Asuri Wankhalwe—Mphamvu Yaikulu ya Dziko Yachiŵiri
Zopeza za akatswiri odziŵa za zofotseredwa pansi za nyumba za chifumu za mafumu a Asuri akale zingawonjezere ku chidaliro chanu m’kulongosoka kwa mbiri ya Baibulo. Nchiyani chimene zopeza zimenezo zimasonyeza ponena za mbiri ya Baibulo, ndipo nchiyani chimene izo ziyenera kutanthauza kwa inu?
ASURI anali anthu a chiŵaŵa ndi okonda nkhondo. Iwo anakulitsa ufumu waukulu, wankhalwe womwe unafutukukira kuchokera ku dziko lawo kufikira ku mapeto a kumpoto kwa chigwa cha Mesopotamiya. Iwo akulozeredwako nthaŵi zambiri m’Baibulo, kukhala adani a Yuda ndi Israyeli.
Kudziŵa zambiri ponena za anthu akale amenewa ndithudi kudzatithandiza ife kumvetsetsa zinthu zimene Baibulo limanena. Ngakhale mbiri zakale zenizeni za Asuri zimatsimikizira chowonadi cha mbiri ya Baibulo ndi ulosi. Koma kodi Asuri anachokera kuti?
Anthu amphamvu amenewa, omwe anadzichitira chithunzi iwo eni ndi nsidze ndi ndevu zambiri, anali mbadwa zochokera kwa Ashuri, mdzukulu wa Nowa. M’chenicheni, liwu la Chihebri limodzimodzilo limatanthauza ponse paŵiri “Ashuri” ndi “Asuri.” Nimrode, yemwe ali wodziŵika m’Baibulo monga “mpalu wamphamvu pamaso pa Yehova,” anapeza mizinda ya Nineve ndi Kala. Mizinda iŵiri imeneyi, limodzi ndi Ashuri ndi Khorsabad, pambuyo pake inadzakhala mizinda yaikulu ya Asuri.—Genesis 10:8-12, 22.
Bukhu la Nahumu limatsegula ndi mawu awa: “Kugamula molimbana ndi Nineve”, likulu la Asuri. Nchifukwa ninji? Chifukwa, monga momwe mneneri Nahumu pambuyo pake akulongosolera, Nineve unali “mudzi wa mwazi . . . udzala nawo mabodza ndi zachifwamba.” (Nahumu 1:1; 3:1, NW) Kodi iye anali kunena monkitsa? Kutalitali!
Asuri anadziŵika mosayerekezeka kaamba ka nkhalwe. Zokometsera mu nyumba zawo zachifumu zazikulu zinawasonyeza iwo kukhala akufunkha zinthu, kutentha ndi kusakaza m’dziko limodzi pambuyo pa linzake. Mfumu yawo Ashurnasirpal inadzitukumula pa kukuta nsanamira ndi zikopa za adani ake. Iye ananena kuti: “Akapolo ambiri ochokera pakati pawo ndinawatentha ndi moto . . . Kwa ena ndinadulako mphuno zawo, makutu awo, ndi zala zawo, ambiri a iwo ndinachotsako maso awo. Ndinapanga nsanamira imodzi ya anthu a moyo ndi ina ya mitu.”
Chisonkhezero cha Chipembedzo
Komabe, anthu amenewa anali a chipembedzo koposa. Chanenedwa ponena za Asuri akale kuti: “Kumenyana kunali ntchito ya mtunduwo, ndipo ansembe anali asonkhezeri ankhondo yosalekeza. Iwo anali kuchirikizidwa mokulira ndi zofunkha za chipambano . . . Fuko iri la ofunkha linali la chipembedzo monkitsa.”—Ancient Cities, W. B. Wright, tsamba 25.
Asuri analowa chipembedzo chawo kuchokera ku Babulo. Ikutero The Illustrated Bible Dictionary: “M’mbali zambiri chipembedzo cha Asuri chinasiyana pang’ono ndi chija cha Chibabulo, kumene chinachokera.” Chisindikizo cha Asuri, tsopano chosonyezedwa mu British Museum mu London, chinasonyeza mulungu wawo wa mtundu Ashuri ndi mitu itatu. Chikhulupiriro cha milungu itatu chinali chofala m’kulambira kwawo. Chotero, ndi mbiri yawo ya nkhalwe ndi chiŵaŵa, nchosadabwitsa kwenikweni kuti mneneri wa Baibulo Nahumu analemba kuti Mulungu m’modzi wowona, Yehova, “ndiye wobwezera chilango ndi waukali ndithudi” pa Asuri.—Nahumu 1:2.
Pamene Nineve anagwa, kusakazidwa kwake kunali kotheratu chakuti kwa zaka mazana malo ake anaiwalidwa. Osuliza ena amanyoza Baibulo, akumanena kuti mzinda umenewu sunakhalepo nkomwe. Koma iwo unakhalakodi! Unadzapezedwanso, ndipo zimene akatswiri odziŵa zofukulidwa pansi anapeza zinalidi zosangalatsa!
Nyumba Zachifumu Zazikulu Zipezedwa
Mu 1843 nthumwi yoweruza ya chiFrench Paul-Émile Botta anakumba pa Khorsabad, akumayembekezera kuti ungakhale Nineve wakale. M’malo mwake, iye anapeza nyumba yachifumu yokongola kwambiri ya “Sarigoni mfumu ya Asuri,” yotchulidwa ndi dzina m’Baibulo pa Yesaya 20:1. Osuliza ananena kuti Baibulo linali lolakwa chifukwa chakuti ilo linali cholembedwa chakale chokha chodziŵika chotchula mfumu imeneyo. Koma Sarigoni analikodi, popeza akatswiri odziŵa za zinthu zofotseredwa pansi anapeza nyumba yake yachifumu ya zipinda 200, limodzinso ndi chosungiramo chokongola koposa cha zolembedwa ndi zinthu zina. Izi zimaphatikizapo mbiri yolembedwa ya moyo wa Sarigoni imene imatsimikizira, kuchokera pa kawonedwe ka Asuri, zochitika zotchulidwa m’Baibulo. Kuyambira pakati pa zana la 19, Sarigoni wakhala m’modzi wa mafumu odziŵika koposa a Asuri, ngakhale kuti tsatanetsatane wochuluka wonena za iye adakali wosakwanira.
Kenaka, mu 1847, Austin Henry Layard anapeza nyumba yachifumu ya Sanakeribu pa Nineve, chifupifupi 19 km kum’mwera cha kumadzulo kwa Khorsabad. Uyu ndi Sanakeribu m’modzimodziyo yemwe mwachiŵaŵa anatsutsa Yerusalemu ndipo akutchulidwanso ndi dzina nthaŵi 13 m’Baibulo. Layard anafufuza zipinda 71 za nyumba yake yachifumu. Inakongoletsedwa monyansa ndi ziwonetsero za nkhondo, zipambano, ndi zikumbukiro za chipembedzo.
Chosangalatsa koposa, akatswiri odziŵa za zinthu zofotseredwa pansi anapeza zolembedwa za chaka ndi chaka za moyo wa Sanakeribu iyemwini—maripoti a pa chaka a zochitika, olembedwa pa mapale ozungulira okhala ndi chiboo pakati, kapena mbali zisanu. Imodzi ikusungidwa pa Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, pamene ina, Taylor Prism, iri mu British Museum.
Nchiyani chimene zopeza zimenezi zinasonyeza? Kuti zimene Baibulo limanena ponena za anthu awa ndiponso ponena za zochitika m’zimene iwo analowetsedwamo, ziri kwenikweni zowonadi—ngakhale ku kutchula dzina la olamulira a Asuri!
Mafumu a Asuri
Maina a mafumu akale amenewa angamveke achilendo kwa inu, komabe chiri chabwino kukhala ozoloŵerana ndi chifupifupi asanu ndi aŵiri a iwo, popeza iwo ali ogwirizana mwachindunji ndi zochitika zosimbidwa m’Baibulo.
Salimanezere III anatsatira atate wake Ashurnasirpal pa mpando wachifumu. Zithunzithunzi zake zozokotedwa pa miyala yotchuka, yopezeka pa Nimrud (Kala) ndi kusonyezedwa mu British Museum, ziri ndi chitonthozo chosonyeza Mfumu Yehu ya Israyeli akupereka msonkho kwa iye, mwinamwake monga mzondi.—Yerekezani ndi mikhalidwe yotchulidwa pa 2 Mafumu 10:31-33.
Pambuyo pake zana limodzimodzilo, nthaŵi ina chifupifupi chaka cha 844 B.C.E., mneneri Yona anatumizidwa kukachenjeza Nineve za kudza kwa chiwonongeko.a Mzindawo unalapa ndipo unasiidwa. Ngakhale kuti sitikudziŵa mwachindunji yemwe anali mfumu ya Nineve pamene ichi chinachitika, chiri chosangalatsa kudziŵa kuti nyengo imeneyi inali imodzi ya kugwa kwa kuwukira kwa Asuri.
Tiligati-pilesere III (wotchedwanso Puli) ali mfumu yoyamba ya Asuri yotchulidwa ndi dzina m’Baibulo. Iye analoŵerera kumpoto kwa ufumu wa Israyeli mkati mwa ulamuliro wa Menahemu (791-780 B.C.E.). Baibulo limanena kuti Menahemu anamupatsa iye matalente a siliva chikwi chimodzi kuti abwerere.—2 Mafumu 15:19, 20.
Mu zolembedwa zake zenizeni za chaka ndi chaka za mbiri yake, zopezedwa pa Kala, Tiligati-pilesere akutsimikizira nsonga ya m’Baibulo imeneyi, mwakumanena kuti: “Ndinalandira msonkho kuchokera kwa . . . Menahemu wa ku Samariya.”
Samariya Agwa
Komabe, Samariya ndi ufumu wake wa mafuko khumi wa kumpoto kwa Israyeli anali m’mavuto osati kokha ndi Asuri komanso ndi Mlengi wakumwamba ndi dziko lapansi, Yehova Mulungu. Iwo anali atatembenuka kukulambira kwake kupita kukulambira kwa chiŵaŵa, koledzera kwa Baala. (Hoseya 2:13) Ngakhale kuti iwo analandira machenjezo ochuluka kupyolera mwa aneneri a Yehova, iwo anakana kutembenuka. Chotero mneneri Hoseya anauziridwa kulemba kuti: “Ndipo Samariya, mfumu yake yamwelera ngati thovu pamadzi.” (Hoseya 10:7; 2 Mafumu 17:7, 12-18) Baibulo limanena kuti Asuri anachita ichi kwa Israyeli—ndipo momwemonso zolembedwa za Asuri, monga tidzawonera.
Salimanezere V, yemwe anapambana Tiligati-pilesere, analowerera ufumu wa kumpoto wa mafuko khumi wa Israyeli ndi kumangira msasa mzinda wake wolimbitsidwa Samariya. Pambuyo pa zaka zitatu za kumangira msasako, Samariya anagwa (mu 740 B.C.E.), monga mmene aneneri a Yehova ananenera kuti zidzatero.—Mika 1:1, 6; 2 Mafumu 17:5.
Sarigoni II anatsatira Salimanezere ndipo angakhale anamaliza chipambano cha Samariya, popeza kuyambika kwa kulamulira kwake kukunenedwa kukhala kunawombana ndi chaka chimene mzindawo unagwa. Baibulo limanena kuti pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Samariya, mfumu ya Asuri “anatenga Aisrayeli andende kunka nawo ku Suri.” (2 Mafumu 17:6) Cholembedwa cha Asuri, chopezedwa pa Khorsabad, chimatsimikizira ichi. Pa icho Sarigoni ananena kuti: “Ndinalanda ndi kugonjetsa Samariya, ndi kutenga monga zofunkha nzika zake 27,290.”
Baibulo mowonjezereka limanena kuti pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa Aisrayeli, mfumu ya Asuri inabweretsa anthu kuchokera ku magawo ena “nawakhalitsa m’midzi ya Samariya m’malo mwa ana Aisrayeli; nakhala iwo eni ake a Samariya, nakhala m’midzi mwake.”—2 Mafumu 17:24.
Kodi zolembedwa za Asuri zimatsimikizira ichinso? Inde, zolembedwa za chaka ndi chaka za mbiri ya Sarigoni iyemwini, zolembedwa pa Nimrud Prism, zimanena kuti: “Ndinabwezeretsa mudzi wa Samariya . . . ndinabweretsa mu iwo anthu kuchokera ku maiko ogonjetsedwa ndi manja anga.”—Illustrations of Old Testament History, R. D. Barnett, tsamba 52.
Yerusalemu Wapulumutsidwa
Sanakeribu, mwana wa Sarigoni ndi mlowa m’malo wake, ali wodziŵika bwino kwa ophunzira Baibulo. Mu 732 B.C.E. mfumu yokhala ndi malingaliro okhoterera ku nkhondo imeneyi inabweretsa nkhondo yamphamvu molimbana ndi ufumu wa kum’mwera wa Yuda.
Baibulo limanena kuti “Sanakeribu mfumu ya Asuri anakwerera midzi yonse ya malinga a Yuda, nailanda.” Mfumu ya Yerusalemu Hezekiya, atachititsidwa mantha ndi chiwopsyezo chimenecho, “anatumiza kwa mfumu ya Asuri ku Lakisi” ndi kupereka kumugula iye ndi ndalama zambiri.—2 Mafumu 18:13, 14.
Kodi Sanakeribu amatsimikizira kuti anali ku Lakisi? Motsimikizirika! Iye anasonyeza zisonyezero za kulanda kumeneko pa miyala yaikulu m’nyumba yake yachifumu yaikulu imene akatswiri odziŵa za zinthu zofotseredwa pansi anaphunzira pa Nineve. Makhazikitsidwe atsatanetsatane amenewo mu British Museum amasonyeza Lakisi ataukiridwa. Nzika zinatuluka mogonjera. Andende anatsogoleredwa. Ena akupachikidwa pa nsanamira. Ena akupereka ulemu kwa Sanakeribu iyemwini, munthu m’modzimodziyo wotchulidwa m’mbiri ya Baibulo. Cholembedwa chozokotedwa monga weja chimanena kuti: “Sanakeribu, mfumu ya dziko, mfumu ya Asuri, anakhala pa mpando wachifumu wa nímedu ndi kudutsa m’kubwereramo m’zofunkha (zotengedwa) kuchokera ku Lakisi.”
Baibulo limanena kuti Hezekiya anapereka msonkho “matalente mazana atatu a siliva ndi matalente makumi atatu a golidi.” (2 Mafumu 18:14, 15) Kulipira kumeneku kukutsimikiziridwa m’zolembedwa za chaka ndi chaka za mbiri ya Sanakeribu, ngakhale kuti iye akudzinenera kuti analandira “matalente 800 a siliva.”
Mosasamala kanthu za kulipira kumeneku, athenga a mfumu ya Asuri anaima kunja kwa malinga a Yerusalemu, kuseka Yehova Mulungu, ndi kuwopsyeza mzinda wake woyera. Kupyolera mwa Yesaya, yemwe anali mkati mwa Yerusalemu, Yehova ananena za Sanakeribu kuti: “Iye sadzalowa m’mudzi muno, kapena kuponyamo mubvi, kapena kufikako ndi chikopa, kapena kuundira mtumbira. Adzabwerera njira yomwe anadzera, ndipo sadzalowa m’mudzi muno.”—2 Mafumu 18:17–19:8, 32, 33.
Kodi Yehova analetsa Sanakeribu, monga momwe analonjezera? Usiku umenewo Asuri 185,000 anaphedwa kupyolera mwa mngelo wa Mulungu! Sanakeribu anathaŵa ndi kubwerera ku Nineve, pambuyo pake kungophedwa ndi ana ake a amuna aŵiri pamene iye anali kugwadira mulungu wake Nisiroki.—2 Mafumu 19:35-37.
Ndithudi, Sanakeribu wodzikweza sakanayembekezera kugwada ponena za kutaya kwake magulu ankhondo. Koma zimene iye akunena ziri zosangalatsa. Mbiri zake za chaka ndi chaka zolembedwa, zolembedwa ponse paŵiri mu Oriental Institute Prism ndi Taylor Prism, zimanena kuti: “Ponena za Hezekiya, m’Yuda, iye sanagonjere ku goli langa, ndinamangira misasa 46 ya mizinda yake yamphamvu, ya malinga ndi mizinda yaing’onoing’ono yosaŵerengeka yowazinga, ndi kugonjetsa (iwo) . . . Iyemwini ndinampanga wandende m’Yerusalemu, malo ake achifumu, monga mbalame m’chisa.” Sanakeribu akunena kuti “ulemerero wodzetsa mantha wa umbuye wanga” unamudabwitsa Hezekiya. Komabe, iye sakunena kuti anamgwira Hezekiya kapena kugonjetsa Yerusalemu, monga mmene iye wanenera ponena za “mizinda yamphamvu” ndi “midzi yaing’ono.” Nchifukwa ninji ayi? Monga mmene Baibulo likusonyezera, gulu la magulu ankhondo limene Sanakeribu anatumiza kukachita tero linawonongedwa!
Esarihadoni, Mwana wamng’ono ndi mlowa m’malo wa Sanakeribu, akutchulidwa nthaŵi zitatu mu Baibulo—mu Mafumu a Chiŵiri, Ezara, ndi Yesaya. Baibulo limalemba kuti Asuri anagwira mfumu ya Yuda Manase. Akatswiri odziŵa za zinthu zofotseredwa pansi apeza ndandanda ya Asuri yomwe imaphatikizapo “Manase mfumu ya Yuda” pakati pa awo omwe anaperekako zopereka kwa Esarihadoni.—2 Mbiri 33:11.
Ashurbanipal, mwana wa Esarihadoni, akulingaliridwa kukhala “Osinapera wamkulu ndi womveka” wotchulidwa pa Ezara 4:10. Iye anafutukula ufumu wa Asuri kufikira ku mlingo wake waukulu koposa.
Kutha kwa Mphamvu ya Dziko
Chifukwa cha kuipa kwa Asuri, kusakazidwa kwake kunanenedweratu. Mneneri wa Yehova Nahumu anali atalemba kuti likulu lake Nineve lidzatseguka pa “zipata za mtsinje . . . ndi chinyumba chake cha ufumu (chikakhoza) kwenikweni kusungunuka.” Padzakhala kutengedwa kwa siliva ndi golidi, mzindawo udzakhala bwinja, ndipo anthuwo adzanena kuti: “Nineve wapasuka! Adzamlira maliro ndani?”—Nahumu 2:6-10; 3:7.
Kodi ichinso chinachitika? Lolani ogonjetsa a Nineve ayankhe. Mu 632 B.C.E. a Babulo ndi Amedi anabweretsa chilango chowopsya pa likulu la Asuri. Mbiri za Babulo zimasimba kuti: “Kufunkha kwakukulu kwa mzindawo ndi kachisi wake iwo anatenga ndi [kutembenuzira] mzindawo kukhala mulu wa bwinja.”
Miyulu iŵiri yaikulu tsopano inaika chizindikiro pa malo a mzindawu womwe poyamba unali wonyada. Iwo ali umboni wachete wa chenicheni chakuti palibe mtundu—osati ngakhale Asuri wonyada ndi wachiŵaŵa—umene ungatsekereze kukwaniritsidwa kotsimikiziridwa kwa maulosi a Yehova.
[Mawu a M’munsi]
a Ponena za masiku, tikulandira mbiri imene yasonyezedwa ndi Baibulo, yomwe imasiyana ndi ija ya masiku akale ozikidwa pa magwero a kudziko osadalirika kwenikweni. Kaamba ka kukambitsirana kwatsatanetsatane kwa mbiri ya Baibulo, onani Aid to Bible Understanding, masamba 322-48, makamaka gawo la Asuri, masamba 325-6.
[Mapu patsamba 24]
(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)
ASSYRIAN EMPIRE
Nineveh
Babylon
Damascus
Samaria
Lachish
Jerusalem
ARABIA
EGYPT
Great Sea
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Based on a map copyrighted by Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est. and Survey of Israel
[Chithunzi patsamba 25]
Mfumu Ashurbanipal anatsanulira vinyo pa mikango yophedwa. Kodi ichi chimakukumbutsani za Nimrode?
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Courtesy of the British Museum, London
[Zithunzi patsamba 26]
Chithunzi cha Asuri chosonyeza kuwukira ndi makina olandira motsutsana ndi mzinda wa Chiyuda wa malinga wa Lakisi
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Courtesy of the British Museum, London
Uzani Lakisi. Mzati wofunika kwambiri wa kunja uwu kumadzulo cha kum’mawa unachinjiriza phiri la Chiyuda kufikira Asuri analanda Lakisi ndi kugonjetsa iye
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.
[Chithunzi patsamba 27]
Chithunzi cha Sarigoni II (kumanzere) woyang’anizana ndi nduna ya Asuri yomwe ingakhale kalonga Wovekedwa chisoti Sanakeribu
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Courtesy of the British Museum, London