Medi-Perisiya—Mphamvu Yaikulu ya Dziko Yachinayi m’Mbiri ya Baibulo
Amedi ndi Aperisiya anakhudzidwa m’zochitika zambiri zomwe zimalongosoledwa m’Baibulo. Iwo amatchulidwanso mu unyinji wa maulosi a Baibulo. Kodi mungakonde kuphunzira zambiri ponena za anthu akale ndi okondweretsa amenewa?
AMEDI akale ndi Aperisiya anali paulendo! Patsogolo pawo panali Koresi Wamkulu, yemwe anali kale kulamulira ufumuwo. Tsopano analunjikitsa chidwi chake pa Babulo wamphamvu, mphamvu yaikulu ya dziko ya tsikulo.
Mkati mwa mzinda waukulu wa Babulo, Mfumu Belisazara, amene Baibulo limanena kuti anali “pansi pa chisonkhezero cha vinyo,” anali kuchita phwando la chikwi cha alendo omveka. Moledzera, iwo anatamanda milungu yawo yosema pamene anali kumwa kuchokera mu zotengera zopatulika zimene zinatengedwa m’kachisi wa Yehova mu Yerusalemu. (Danieli 5:1-4) Iwo anadzimva achisungiko mkati mwa malinga amphamvu a Babulo.
Kunja, ngakhale kuli tero, gulu la nkhondo la Koresi linali litapatutsa madzi a Mtsinje wa Firate womwe unali kuyenda kupyola Babulo. Pokhala ndi chochinjirizira cha chilengedwe chimenecho chitachotsedwa, asirikari ake analowa m’gombe la mtsinje—kudutsa malinga a Babulo ndi kulowa mu mzinda kupyolera pa zipata zosatseka zomwe zinayang’anizana ndi mtsinje. Dzuŵa lisanatuluke, Belisazara anali atafa, Babulo anali atagwa, ndipo Medi-Perisiya anakhala mphamvu yaikulu ya dziko yachinayi ya mbiri ya Baibulo! Koma kodi ndani amene anali Amedi ndi Aperisiya amenewa?
Amedi anabwera kuchokera ku chigwa cha mapiri cha kugawo la kum’mawa la Asuri. Zolembedwa zina zopezedwa mu Asuri zimachitira chithunzi iwo atavala zovala zomwe zimawoneka monga chikopa cha nkhosa zovalidwa pamwamba pa chovala chodula manja ndi nsapato za zingwe zazitali, zoyenerera kaamba ka ntchito yawo ya ubusa pa mapiri. Amedi sanasiye mbiri iriyonse yolembedwa. Zambiri zomwe timadziŵa ponena za iwo zimaphunziridwa kuchokera m’Baibulo, kuchokera ku malemba a Asuri, ndi kuchokera ku odziŵa mbiri yakale a Chigriki. Aperisiya poyambirira anatsogolera moyo woyendayenda m’gawo la kumpoto kwa Persian Gulf. Pamene ufumu wawo unakula, iwo anakulitsa kukonda kowonekera kwa zosangulutsa.
Poyambirira Amedi ankalamulira, koma mu 550 B.C.E., Koresi Wamkulu wa ku Perisiya anapeza chipambano cha mwamsanga pa mfumu ya Amedi Astyages. Koresi anaphatikiza miyambo ndi malamulo a anthu aŵiriwo, kugwirizanitsa ufumu wawo, ndi kufutukula zipambano zawo. Ngakhale kuti Amedi anali othandizira ku Aperisiya, ufumuwo unalidi wa mikhalidwe iŵiri. Amedi anali ndi malo apamwamba ndipo anatsogolera magulu ankhondo a Perisiya. Alendo analankhula za Amedi ndi Aperisiya, kapena ngati anagwiritsira ntchito liwu limodzi, ilo linali “Amedi.”
Amedi ndi Aperisiya asanakanthe Babulo, mneneri Danieli anali atapatsidwa masomphenya a nkhosa yamphongo ya nyanga ziŵiri yomwe inaimira mtundu wa mbali ziŵiri umenewu. Danieli analemba kuti: “Nyanga ziŵirizo zinali za msinkhu wautali, koma imodzi inaposa inzake; yoposayo inaphuka m’mbuyo.” Panalibe chikaikiro ponena za chizindikiritso cha nkhosa yamphongoyo, popeza kuti mngelo anauza Danieli kuti: “Nkhosa yamphongo waiwona ya nyanga ziŵiri ndizo mafumu a Mediya ndi Perisiya.”—Danieli 8:3, 20.
Danieli analipo mkati mwa Babulo pamene anagwa, ndipo anachitira umboni kufika kwa Amedi ndi Aperisiya. Dariyo m’Medi, wolamulira woyamba wa mzinda wogonjetsedwa posachedwawo, anaika otetezera a ulamulirowo 120 ndi kuika nduna zitatu pakati pawo. Danieli anali mmodzi wa atatuwo. (Danieli 5:30–6:3) M’chiyang’aniro cha malo apamwamba aulamuliro a Danieli ponse paŵiri Babulo asanagwe ndi atagwa, chingakhale chovuta kulingalira kuti Koresi sanadziŵitsidwe za ulosi wa Chihebri umenewo umene, zaka mazana aŵiri pasadakhale, unali utanena kuti Babulo adzagonjetsedwa ndi munthu wokhala ndi dzina la Koresi.—Yesaya 45:1-3.
Yerusalemu Abwezeretsedwa
Kugwa kwa Babulo kunakhazikitsa malo kaamba ka kuuka kwa mzinda wina—Yerusalemu. Iwo unali bwinja kwa chifupifupi zaka 70 chiyambire pa kuwonongedwa kwake ndi a Babulo mu 607 B.C.E. Maulosi a Baibulo anali atanena kuti kupyolera mwa Koresi, Yerusalemu adzamangidwanso ndipo maziko ake akachisi adzaikidwa.—Yesaya 44:28.
Kodi chimenecho chinachitika? Inde. Wansembe, wophunzira, ndiponso mlembi Ezara akusimba kuti Koresi anapereka lamulo kuti alambiri a Yehova “angabwerere ku Yerusalemu, lomwe liri mu Yuda, ndi kumanganso nyumba ya Yehova Mulungu wa Israyeli—iye ali Mulungu wowona—wokhala mu Yerusalemu.” (Ezara 1:3, NW) Chifupifupi anthu 50,000 anapanga ulendo wa miyezi inayi kubwerera ku Yerusalemu, kunyamula chuma cha m’kachisi limodzi nawo. Mu 537 B.C.E. dzikolo kachiŵirinso linakhala ndi nzika—kokha zaka 70 pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Yerusalemu.—Yeremiya 25:11, 12; 29:10.
Sayansi yodziŵa za zofotseredwa pansi yatsimikizira kuti lamulo limenelo linali m’chigwirizano ndi lamulo la Koresi. Pa cylinder ya dothi yopezedwa m’bwinja la Babulo, Koresi anati: “Ndinabwezera kwa (awa) mizinda yopatulika . . . malo opatulika amene anakhala bwinja kwanthaŵi yaitali, zifanizo zimene (zinazolowera) kukhala mmenemo ndi kukhazikitsanso kaamba ka iwo malo opatulikawo okhazikika. Ine (kachiŵirinso) ndinasonkhanitsanso nzika zawo zonse (zakale) ndi kubwezeretsa (kwa iwo) malo awo okhala.”
Adani a chiSamariya a Yuda pambuyo pake anapangitsa kumangidwanso kwa kachisi kusiidwa chifukwa cha chiletso cha boma. Aneneri a Yehova Hagai ndi Zekariya anasonkhezera anthuwo, ndipo ntchito yomanga inayambidwanso. “Dariyo mfumu” analamulira kufufuza kupeza lamulo loyambirira la Koresi lovomereza kumangidwanso kwa kachisi. Baibulo limanena kuti pa Akimeta, malo okhalako a Koresi a m’chirimwe, mpukutu unapezedwa wokhala ndi zolembera zotsimikizira kukhala kwa lamulo kwa ntchito yomanga kachisiyo. Ntchito imeneyo inamalizidwa m’chaka chachisanu ndi chimodzi cha kulamulira kwa mfumu ya Perisiya Dariyo I.—Ezara 4:4-7, 21; 6:1-15.
Chitsimikiziro cha Ukulu
M’masomphenya otchulidwa poyambirirapo, Danieli anali atawoneratu Medi-Perisiya wa nyanga ziŵiri “nkhosa yamphongo irikugunda kumadzulo ndi kumpoto ndi kum’mwera, ndipo panalibe zamoyo [mitundu ina] zokhoza kuima pamaso pake. Panalibenso wakulanditsa m’dzanja lake, koma inachita monga mwa chifuniro chake, nidzikulitsa.” (Danieli 8:4) Chifupifupi panthaŵi ya Dariyo, masomphenya amenewa anali atakwaniritsidwa. M’kuchitira umboni kukulephera kwawo, Dariyo Wamkulu anadzilola iyemwini kuimiridwa ndi zithunzi zazikulu zomwe zingawonekebe pamalo okwezeka a Bisitun, pa msewu wakale pakati pa Babulo ndi Akimeta. M’kuwonjezera ku kugonjetsa Babulo, “nkhosa yamphongo” ya Medi-Perisiya inali italanda gawo mu mbali zitatu zodziŵika: kumpoto kupita ku Asuri, kumadzulo kupyola mu Asia Minor, ndi kum’mwera mu Igupto.
Makilomita ena 640 kum’mwera cha kum’mawa kwa malo awo okhala m’nyengo ya chirimwe pa Akimeta, olamulira a Perisiya anamanga nyumba yaikulu yachifumu pa Persepolis. Chithunzi kumeneko chimasonyeza Dariyo ali pa mpando wake wachifumu, ndipo pa mawu ozokotedwa iye amadzitukumula kuti: “Ndine Dariyo, mfumu yaikulu, mfumu ya mafumu, mfumu ya maiko . . . amene anamanga nyumba yachifumu imeneyi.” Malo okwezeka oŵerengeka a likulu la ulemerero limeneli adakalipobe lerolino. Likulu lina linali pa Susa (Susani), lokhazikitsidwa pakati pa Babulo, Akimeta, ndi Persepolis. Kumeneko Dariyo Wamkulu anamanga nyumba ina yachifumu yozizwitsa.
Dariyo analowedwa m’malo ndi mwana wake Xerxes, amene mwachiwonekere anali “Ahaswero” wa m’bukhu la Baibulo la Estere. Ilo limanena kuti Ahaswero “anachita ufumu kuyambira Indiya kufikira Aitopiya, pa maiko zana limodzi mphambu makumi aŵiri kudza asanu ndi aŵiri” pamene anakhala “pa mpando wa ufumu wake uli m’chinyumba cha ku Susani.” Kunali kumeneko kumene Ahaswero anapanga Estere wachichepere wokongola kukhala mfumukazi yake. (Estere 1:1, 2; 2:17) M’nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale ya Louvre mu Paris, mungawone ng’ombe yaimuna yokongoletsedwa yomwe inaimikidwa pamwamba pa denga lalitali m’nyumba yachifumu imeneyi, limodzinso ndi zokongoletsa za khoma zoimira olasa mivi onyada a ku Perisiya ndi nyama zotchuka. Timabotolo tating’ono ta miyala ya mtengo wapatali, zokometsera, ndi zinthu zina zomwe zinapezedwa kumeneko zimayenderana bwino ndi mawu a Baibulo onena za zokometsera zopambanitsa zoperekedwa kwa Estere, limodzinso ndi mkhalidwe wa mpumulo womwe unalipo mu Susani.—Estere 1:7; 2:9, 12, 13.
Nkhani zosimbidwa ndi adani a Chigriki a Xerxes zinakhudza mavuto a mu ukwati ndi ulamuliro woyerekezedwa wa mfumu ya ku Perisiya ndi ena a anthu ake a m’mabwalo. Ngakhale kuti nsongazo zingakhale zinasokonezedwa ndi kupotozedwa, nkhani zimenezi zimawonekera kuwunikira nsonga zina zenizeni za bukhu la Estere, limene limanena kuti mfumu inachotsa mfumukazi Vasiti ndi kumulowa m’malo ndi Estere, ndi kuti msuwani wa Estere Moredekai anapeza malo a ulamuliro apamwamba mu ufumu wake.—Estere 1:12, 19; 2:17; 10:3.
Chifundo Chisonyezedwa Kulinga kwa Alambiri a Yehova
M’chaka cha 468 B.C.E., wolowa m’malo wa Xerxes wotchedwa Aritasasta (Longimanus) analamulira wansembe Ezara, yemwe anakhala mu Babulo pambuyo pa kumasulidwa koyamba kwa Ayuda ndi Koresi, kubwerera ku Yerusalemu ndi kupititsa patsogolo kulambira kowona kwa Yehova kumeneko. Amuna ena 1,500 ndi mabanja awo—mwinamwake anthu 6,000 onse pamodzi—anatsatana ndi Ezara, kubweretsa limodzi nawo zopereka zambiri kaamba ka kachisi wa Yehova.—Ezara 7:1, 6, 11-26.
Munalinso m’nyumba yachifumu ya ku Susani kuti Aritasasta mmodzimodziyo, m’chaka chake cha 20 (455 B.C.E.), anapereka yankho ku pempho la Nehemiya la kutumizidwa kukamanganso Yerusalemu ndi malinga ake. Ichi chinaika chizindikiro kuyambika kwa “milungu makumi asanu ndi aŵiri” a zaka za ulosi wa Danieli, womwe unaloza kutsogolo ku kuwoneka kwa Yesu monga “Mesiya Mtsogoleri” ndendende panthaŵi yake mu chaka cha 29 C.E.a—Danieli 9:24, 25; Nehemiya 1:1; 2:1-9.
Zolembera zina zolembedwa pa mapepala a gunda m’chinenero cha Aramaic anapezedwa pa Elephantine, chisumbu cha Mtsinje wa Nile wa Igupto. Zolembera zimenezi zimachitira chitsanzo kulongosoka kumene olemba Baibulo Ezara ndi Nehemiya anasonyeza ponse paŵiri mikhalidwe ndi kulankhuzana kwa chifumu mkati mwa ulamuliro wa Perisiya. Mu Biblical Archaeology, Profesala G. Ernest Wright walemba kuti: “Tsopano . . . tiri okhoza kuwona kuti chiAramaic cha Ezara chiri ndendende pa mbadwo umenewu, pamene zolembera za boma ziri mtundu wofala umene takhala ozolowereka ku kuwuyanjanitsa ndi ulamuliro wa Perisiya.” Chimodzi cha zolembera zimenezo chinali ndi lamulo la ufumu la chiPerisiya lonena za kukumbukira Paskha kwa gawo la Chiyuda mu Igupto.
Medi-Perisiya Agonjera ku Grisi
M’masomphenya, Danieli anali atawona Medi-Perisiya akuimiridwa monga nkhosa yamphongo ya nyanga ziŵiri. Kenaka, zaka mazana aŵiri chimenecho chisanachitike, iye anawona “tonde wochokera kolowera dzuŵa, [kumadzulo]” ndipo akumayenda mofulumira kotero kuti “wosakhudza nthaka.” Tonde woyenda mofulumirayo anapitiriza “naigunda nkhosa yamphongo, nathyola nyanga zake ziŵiri, ndipo mphongoyo inalibe mphamvu yakuima pamaso pake.” (Danieli 8:5-7) Kodi mbiri yakale imasonyeza kuti ichi ndithudi chinachitika kwa Medi-Perisiya?
Inde, m’chaka cha 334 B.C.E., Alexander Wamkulu anabwera kuchokera ku Grisi kumadzulo. Ndi liŵiro longa ching’aning’ani lofanana ndi lija la tonde, iye anasesa kupyola mu Asia, kupeza chipambano chimodzi pa chinzake pa Perisiya. Pomalizira, mu 331 B.C.E., pa Gaugamela, iye anamwaza gulu la nkhondo la Perisiya la amuna miliyoni imodzi. Mtsogoleri wake, Dariyo III, anathaŵa, pambuyo pake kuphedwa ndi omwe pa nthaŵi imodzi anali mabwenzi ake. Mphamvu yadziko yachinayi inagwetsedwa, nyanga zake zinathyoledwa, ndipo ulamuliro wa Alexander unakhala mphamvu yaikulu yadziko yachisanu m’mbiri ya Baibulo. Idzakambitsiridwa m’kope lathu la April 15, 1988.
Mphamvu Yaikulu ya Dziko ya Medi-Perisiya inakhalapo kokha mazana aŵiri—kuyambira pa usiku umene inagwetsa Babulo mu 539 B.C.E. kufikira pamene inagwa m’manja mwa Alexander. Uwu uli chifupifupi utali wanthaŵi yofanana ndi yomwe inapitapo kuyambira pa French Revolution kapena kukhazikitsidwa kwa United States of America. Mkati mwa nyengo yocheperapo imeneyo ya nthaŵi, Amedi ndi Aperisiya popanda kufuna anali ndi zambiri zochita ndi kugwira ntchito kwa zifuno za Yehova Mulungu ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwa maulosi ake osalephera.
[Mawu a M’munsi]
a Kaamba ka kukambitsirana kwatsatanetsatane kwa ulosi umenewu ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwake, onani bukhu la “Let Your Kingdom Come,” lofalitsidwa ndi Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., masamba 56-66.
[Mapu/Chithunzi patsamba 26]
(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)
Ufumu wa Medi-Perisiya
INDIA
Ecbatana
Susa (Shushan)
Persepolis
Babylon
Jerusalem
EGYPT
[Chithunzi]
Mabwinja a Persepolis, Malikulu a chikumbukiro a Perisiya
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Manley Studios
[Chithunzi patsamba 29]
Manda a Koresi mu Iran