Mutu 8
Sayansi: Kodi Yatsimikiziritsa Baibulo Kukhala Lolakwa?
Mu 1613 wasayansi Wachitaliyana Galileo anafalitsa bukhu lotchedwa “Letters on Sunspots.” Mmenemo, iye anaperekamo umboni wakuti dziko lapansi limazungulira dzuŵa, koposa dzuŵa kuzungulira dziko lapansi. Mwakutero, iye anayambitsa kuyenda kwa mpambo wa zochitika zimene potsirizira pake zinamchititsa kukawonekera pamaso pa Bwalo Lachiweruzo Lachiroma pamlandu wa “kukaikiridwa kukhala akufalitsa manong’onong’o.” Potsirizira pake, iye anakakamizidwa “kusintha.” Kodi nchifukwa ninji lingaliro lakuti dziko lapansi limayenda mozugulira dzuŵa linawonedwa kukhala manong’onong’o? Chifukwa chakuti otsutsa a Galileowo ananena kuti kunali kosemphana ndi zimene Baibulo limanena.
1. (Phatikizamoni mawu oyamba.) (a) Kodi nchiyani chimene chinachitika pamene Galileo anapereka lingaliro lakuti dziko lapansi limayenda kuzungulira dzuŵa? (b) Ngakhale kuli kwakuti Baibulo siliri bukhu lophunzirira sayansi, kodi timapezanji pamene tiliyerekezera ndi sayansi yamakono?
KUMANENEDWA mofalala lerolino kuti Baibulo liri losagwirizana ndi sayansi, ndipo ena amaloza kuzokumana nazo za Galileo kukutsimikizira. Koma kodi ziri choncho? Poyankha funso limenelo, tiyenera kukumbukira kuti Baibulo liri bukhu laulosi, mbiri, pemphero, lamulo, uphungu, ndi chidziŵitso chonena za Mulungu. Silimadzinenera kukhala bukhu lophunzirira sayansi. Komabe, pamene Baibulo likhudza nkhani zonena za sayansi, zimene iro limanena ziri zolondola kotheratu.
Planeti Lathuli Dziko Lapansi
2. Kodi Baibulo limafotokoza motani malo a dziko lapansi m’mlengalenga?
2 Mwachitsanzo, talingalirani zimene Baibulo limanena ponena za planeti lathuli, dziko lapansi. M’bukhu la Yobu, timaŵerenga kuti: “[Mulungu] ayala kumpoto popanda kanthu, nalenjeka dziko pachabe.” (Yobu 26:7) Yerekezerani zimenezi ndi mawu a Yesaya, pamene iye akunena kuti: “Iye amene akhala pamwamba pamalekezero a dziko lapansi.” (Yesaya 40:22) Chithunzithunzi choperekedwa chonena za dziko lapansi lobulungira ‘lolenjekeka pachabe mmalo opanda kanthu’ chimatikumbutsa mwamphamvu za zithunzithuzi zojambulidwa ndi akatsiwiri opita kutali m’mlengalenga za mpira wathuwu dziko lapansi likuyandama m’mlengalenga mopanda kanthu.
3, 4. Kodi madzi a padziko lapansi amayenda motani, ndipo kodi Baibulo limanenanji ponena za zimenezi?
3 Lingaliraninso, zungulirezungulire wodabwitsayo wa madzi a dziko lapansi. Compton’s Encyclopedia imafotokoza zimene zimachitika motere: “Madzi . . . amasanduka nthunzi kuchokera pamwamba panyanja zazikulu kumka m’mlengalenga . . . Mphepo yomayenda mosalekezayo m’mlengalenga mwa dziko lapansi imanyamula madzi okhala ndi chinyonthowo kumka nawo kumtunda. Pamene mpweyawo uzizira, nthunziyo imagwirana kupanga timadontho tachipale. Ameneŵa mofala amawoneka kukhala mitambo. Kaŵirikaŵiri timadonthoto timagwirizana pamodzi kupanga madontho amvula. Ngati m’mlengalenga muli mozizira mokwanira, timiyala tamadzi oundana timapangika mmalo mwa madontho amvula. M’chochitika chirichonse, madzi amene ayenda kuchokera kunyanja makilomitala mazanamazana kapena ngakhale zikwizikwi amagwera pankhope ya dziko lapansi. Kumeneku amasonkhana pamodzi kukhala mitsinje kapena amakhathamira m’nthaka ndi kuyamba ulendo wake wobwerera kunyanja.”1
4 Njira yapadera imeneyi, imene imatheketsa moyo pamtunda wouma kukhala wothekera, inafotokozedwa bwino lomwe pafupifupi zaka 3 000 zapitazo m’mawu osavuta, ndi olunjika m’Baibulo: “Mitsinje yonse imayenda kumka kunyanja, komabe nyanja sizimasefukira; amabwereranso kumene mitsinjeyo inachokera kuti akayendenso.”—Mlaliki 1:7, The New English Bible.
5. Kodi mawu a wamasalmo ali amakono mwapadera motani ponena za mbiri ya mapiri a padziko lapansi ndi nthaŵi?
5 Mwinamwake chapaderanso kwambiri ndicho chidziŵitso cha Baibulo m’mbiri yamapiri. Nazi zimene bukhu lophunzirira za miyala limanena: “Kuyambira panthaŵi ya kuphunzira za miyala isanakwane kudzafika m’nthaŵi yamakono, njira yosalekeza ya kupanga ndi kuwononga mapiri yapitirizabe. . . . Sikokha kuti mapiri apangika kuyambira pansi pa nyanja zofafanizika, koma iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amizika asanapangike, ndiyeno atumphukanso.”2 Yerekezerani zimenezi ndi kanenedwe ka ndakatulo ka wamasalmo: “Mudalikuta [dziko lapansi] ndi nyanja ngati ndi chovala; madzi anafikira pamwamba pamapiri. Anakwera m’mapiri, anatsika m’zigwa, kufikira malo mudawakonzeratu.”—Salmo 104:6, 8.
“Pachiyambi”
6. Kodi ndimawu otani a Baibulo amene ali ogwirizana ndi nthanthi zamakono za sayansi ponena za chiyambi cha chilengedwe?
6 Vesi loyambirira lenilenilo la Baibulo limati: “Pachiyambi Mulungu analenga kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi.” (Genesis 1:1) Mafufuzidwe achititsa asayansi kupereka lingaliro lakuti chilengedwe chakuthupichi chinalidi ndi chiyambi. Sichinakhaleko kwa nthaŵi yonse. Katswiri wa zakuthambo Robert Jastrow, wosakhulupirira m’nkhani zachipembedzo, analemba kuti: “Mfundozo zimasiyana, koma mbali zofunika m’zolembedwa zakuthambo ndi za Baibulo za Genesis ziri zofanana: mtandadza wa zochitika kukafika kwa munthu unayamba mwadzidzidzi ndi mofulumira panyengo ya nthaŵi yotsimikizirika, m’kuthwanima kwa kuunika ndi nyonga.”3
7, 8. Ngakhale kuli kwakuti sakuvomereza mbali ya Mulungu m’nkhaniyo, kodi nchiyani chimene asayansi ambiri akakamizika kuvomereza ponena za chiyambi cha chilengedwe chonse?
7 Zowona, asayansi ambiri, pamene kuli kwakuti amakhulupirira kuti chilengedwe chinali ndi chiyambi, samavomereza mawu akuti “Mulungu analenga.” Komabe, ena tsopano amavomereza kuti nkovuta kunyalanyaza umboni wanzeru kutseri kwa chirichonse. Profesala wa sayansi ya chilengedwe Freeman Dyson akunena kuti: “Pamene ndikupenda chilengedwe ndi kuphunzira mfundo zake zatsatanetsatane za kaumbidwe, npamene ndikupeza umboni wakuti chilengedwe m’lingaliro lina chiyenera kukhala chitadziŵa kuti ife tinalinkudza.”
8 Dyson akupitirizabe kuvomereza kuti: “Pokhala wasayansi, wophunzitsidwa zizoloŵezi za kuganiza ndi chinenero za m’zaka za zana lamakumi aŵiri osati za m’zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu, sindikunena kuti kaumbidwe kachilengedwe kamatsimikizira kukhalapo kwa Mulungu. Ndikungonena chabe kuti kaumbidwe ka chilengedwe kali kogwirizana ndi nthanthi yakuti luntha limachita mbali yofunika m’kugwira kwake ntchito.”4 Mawu ake ndithudi amasonyeza kaimidwe ka maganizo kokaikira ka m’nthaŵi yathu. Koma atakankhira pambali kukaikira kumeneku, munthuyo amawona kuti pali kugwirizana kwapadera pakati pa sayansi yamakono ndi mawu a Baibulo akuti “pachiyambi Mulungu analenga kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi.”—Genesis 1:1.
Thanzi ndi Ukhondo
9. Kodi ndimotani mmene lamulo la Baibulo lonena za nthenda yoyambukira ya khungu limasonyezera nzeru? (Yobu 12:9, 16a)
9 Talingalirani mmene Baibulo limagwirira ntchito kumbali ina: thanzi ndi ukhondo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati Mwisrayeli anali ndi mathothomathotho pakhungu okaikiridwa kukhala khate, iye anali kubindikiritsidwa. “Masiku onse amene mliriwo uli mwa iye iye adzakhala wodetsedwa. Iye ali wodetsedwa. Iye ayenera kukhala kwayekha. Kunja kwa msasa ndiwo malo ake okhala.” (Levitiko 13:46) Ngakhale malaya oyambukiridwa anali kuwotchedwa. (Levitiko 13:52) M’masikuwo, imeneyi inali njira yogwira mtima yotetezerera kufalikira kwa nthenda zopatsana.
10. Kodi ndim’njira yotani mmene ambiri m’maiko ena akapindulira ndi kutsatira uphungu wa Baibulo wonena za ukhondo?
10 Lamulo lina lofunika linali lonena za kutayidwa kwa matudzi a anthu, amene anafunikira kukwiriridwa kunja kwa msasa. (Deuteronomo 23:12, 13) Mosakaikira lamulo limeneli linatchinjirizira Israyeli kumatenda ambiri. Ngakhalenso lerolino, mavuto aakulu a zathanzi mmalo ena amachititsidwa ndi kutayidwa mosayenera kwa zoipa zotuluka mwa anthu. Ngati anthu m’maiko amenewo akadangotsatira lamulo lolembedwa zaka zikwi zochuluka zapitazo m’Baibulo, iwo akanakhala athanzi kwambiri.
11. Kodi ndiuphungu wa Baibulo wotani wonena za thanzi la maganizo umene wapezedwa kukhala wogwira ntchito?
11 Muyezo wapamwamba wa Baibulo wa kasungidwe kathupi unaphatikizapo ngakhale thanzi la malingaliro. Mwambi wa Baibulo umati: “Mtima wabwino ndimoyo wathupi; koma nsanje ivunditsa mafupa.” (Miyambo 14:30) M’zaka zaposachedwapa, kufufuza kwa a zachipatala kwasonyeza kuti thanzi lathu lakuthupi limayambukiridwadi ndi kaimidwe kathu kamaganizo. Mwachitsanzo, dokotala C. B. Thomas wa pa Yunivesite ya Johns Hopkins anapenda ophunzira omaliza maphunziro oposa chikwi mkati mwa nyengo ya zaka 16, akumayerekezera mkhalidwe wawo wakuthupi ndi kukhala kwawo osachedwa kugwidwa ndi matenda. Chinthu chimodzi chimene iye anawona nchakuti: Omaliza maphunziro osachedwa kwambiri kugwidwa ndi matenda anali awo amene anali opsa mtima kwambiri ndi odera nkhaŵa mopambanitsa pamene apsinjika.5
Kodi Baibulo Limanenanji?
12. Kodi nchifukwa ninji Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinaumirira kuti nthanthi ya Galileo yonena za dziko lapansi inali manong’onong’o?
12 Ngati Baibulo liri lolondola motero pankhani za sayansi, nangano, kodi nchifukwa ninji, Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinanena kuti chiphunzitso cha Galileo chakuti dziko limazungulira dzuŵa chinali chosagwirizana ndi Malemba? Chifukwa cha mmene akuluakulu anatanthauzirira mavesi ena a Baibulo.6 Kodi iwo anali olondola? Tiyeni tiŵerenge ziŵiri za ndime zimene iwo anagwira mawu ndi kuwona.
13, 14. Kodi ndimavesi a Baibulo ati amene Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinagwiritsira ntchito molakwa? Fotokozani.
13 Ndime imodzi imati: “Dzuŵa limatuluka, dzuŵa limaloŵa; ndiyeno limathamanga kumka kumalo ake ndipo kumeneko limatuluka.” (Mlaliki 1:5, The Jerusalem Bible) Malinga ndi kunena kwa chigomeko cha Tchalitchicho, mawu akutiwo “dzuŵa limatuluka” ndi “dzuŵa limaloŵa,” amatanthauza kuti dzuŵa, osati dziko lapansi, likuyenda. Komatu ngakhale lerolino timanena kuti dzuŵa limatuluka ndi kuloŵa, ndipo ochuluka a ife timadziŵa kuti ndilo dziko lapansi limene limayenda, osati dzuŵa. Pamene tigwiritsira ntchito mawu onga ngati ameneŵa, tikungofotokoza kokha kayendedwe kowonekera kadzuŵa monga momwe kamawonekerera kwa wopenyerera waumunthu. Ndipo wolemba Baibuloyo anali kungochita kwenikweni motero.
14 Ndime ina imati: “Inu munakhazika dziko lapansi pamaziko ake, losagwedezeka kosatha.” (Salmo 104:5, The Jerusalem Bible) Ameneŵa anatanthauziridwa kukhala akutanthauza kuti pambuyo pa kulengedwa kwake dziko lapansi silikanathanso kusunthika. Komabe, kunena zowona, vesilo likugogomezera kukhalitsa kwa dziko lapansi, osati kusasunthika kwake. Dziko lapansi ‘silidzagwedezedwa’ kulifafaniza, kapena kuwonongedwa, monga momwe mavesi ena amatsimikizira. (Salmo 37:29; Mlaliki 1:4) Ndiponso, lemba iri, liribenso chochita chirichonse ndi kuyenda kwenikweni kwa dziko lapansi ndi dzuŵa. Chidali Tchalitchi m’nthaŵi ya Galileo, chimene chinadodometsa kukambitsirana komasuka kwasayansi, osati Baibulo.
Chisinthiko ndi Chilengedwe
15. Kodi nchiyani chimene chiri nthanthi ya chisinthiko, ndipo kodi ndimotani mmene imatsutsanira ndi Baibulo?
15 Komabe, pali mbali imene ambiri akanena kuti sayansi yamakono ndi Baibulo ziri zosemphana motayitsa mtima. Asayansi ochuluka amakhulupirira nthanthi yachisinthiko, imene imaphunzitsa kuti zinthu zonse zamoyo zinasinthika kuchokera kumpangidwe wa moyo waung’ono umene unakhalako zaka mamiliyoni ochuluka zapitazo. Kumbali ina, Baibulo, limaphunzitsa kuti kagulu kalikonse kakakulu ka zamoyo kanalengedwa mwapadera ndipo kamabalana kokha “monga mwa mtundu wake.” Iri limanena kuti, munthu analengedwa “kuchokera m’dothi lapansi.” (Genesis 1:21; 2:7) Kodi chimenechi chiri cholakwa chachikulu chasayansi m’Baibulo? Tisanagamule, tiyeni tiyang’ane mosamalitsa pa zimene sayansi imadziŵa, mosiyana ndi zimene limaphunzitsa monga nthanthi.
16-18. (a) Kodi ndikupenda kotani kumene Charles Darwin anapanga kumene kunamtsogolera ku kukhulupirira m’chisinthiko? (b) Kodi tingatsutse motani kuti zimene Darwin anawona mu Zisumbu za Galápagos sizimatsutsana ndi zimene Baibulo limanena?
16 Nthanthi ya chisinthiko inachititsidwa kukhala yofala mkati mwa zaka za zana lathali ndi Charles Darwin. Pamene iye anali pa Zisumbu za Galápagos mu Pacific, Darwin anagwidwa mtima kwambiri ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapingo a zisumbu zosiyanasiyana, imene, iye anayiganizira kuti yonseyo iyenera kukhala itatuluka kuchokera mumtundu umodzi wa kholo. Mwapang’ono chifukwa cha lingaliro limeneli, iye anapititsa patsogolo nthanthi yakuti zamoyo zonse zimachokera kumagwero amodzi a mpangidwe waung’ono. Iye anatsimikizira kuti, mphamvu yosonkhezera kutseri kwa chisinthiko cha zolengedwa zapamwamba kwambiri kuchokera m’zotsika, inali kusankha kwa chilengedwe, kupulumuka kwa zamphamvu kopambana. Chithokozo chimke kuchisinthiko, iye anatero, zinyama zapamtunda zinachokera kunsomba, mbalame zinachokera kwa abuluzi, ndi zina zotero.
17 Kunena zowona, zimene Darwin anawona m’zisumbu zakutali zimenezi sizinali zosagwirizana ndi Baibulo, limene limavomereza kukhalapo kwa kusiyanasiyana mkati mwa mtundu waukulu wa zamoyo. Mwachitsanzo, mafuko onse a anthu, anachokera kwa anthu aŵiri chabe oyambirira. (Genesis 2:7, 22-24) Chotero sichiri chinthu chachilendo kuti mitundu yosiyanasiyana imeneyo ya mapingo ikachokera kwa mtundu umodzi wa kholo. Koma iwo anakhalabe mapingo. Iwo sanasanduke kukhala akabaŵi kapena ziombankhanga.
18 Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapingo kapena china chirichonse chimene Darwin anawona sizimatsimikizira kuti zinthu zonse zamoyo, kaya ndi anamngumi kapena akakoŵa, njovu kapena nyongolotsi, ziri ndi kholo limodzi. Komabe, asayansi ambiri amanena kuti chisinthiko sichirinso nthanthi chabe koma kuti nchenicheni. Ena, pamene kuli kwakuti akuzindikira zovuta za nthanthiyo, amanena kuti amangoikhulupirirabe. Nkofala kuchita motero. Komabe, tifunikira kudziŵa kaya ngati chisinthiko chatsimikiziridwa kufika pamlingo wakuti Baibulo liyenera kukhala lolakwa.
Kodi Chatsimikiziridwa?
19. Kodi cholembedwa cha mafupa ofukulidwa chimachirikiza chisinthiko kapena chilengedwe?
19 Kodi ndimotani mmene nthanthi ya chisinthiko ingapendedwere? Njira yowonekera bwino kopambana ndiyo kupenda cholembedwa cha mafupa ofukulidwa kuti tiwone ngati kusintha kwapang’onopang’ono kuchoka kumtundu umodzi kumka ku wina kunachitikadi. Kodi kunachitika? Ayi, monga mmene asayansi angapo mowona mtima amavomerezera. Mmodzi, Francis Hitching, akulemba kuti: “Pamene ufunafuna milumikizo pakati pa timagulu tatikulu tazinyama, iyo kulibeko.”7 Kusoŵeka kwa umboni kumeneku kuli kowonekera bwino kwambiri m’cholembedwa cha mafupa ofukulidwa kwakuti okhulupirira chisinthiko adza ndi njira zina zosiyana ndi nthanthi ya Darwin ya kusintha kwapang’onopang’ono. Komabe, chowonadi nchakuti, kuwoneka kwamwadzidzidzi kwa mitundu ya zinyama mu cholembedwa chamafupa ofukulidwa kumachirikiza kulengedwa kwapadera koposa mmene chimachitira chisinthiko.
20. Kodi nchifukwa ninji mmene maselo a moyo amadzichulukitsira samalolera chisinthiko kuchitika?
20 Ndiponso, Hitching akusonyeza kuti zolengedwa za moyo zinalinganizidwa kubala zamtundu wawo ndendende koposa ndi kusinthika kukhala kanthu kenanso. Iye akunena kuti: “Maselo amoyo amadzichulukitsa pafupifupi mokhulupirika kotheratu. Mlingo wa cholakwa uli waung’ono kopambana kwakuti palibe makina opangidwa ndi munthu amene angathe kuyandikirapo. Mulinso zoletsa zoumbiridwa mkati. Zomera zimafika paukulu wakutiwakuti ndipo zimakana kukula koposa pamenepo. Ntchentche za m’zipatso zimakana kukhala kanthu kena kalikonse koma ntchentche za m’zipatso pansi pa mikhalidwe iriyonse imene iri yodziŵika.”8 Pamene asayansi anakakamiza kuika kusinthika muntchentche za m’zipatso kwa zaka makumi ambiri, analephera kuzikakamiza kuti zikhale kanthu kananso.
Magwero a Moyo
21. Kodi ndilingaliro lotani lotsimikizidwa ndi Louis Pasteur limene limapanga vuto lalikulu kwa okhulupirira chisinthiko?
21 Funso lina lovuta kwambiri limene achisinthiko alephera kuliyankha nlakuti: “Kodi nchiyani chimene chinali magwero a moyo? Kodi ndimotani mmene mpangidwe woyambirira wosavutawo wa cholengedwa wa moyo—kumene ife tonse timayerekezeredwa kukhala titachokerako—unakhalirako? Zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo, zimenezi sizikanawonekera kukhala vuto. Anthu ochuluka panthaŵi imeneyo anaganiza kuti ntchentche zikatha kuchokera m’nyama yomavunda ndi kuti mulu wa ziguduli zakale ukatha potsirizira pake kutulutsa makoswe. Koma, zaka zoposa zana limodzi zapitazo, wosanganiza mankhwala Wachifrenchi Louis Pasteur anasonyeza kuti moyo ungathe kokha kuchokera kumoyo umene unalipo kale.
22, 23. Malinga ndi kunena kwa okhulupirira chisinthiko, kodi moyo unayamba motani, koma kodi zenizeni zikusonyezanji?
22 Chotero kodi ndimotani mmene achisinthiko amafotokozera magwero a moyo? Malinga ndi kunena kwa nthanthi yotchuka kopambana, kusanganikira kwa mwamwaŵi kwa makhemikolo ndi mphamvu kunayambitsa kukhalako kwa panthaŵi yomweyo kwa moyo zaka mamiliyoni ochuluka zapitazo. Bwanji nanga ponena za njira yochitira zinthu imene Pasteur anatumba? The World Book Encyclopedia inafotokoza kuti: “Pasteur anasonyeza kuti moyo sungathe kungobuka mwapanthaŵi yomweyo pansi pa mikhalidwe ya makhemikolo ndi ya zachilengedwe imene iripo padziko lapansi lerolino. Komabe, zaka mabiliyoni ambiri zapitazo, mkhalidwe wa makhemikolo ndi wa zachilengedwe padziko lapansi unali wosiyana kwambiri”!9
23 Komabe, ngakhale pansi pa mikhalidwe yosiyana kotheratu, pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa zinthu zosakhala za moyo ndi chamoyo chaching’ono kopambana. M’bukhu lake lakuti Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, Michael Denton, akuti: “Pakati pa selo la moyo ndi dongosolo lolinganizidwa mwapamwamba kopambana losakhala la zamoyo, longa ngati kunyezimira kapena kachipanthi ka chipale, pali phompho lalikulu kwambiri ndi lotheratu losati nkukhoza kulizindikira.”10 Lingaliro lakuti zinthu zosakhala zamoyo zikatha kukhala ndi moyo mwamwaŵi wongochitika zokha liri lapatali kwambiri kwakuti nlosatheka. Kufotokoza kwa Baibulo, kwakuti ‘moyo unachokera m’moyo’ m’chakuti moyo unalengedwa ndi Mulungu, kuli kogwirizana mokhutiritsa maganizo ndi zenizeni.
Kulekeranji Chilengedwe
24. Mosasamala kanthu za mavuto a nthanthiyo, kodi nchifukwa ninji asayansi ambiri akuumirirabe kunthanthi yachisinthiko?
24 Mosasamala kanthu za zovuta zopezeka m’nthanthi yachisinthiko, kukhulupirira m’chilengedwe kukuwonedwa lerolino monga kosagwirizana ndi sayansi, ngakhale kwachilendo. Kodi nchifukwa ninji izi ziri choncho? Kodi nchifukwa ninji ngakhale akuluakulu onga ngati Francis Hitching, amene mowona mtima amasonya ku zofooka za chisinthiko, amakana lingaliro la chilengedwe?11 Michael Denton akufotokoza kuti chisinthiko, ndi zolephera zake zonse, chidzapitirizabe kuphunzitsidwa chifukwa chakuti nthanthi zogwirizana ndi chilengedwe “zimatembenuzira mowona mtima ku zoyambitsa zoposa zaumunthu.”12 M’kunena kwina, chenicheni chakuti chilengedwe chimaloŵetsamo Mlengi chimachipangitsa kukhala chosalandirika. Ndithudi, limeneli ndiro mtundu umodzimodziwo wa kulingalira kodziŵika kumene tinakumana nako m’chochitika cha zozizwitsa: Zozizwitsa nzosatheka chifukwa chakuti izo ziri zozizwitsa!
25. Kodi nchofooka chotani chachisinthiko, chimene malinga ndi kunena kwasayansi, chimasonyeza kuti icho sichiri choloŵa mmalo chogwira ntchito chachilengedwe m’kufotokoza chiyambi cha moyo?
25 Ndiponso, nthanthi yachisinthiko yeniyeniyo iri yokaikitsa kwambiri m’lingaliro la sayansi. Michael Denton akupitirizabe kunena kuti: “Pokhala kwenikweni nthanthi ya kuumbidwanso kwa m’mbiri, [nthanthi yachisinthiko ya Darwin] njosatheka kuyesa kuitsimikizira mwa kupenda kwa kuyesa kapena kupenda mwachindunji monga momwe kuli kozoloŵereka m’sayansi. . . . Ndi iko komwe, nthanthi yachisinthiko imaphatikizapo mpambo wa zochitika zapadera, chiyambi cha moyo, chiyambi cha luntha ndi zina zotero. Zochitika zapadera ziri zosabwerezedwanso ndipo sizingathe kuchititsidwa kukhala ndi mtundu uliwonse wa kupenda mwa kuyesa.”13 Chowonadi nchakuti, mosasamala kanthu za kukhala kwake yotchuka, nthanthi ya chisinthiko iri ndi zokaikitsa zambiri ndi zovuta kwakuti siimapereka chifukwa chabwino chokanira cholembedwa cha Baibulo cha chiyambi cha moyo. Mutu woyamba wa Genesis umapereka cholembedwa chomvekera bwino kotheratu cha mmene “zochitika zapadera” “zosabwerezedwanso” zimenezi zinachitikira mkati mwa ‘masiku’ a kulenga amene anali autali wa zaka zikwi zochuluka zanthaŵi.a
Bwanji Nanga Ponena za Chigumula?
26, 27. (a) Kodi Baibulo limanenanji ponena za Chigumula? (b) Kodi m’mbali ina, madzi a chigumula, ayenera kukhala atachokera kuti?
26 Ambiri amasonya ku chowonekera kukhala kusemphana kwina pakati pa Baibulo ndi sayansi yamakono. M’bukhu la Genesis, timaŵerenga kuti zaka zikwi zambiri zapitazo kuipa kwa anthu kunali kwakukulu kwambiri kwakuti Mulungu anatsimikizira kuwawononga. Komabe, iye analangiza munthu wolungama Nowa kumanga chingalaŵa chachikulu cha matabwa, chombo. Ndiyeno Mulungu anadzetsa chigumula pamtundu wonse wa anthu. Nowa yekha ndi banja lake anapulumuka, pamodzi ndi zoimira za mitundu yonse ya zinyama. Chigumulacho chinali chachikulu kwambiri kwakuti “mapiri onse aatali amene anali pansi pa thambo lonse anamira.”—Genesis 7:19, NW.
27 Kodi madzi onsewo anachokera kuti amene anakuta dziko lonse lapansi? Baibulo lenilenilo limayankha. Kuchiyambiyambiko m’kuchitika kwa chilengedwe, pamene mum’lengalenga mwamphepo munayamba kupangika, panakhala “madzi . . . pansi pa mlengalengamo” ndipo “madzi . . . pamwamba pa mlengalenga.” (Genesis 1:7, NW; 2 Petro 3:5) Pamene Chigumula chinadza, Baibulo limanena kuti: “Mazenera a chigumula akumwamba anatsegulidwa.” (Genesis 7:11, NW) Mwachiwonekere, “madzi . . . pamwamba pa mlengalenga” anagwa ndipo anapereka ochuluka a madzi amene anamizawo.
28. Kodi ndimotani mmene atumiki amakedzana a Mulungu, kuphatikizapo Yesu, anawonera Chigumula?
28 Mabukhu amakono ali oyedzamira kukutsutsa chigumula cha dziko lonse. Chotero tiyenera kufunsa kuti: Kodi Chigumulacho chiri nthano yongopeka chabe, kapena kodi icho chinachitikadi? Tisanaliyankhe, tiyenera kudziŵa kuti olambira akale a Yehova anavomereza Chigumula kukhala mbiri yeniyeni; iwo sanachilingalire kukhala nthano yongopeka. Yesaya, Yesu, Paulo, ndi Petro anali pakati pa awo amene anachitchula monga ngati kanthu kena kamene kanachitikadi. (Yesaya 54:9; Mateyu 24:37-39; Ahebri 11:7; 1 Petro 3:20, 21; 2 Petro 2:5; 3:5-7) Koma pali mafunso amene ayenera kuyankhidwa ponena za Chigumula cha dziko lonse.
Madzi a Chigumula
29, 30. Kodi nzenizeni zotani ponena za kuchuluka kwa madzi a padziko lapansi zimene zimasonyeza kuti chigumula chinalikodi?
29 Choyamba, kodi lingaliro la kumizidwa kwa dziko lonse lapansi siliri longoyerekezera mopambanitsa? Osati kwenikweni. Zowonadi, kumlingo wakutiwakuti dziko lapansi likali lokutidwabe ndi madzi. Maperesenti ake makumi asanu ndi aŵiri ali okutidwa ndi madzi ndipo 30 peresenti yokha ndiyo imene iri mtunda wouma. Ndiiko komwe, 75 peresenti ya madzi opanda mchere a dziko lapansi atsekeredwa m’miyala ya madzi oundana ndi kumathero a malo ozizira kopambana okhala m’chipale. Ngati chipale chonsechi chikadati chisungunuke, madzi a m’nyanja akachuluka kwambiri. Mizinda yonga ngati New York ndi Tokyo ikazimiririka.
30 Ndiponso, The New Encyclopædia Britannica imati: “Avareji ya kuzama kwa nyanja zonse zazikulu yayerekezeredwa kukhala mamitala 3 790 (mapazi 12 430), chiŵerengero chachikulu kopambana poyerekezera ndi cha avareji ya kutukuka kwa mtunda pamwamba pa moyambira nyanja, mmene muli mamitala 840 (mapazi 2 760). Ngati avareji ya kuzamayo ichulukitsidwa ndi malo ake enieni a mtundawo, kuchuluka kwa malo a Nyanja za Mchere za Padziko Lonse kuli kuwirikiza nthaŵi 11 kuposa mtunda wa pamwamba pa molekezera nyanjawo.”14 Chotero, ngati chirichonse chikanachititsidwa kukhala cha thyathyathya—ngati mapiri anachititsidwa kukhala athyathyathya ndipo pansi pa nyanjapo paadzazidwa—nyanja ikanakuta dziko lonse lapansi ndi kuzama kwa mamitala zikwi zambiri.
31. (a) Kuti Chigumula chikhale chitachitika, kodi mkhalidwe uyenera kukhala unali wotani padziko lapansi la Chigumula chisanakhale? (b) Kodi nchiyani chimene chimasonyeza kuti nkoyenerera kuti mapiri ayenera kukhala anali aafupi ndi kuti pansi pa nyanja panali posazama kwambiri Chigumula chisanadze?
31 Kuti Chigumulacho chichitike, pansi pa nyanja za Chigumula chisanachitike payenera kukhala panali posazama, ndipo mapiri anali aafupi koposa mmene aliri patsopano lino. Kodi zimenezi nzothekera? Eya, bukhu lina limanena kuti: “Kumene mapiri a dziko lonse tsopano ali aatali mochititsa chizumbazumba, nyanja zamchere ndi zigwa panthaŵi ina, zaka mamiliyoni ochuluka zapitazo, zinali tantha zathyathyathya zonse. . . . Mayendedwe a malo athyathyathya pansi pa makontinenti amachititsa mtunda ponse paŵiri kukwera kufika pautali kumene zinyama zolimba kopambana ndi zomera zingathe kukhala ndi moyo ndipo, kumbali inayo, kutsika ndi kukhala obisika mozama muulemerero pansi pa nyanja.”15 Popeza kuti mapiri ndi pansi pa nyanja pamakwera ndi kutsika, kuli kwachiwonekere kuti panthaŵi ina mapiri sanali aatali monga momwe aliri patsopano lino ndipo pansi pa nyanja sipanali pozama motere.
32. Kodi nchiyani chimene chiyenera kukhala chitachitikira madzi a Chigumula? Fotokozani.
32 Kodi chinachitika nchiyani kumadzi a chigumula pambuyo pa Chigumulacho? Iwo ayenera akukhala atatsikira pansi pa nyanja. Motani? Asayansi amakhulupirira kuti makontinenti ali pamwamba pamalo athyathyathya aakulu. Kuyenda kwa malo kwathyathyathya ameneŵa kungathe kuchititsa masinthidwe m’malo amtunda wa dziko lapansi. Mmalo ena lerolino, muli maphompho apansi pa madzi a makilomitala oposa 10 kuzama kuchoka pamene payambira malo athyathyathya.16 Kuli kothekera kuti—mwinamwake moyambitsidwa ndi Chigumula chenichenicho—malo athyathyathyawo anayenda, pansi panyanja paatsika, ndipo mayenje aakulu anatseguka, kulola madziwo kutsikira pansi pa mtunda.b
Zizindikiro za Chigumula
33, 34. (a) Kodi ndiumboni wotani umene asayansi ali nawo kale umene mwinamwake ungakhale umboni wa Chigumula? (b) Kodi nkoyenera kunena kuti asayansi angakhale akuŵerenga molakwa umboniwo?
33 Ngati tivomereza kuti chigumula chachikulu chiyenera kukhala chitachitika, kodi nchifukwa ninji asayansi sanapeze zizindikiro zake? Mwinamwake iwo atero, koma iwo amatanthauzira umboniwo mwanjira ina. Mwachitsanzo, sayansi yachikale imaphunzitsa kuti nkhope ya dziko lapansi yaumbidwa m’malo ambiri ndi malo achipale amphamvu mkati mwa mpambo wa nyengo ya kupangika kwa chipale. Koma nthaŵi zina umboni wowonekera wa kugwira ntchito kwa chipale ungathe kukhala wochititsidwa ndi kugwira ntchito kwa madzi. Pamenepo, mwinamwake, wina wa umboni wa Chigumula ukupendedwa molakwa monga umboni wa nyengo ya kupangika kwa chipale.
34 Zolakwa zofananazo zapangidwa. Ponena za nthaŵi pamene asayansi analinkupanga nthanthi yawo ya nyengo ya kupangika kwa chipale, timaŵerenga kuti: “Iwo anali kupeza nyengo za kupangika kwa chipale pasiteji iriyonse ya mbiri ya sayansi yophunzira miyala, mogwirizana ndi nthanthi ya kulingana. Komabe, kupendanso mosamalitsa umboniwo m’zaka zaposachedwapa, kwakana zochuluka zanyengo za kupangika kwa chipale zimenezi; zoumbika zimene panthaŵi ina zinasonyezedwa kukhala miyala yachipale zatanthauziridwanso kukhala miyulu younjikidwa ndi kuyenda kwa matope, zigumukire zapansi pa nyanja, kuŵinduka kwa mafunde: zigumukire zamadzi oŵinduka amene amanyamula timiyala, mchenga ndi nsalangabwi kuzichotsa pansi pa nyanja.”18
35, 36. Kodi ndiumboni wotani m’cholembedwa cha mafupa ofukulidwa ndi m’miyala umene ungakhale wogwirizana ndi Chigumula? Fotokozani.
35 Umboni wina wonena za Chigumula ukuwonekera kukhala cholembedwa cha m’mafupa ofukulidwa pansi. Panthaŵi ina, malinga ndi cholembedwa chimenechi, akambuku aakulu a mano akuthwa anali kuŵendera nyama zawo mu Ulaya, akavalo aakulu koposa alionse amene ali ndi moyo patsopano lino anali kuyendayenda mu North America, ndipo zinyama zikuluzikulu zinali kumayendayenda mu Siberia. Ndiyeno, padziko lonse, mitundu ya zinyama zoyamwitsa inangozimiririka. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo panali kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa mkhalidwe wakunja. Zikwi makumi ochuluka za zinyama zazikulu zinaphedwa ndi kukutidwa mwamsanga ndi chipale mu Siberia.c Alfred Wallace, munthu wotchuka wa panthaŵi imodzimodzi ndi Charles Darwin, analingalira kuti kuwonongedwa kofalikira koteroko kuyenera kukhala kutachititsidwa ndi chochitika china chosawonekawoneka cha padziko lonse.19 Ochuluka anena kuti chochitika chimenechi chinali Chigumula.
36 Mawu olembedwa ndi mkonzi m’magazine otchedwa Biblical Archaeologist anati: “Nkofunika kukumbukira kuti nthano yonena za chigumula chachikulu iri umodzi wa miyambo yosiiranasiirana yofalikira kopambana m’mkhalidwe wa anthu . . . Komabe kutseri kwa miyambo yakale kopambana yopezedwa m’magwero a maiko Akummaŵa, pangakhalenso kugwa kwa chimvula chenicheni chachikulu kopambana chimene chinachitika nyengo za chigumula zisanakhalepo . . . zaka zikwi zambiri zapitazo.”20 Nyengo za kugwa kwa mvula zinali nthaŵi pamene nkhope ya dziko lapansi inali yachinyontho kwambiri koposa mmene iriri tsopano. Nyanja zamadzi opanda mchere padziko lonse zinali zazikulu kwambiri. Kukulingaliridwa kuti chinyonthocho chinali kuchititsidwa ndi pwatapwata wa mvula wogwirizanitsidwa ndi kutha kwa nyengo ya chipale. Koma ena apereka lingaliro lakuti panthaŵi ina, chinyontho chopambanitsa cha nkhope ya dziko lapansi chinachititsidwa ndi Chigumula.
Anthu Sanaiŵale
37, 38. Kodi ndimotani mmene wasayansi wina akusonyezera kuti, malinga ndi kunena kwa umboni, Chigumula chiyenera kukhala chitachitika, ndipo kodi timadziŵa bwanji kuti chinachitika?
37 Profesala wa sayansi yophunzira zamiyala John McCampbell panthaŵi ina alemba kuti: “Kusiyana kofunika pakati pa chipolowe cha Baibulo [Chigumula] ndi kufanana kwa a zachisinthiko sikuli pazenizeni zopezedwa za ophunzira miyala koma pamatanthauziridwe a zenizeni zimenezo. Kutanthauzira koyanjidwa kudzadalira kwakukulukulu pachiyambi ndi zoyerekezeredwa pasadakhale za wophunzira weniweniyo.”21
38 Chakuti Chigumula chinachitika chikuwonedwa m’chenicheni chakuti mtundu wa anthu suunachiiŵale. Padziko lonse lapansi, mmalo otalikirana monga ngati Alaska ndi ku Zisumbu za Nyanja Yakummwera, kuli nthano zamakedzana zonena za icho. Mitundu ya eni nthaka, ndi ya pambuyo pa Columbus ku America, kudzanso ku Aborigine a ku Australia, onse adakali ndi nthano zonena za Chigumula. Pamene kuli kwakuti zina za zolembedwazo zimasiyana m’kalogosoledwe, chenicheni chachikulu chakuti dziko lapansi linamizidwa ndi madzi ndipo anthu oŵerengeka chabe anapulumutsidwa ali m’chingalaŵa chopangidwa ndi munthu zimadza pafupifupi m’zolembedwa zonse. Malongosoledwe okha onena za kulandiridwa kofala kumeneko ngakuti Chigumula chinali chochitika cha m’mbiri.d
39. Kodi ndiumboni wowonjezereka wotani umene ife tauwona wa chenicheni chakuti Baibulo liri mawu a Mulungu, osati amunthu?
39 Chotero, m’mbali zofunika Baibulo liri logwirizana ndi sayansi yamakono. Kumene pali kuwombana pakati pa ziŵirizo, umboni wa sayansi ngwokaikitsa. Kumene pali kugwirizana, Baibulo kaŵirikaŵiri liri lolondola kwambiri kwakuti ife tiyenera kulikhulupirira kuti linapeza chidziŵitso chake kuchokera kwa munthu wanzeru zoposa zamunthu. Zowonadi, kugwirizana kwa Baibulo ndi sayansi yotsimikizirika kumapereka umboni wina wakuti iro liri mawu a Mulungu, osati a munthu.
[Mawu a M’munsi]
a Kufotokozedwa kwatsatanetsatane kwambiri kwa nkhani yonena za chisinthiko ndi chilengedwe kukupezeka m’bukhu lakuti Life—How Did It Get Here? By Evolution or by Creation? lofalitsidwa mu 1985 ndi Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.
b Bukhu lotchedwa Planet Earth—Glacier limapereka chisamaliro kunjira imene madzi mumpangidwe wa mikwamba ya chipale amakanikizira pansi mtunda wa dziko lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, limanena kuti: “Ngati chipale cha ku Greenland chinakazimiririka, chisumbucho chikanatumphukira m’mwamba mamitala 600.” Polingalira zimenezi, chiyambukiro chake cha chigumula cha mwadzidzidzi cha dziko lonse pamadera ouma a dziko lapansi chikanakhaladi chowononga koposa.17
c Kuyerekezera kwina kumati mamiliyoni asanu.
d Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka ponena za Chigumula, wonani Insight on the Scriptures, lofalitsidwa ndi Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc., Volume 1, masamba 327, 328, 609-612.
[Bokosi patsamba 105]
“Kuchokera m’Dothi”
“The World Book Encyclopedia” ikusimba kuti: “Zinthu zonse za makhemikolo zimene zimapanga zinthu zamoyo zimapezekanso m’zinthu zopanda moyo.” M’kunena kwina, makhemikolo aakulu amene amasanganizika kupanga zinthu zamoyo, kuphatikizapo munthu, amapezekanso m’dziko lapansi lenilenilo. Zimenezi zimagwirizana ndi mawu a Baibulo akutiwo: “Ndipo Yehova Mulungu anapitirizabe kupanga munthu kuchokera m’dothi lapansi.”—Genesis 2:7, “NW.”
[Bokosi patsamba 107]
“M’Chifanizo cha Mulungu”
1. (Phatikizamoni mawu oyamba.) (a) Kodi nchiyani chimene chinachitika pamene Galileo anapereka lingaliro lakuti dziko lapansi limayenda kuzungulira dzuŵa? (b) Ngakhale kuli kwakuti Baibulo siliri bukhu lophunzirira sayansi, kodi timapezanji pamene tiliyerekezera ndi sayansi yamakono?
Ena amasonya kukufanana kwa thupi pakati pa munthu ndi nyama zina kutsimikizira unansi wawo. Komabe, iwo ayenera kuvomereza, kuti kukhoza kwa maganizo a munthu kuli kwapamwamba kwambiri poyerekezera ndi kwa nyama iriyonse. Kodi nchifukwa ninji munthu ali ndi luso la kupanga malinganizidwe ndi kulinganiza malo omzungulira, luso la kukhoza kukonda, luntha lapamwamba, chikumbumtima, ndi lingaliro la zakale, zatsopano, ndi zamtsogolo? Chisinthiko sichingathe kuyankha zimenezi. Koma Baibulo limatero, pamene iro limati: “Mulungu anapitiriza kulenga munthu m’chifanizo chake, m’chifanizo cha Mulungu adamlenga iye.” (Genesis 1:27) Ponena za maganizo ndi malingaliro a munthu ndi maluso, iye ali chisonyezero cha Atate wake wakumwamba.
[Chithunzi patsamba 99]
Kufotokoza kwa Baibulo kwa kulenjekeka kwadziko lapansi m’mlengalenga kumagwirizana bwino kwambiri ndi zimene opita kutali m’mlengalenga asimba kukhala ataziwona
[Chithunzi patsamba 102]
Baibulo silimanena kuti dziko lapansi limazungulira dzuŵa kapena dzuŵa limazungulira dziko lapansi
[Chithunzi pamasamba 113, 112]
Ngati dziko lapansi likanakhala lathyathyathya, lopanda mapiri kapena maphompho, likamizidwa kotheratu ndi muyalo wozama wa madzi
[Chithunzi patsamba 114]
Zinyama zazikulu zinapezedwa zimene zinaumitsidwa ndi chipale mwamsanga pambuyo pa imfa yawo
[Chithunzi patsamba 115]
Louis Pasteur anatsimikizira kuti moyo ungachokere kokha kumoyo umene ulipo kale
[Chithunzi patsamba 109]
(Onani m’buku lenileni kuti mumvetse izi)
Baibulo limapereka kufotokoza kolondola konena za kuzungulira kwa madzi a dziko lapansi