafumu olamulira mu Yerusalemu anali kuimira Yehova. (Deuteronomo 17:14-18) Koma kodi Israyeli anali ufumu wa ansembe? Eya, anali ndi ansembe ochita utumiki wopatulika pachihema. Chihema, (pambuyo pake, kachisi) ndicho chinali malo a kulambira koona kwa Aisrayeli ndiponso kwa anthu osakhala Aisrayeli. Ndiponso mtunduwo ndiwo unali njira yaikulu yovumbulutsira choonadi kwa mtundu wa anthu. (2 Mbiri 6:32, 33; Aroma 3:1, 2) Aisrayeli onse okhulupirika, osati Alevi ansembe okha, anali “mboni” za Yehova. Israyeli anali “mtumiki” wa Yehova, wolengedwa kuti ‘aonetse matamando ake.’ (Yesaya 43:10, 21) Anthu ambiri odzichepetsa amitundu ina anaona mphamvu ya Yehova pa anthu ake ndipo anakopeka ndi kulambira koyera. Iwo anatembenuka. (Yoswa 2:9-13) Koma ndi fuko limodzi lokha limene linali kutumikiradi monga ansembe odzozedwa.

Otembenuka m’Israyeli

13, 14. (a) Kodi nchifukwa ninji tinganene kuti otembenuka sanali oloŵetsedwamo m’pangano la Chilamulo? (b) Kodi otembenuka anakhudzidwa motani ndi pangano la Chilamulo?

¹³ Kodi otembenuka ameneŵa anali ndi malo otani? Yehova atapanga pangano lake, analipanga ndi Aisrayeli okha; “anthu ambiri osokonezeka [“osakanizika,” NW]” amenewo, ngakhale kuti analipo, sanatchulidwe monga oloŵetsedwamo. (Eksodo 12:38; 19:3, 7, 8) Ana awo oyamba kubadwa sanaphatikizidwe poŵerengerera dipo la ana oyamba kubadwa a m’Israyeli. (Numeri 3:44-51) Zaka makumi ambiri pambuyo pake pamene dziko la Kanani linagaŵiridwa kumafuko a Israyeli, anthu okhulupirira osakhala Aisrayeli sanalandire gawo lililonse. (Genesis 12:7; Yoswa 13:1-14) Chifukwa ninji? Chifukwa chakuti pangano la Chilamulo silinapangidwe ndi otembenukawo. Koma amuna otembenuka anali kuchita mdulidwe momvera Chilamulo. Iwo anali kutsatira malamulo ake, ndipo anapindula ndi makonzedwe ake. Otembenuka limodzi ndi Aisrayeli anakhudzidwa ndi pangano la Chilamulo.​—Eksodo 12:48, 49; Numeri 15:14-16; Aroma 3:19.

¹⁴ Mwachitsanzo, ngati wotembenuka anapha munthu mwangozi, iye anali kuthaŵira ku mudzi wopulumukirako, monga momwe anali kuchitira Mwisrayeli. (Numeri 35:15, 22-25; Yoswa 20:9) Pa Tsiku la Chitetezo nsembe inali kuperekedwera “msonkhano wonse wa Israyeli.” Pokhala mbali ya msonkhanowo, otembenuka anali kuchita nawo mwambowo ndipo nsembeyo inali kuwakhudza. (Levitiko 16:7-10, 15, 17, 29; Deuteronomo 23:7, 8) Otembenuka anali ogwirizana kwambiri ndi Aisrayeli m’Chilamulo kwakuti pa Pentekoste wa 33 C.E. pamene ‘mfungulo ya ufumu’ yoyamba inagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa Ayuda, otembenuka nawonso anapindula nayo. Chotsatirapo chake chinali chakuti ‘Nikolao, wopinduka wa ku Antiokeya,’ anakhala Mkristu ndipo anali pakati pa “amuna asanu ndi aŵiri a mbiri yabwino” amene anaikidwa kusamalira zosoŵa za mpingo wa m’Yerusalemu.​—Mateyu 16:19; Machitidwe 2:5-10; 6:3-6; 8:26-39.

Yehova Adalitsa Mbewu za Abrahamu

15, 16. Kodi pangano la Yehova ndi Abrahamu linakwaniritsidwa motani m’pangano la Chilamulo?

¹⁵ Mbadwa za Abrahamu zitalinganizidwa kukhala mtundu wotsogozedwa ndi Chilamulo, Yehova anawadalitsa mogwirizana ndi lonjezo lake kwa kholo lawo lija. Mu 1473 B.C.E., woloŵa m’malo mwa Mose, Yoswa, anatsogolera Israyeli kukaloŵa m’Kanani. Lonjezo la Yehova la kupereka dzikolo kwa mbewu za Abrahamu linakwaniritsidwa pamene mafuko anagaŵana dzikolo. Pamene Israyeli anali wokhulupirika, Yehova anakwaniritsa lonjezo lake lakuti adzawapatsa chilakiko pa adani awo. Zimenezi zinachitikadi makamaka m’nthaŵi ya ulamuliro wa Mfumu Davide. Podzafika nthaŵi ya mwana wa Davide Solomo, mbali yachitatu ya pangano la Abrahamu inakwaniritsidwa. “Ayuda ndi Aisrayeli anachuluka ngati mchenga wa kunyanja, namadya namamwa namakondwera.”​—1 Mafumu 4:20.

¹⁶ Nanga mitundu inali kudzadalitsidwa motani kudzera mwa Aisrayeli, mbewu za Abrahamu? Monga tatchulira kale, Aisrayeli anali anthu apadera a Yehova, woimira wake pakati pa mitundu. Kutangotsala pang’ono kuti Israyeli aloŵe m’Kanani, Mose anati: “Kondwerani, amitundu inu, ndi anthu ake.” (Deuteronomo 32:43) Alendo ambiri anachitapo kanthu. “Anthu ambiri osokonezeka [“osakanizika,” NW]” anali atatsagana kale ndi Israyeli potuluka m’Igupto, anaona mphamvu ya Yehova m’chipululu, ndipo anamva chiitano cha Mose chakuti akondwere. (Eksodo 12:37, 38) Pambuyo pake, Rute Mmoabu anakwatiwa ndi Boazi Mwisrayeli nakhala kholo la Mesiya. (Rute 4:13-22) Yehonadabu Mkeni ndi mbadwa zake ndiponso Ebedi-Meleki Mwaitiopiya anasonyeza kuti anali okhulupirika mwa kutsatira mosamalitsa mapulinsipulo abwino pamene Aisrayeli ambiri achibadwa anakhala osakhulupirika. (2 Mafumu 10:15-17; Yeremiya 35:1-19; 38:7-13) Mu Ufumu wa Perisiya, alendo ambiri anatembenuka ndipo anathandizana ndi Israyeli kumenya nkhondo ndi adani ake.​—Estere 8:17.

Pangano Latsopano Likhala Lofunika

17. (a) Kodi nchifukwa ninji Yehova anakana ufumu wakumpoto ndi ufumu wakummwera wa Israyeli? (b) Kodi nchiyani chimene chinachititsa kuti Ayuda akanidwe nthaŵi yomaliza?

¹⁷ Komabe, kuti lonjezo lonse la Mulungu likwaniritsidwe pa iwo, mtundu wapadera wa Mulungu unayenera kukhala wokhulupirika. Koma sunakhulupirike. Nzoona kuti panali Aisrayeli ena achikhulupiriro cholimba. (Ahebri 11:32–12:1) Komabe, nthaŵi zambiri mtunduwo unalambira milungu yachikunja, ndi chiyembekezo chakuti adzapindula mwakuthupi. (Yeremiya 34:8-16; 44:15-18) Anthu ena anapotoza Chilamulo, ena anachinyalanyaza. (Nehemiya 5:1-5; Yesaya 59:2-8; Malaki 1:12-14) Solomo atamwalira, Israyeli anagaŵanika kukhala ufumu wakumpoto ndi wakummwera. Pamene ufumu wakumpoto unachita chipanduko choipitsitsa, Yehova analengeza kuti: “Popeza unakana kudziŵa, Inenso ndikukaniza, kuti usakhale wansembe wanga.” (Hoseya 4:6) Ufumu wakummwera nawonso unalangidwa koŵaŵa chifukwa cha kusasunga pangano. (Yeremiya 5:29-31) Ayuda atakana Yesu kuti si Mesiya, Yehova nayenso anawakana. (Machitidwe 3:13-15; Aroma 9:31–10:4) Pomalizira pake, Yehova anapanga makonzedwe atsopano okwaniritsira pangano lonse la Abrahamu.​—Aroma 3:20.

18, 19. Kodi ndi makonzedwe atsopano otani amene Yehova anapanga pofuna kuti pangano lonse la Abrahamu likwaniritsidwe?

¹⁸ Makonzedwe atsopano amenewo ndiwo amene anali pangano latsopano. Yehova ananeneratu za chimenechi pamene anati: “Taonani, masiku adza, ati Yehova, ndipo ndidzapangana pangano latsopano ndi nyumba ya Israyeli, ndi nyumba ya Yuda . . . Ili ndi pangano limene ndidzapangana ndi nyumba ya Israyeli atapita masiku aja, ati Yehova; ndidzaika chilamulo changa mkati mwawo, ndipo m’mtima mwawo ndidzachilemba; ndipo ndidzakhala Mulungu wawo, nadzakhala iwo anthu anga.”​—Yeremiya 31:31-33.

¹⁹ Limeneli ndilo pangano latsopano limene Yesu ananena pa Nisan 14, 33 C.E. Pachochitikacho, iye anavumbula kuti pangano lolonjezedwalo linali pafupi kupangidwa pakati pa ophunzira ake ndi Yehova, ndipo Yesu ndiye anali nkhoswe yake. (1 Akorinto 11:25; 1 Timoteo 2:5, NW; Ahebri 12:24) Kudzera m’pangano latsopano limeneli, lonjezo la Yehova kwa Abrahamu linali kudzakwaniritsidwa mwaulemerero kwambiri ndiponso kwa nthaŵi yaitali, monga momwe tidzaonera m’nkhani yotsatira.

Kodi Mungafotokoze?

◻ Kodi nchiyani chimene Yehova analonjeza m’pangano la Abrahamu?

◻ Kodi Yehova anakwaniritsa motani pangano la Abrahamu pa Israyeli wakuthupi?

◻ Kodi otembenuka anapindula motani ndi pangano lakale?

◻ Kodi nchifukwa ninji pangano latsopano linafunika?

[Chithunzi patsamba 9]

Kudzera m’pangano la Chilamulo, Yehova anachititsa kukwaniritsidwa kophiphiritsira kwa pangano la Abrahamu