Mutu 9

Ndani Adzalamulira Dziko?

1-3. Fotokozani loto ndi masomphenya amene Danieli anakhala nawo m’chaka choyamba cha ulamuliro wa Belisazara.

ULOSI wa Danieli wokopa chidwiwo tsopano ukutibweza m’mbuyo m’chaka choyamba cha Belisazara, Mfumu ya Babulo. Danieli wakhala zaka zambiri monga wandende m’Babulo, koma sanagwederepo konse m’chikhulupiro chake kwa Yehova. Tsopano, ali m’zaka za ma 70, mneneri wokhulupirikayo akuona ‘loto, ndi masomphenya a m’mtima mwake pakama pake.’ Ndipo masomphenyawo akum’chititsa mantha kwambiri!—Danieli 7:1, 15.

² “Taonani”! akufuula motero Danieli. “Mphepo zinayi za mumlengalenga zinabuka panyanja yaikulu. Ndipo zinatuluka m’nyanja zilombo zazikulu zinayi zosiyanasiyana.” Zilombozo n’zochititsa chidwi kwenikweni! Choyamba ndi mkango wamapiko, chachiŵiri chili ngati chimbalangondo. Kenako pakubwera nyalugwe wa mapiko anayi ndi mitu inayi! Chilombo chachinayi n’champhamvu zodabwitsa ndipo chili ndi mano achitsulo ndi nyanga khumi. Pakati pa nyanga zake khumizo pakutuluka nyanga “yaing’ono” yokhala nawo “maso ngati maso a munthu” ndi ‘pakamwa ponena zazikulu.’—Danieli 7:2-8.

³ Masomphenya a Danieli akutembenukira kumwamba. Nkhalamba Yakalelomwe yakhala pampando waulemerero monga Woweruza m’Bwalo Lamilandu lakumwamba. ‘Pali zikwizikwi omwe akum’tumikira, ndi unyinji wosaŵerengeka ataimirira pamaso pake.’ Poweruza zilombozo mozikhaulitsa, akuzilanda ulamuliro wawo ndi kuwononga chilombo chachinayi. Ulamuliro wokhalitsa pa “anthu onse, ndi mitundu yonse ya anthu, ndi a manenedwe onse” ukupatsidwa kwa “wina ngati mwana wa munthu.”—Danieli 7:9-14.

 4. (a) Kodi Danieli anatembebukira kwa ndani pofuna kudziŵa zenizeni? (b) N’chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunika kuti ife tidziŵe zimene Danieli anaona ndi kumva usikuwo?

⁴ “Koma ine,” akutero Danieli, “mzimu wanga unalaswa m’kati mwa thupi langa, ndi masomphenya a m’mtima mwanga anandivuta.” Choncho akufunsira kwa mngelo ‘za choonadi cha izi zonse.’ Mngeloyo akuperekadi “kumasulira kwake kwa zinthuzi.” (Danieli 7:15-28) Zimene Danieli anaona ndi kumva usikuwo n’zofunika kwambiri kwa ife kuti tizidziŵe, chifukwa zinapereka chithunzi cha zochitika za padziko lonse zam’tsogolo zofika mpaka m’nthaŵi yathu ino, pamene “wina ngati mwana wa munthu” apatsidwa ulamuliro pa “anthu onse, ndi mitundu yonse ya anthu, ndi a manenedwe onse.” Ndi chithandizo cha Mawu a Mulungu limodzi ndi mzimu wake, ifenso titha kumvetsa tanthauzo la masomphenya aulosi ameneŵa.a

ZILOMBO ZINAYI ZITULUKA M’NYANJA

 5. Kodi nyanjayo, yoŵinduka ndi mphepo imaimira chiyani?

⁵ “Zinatuluka m’nyanja zilombo zazikulu zinayi,” anatero Danieli. (Danieli 7:3) Kodi nyanjayo, yoŵinduka ndi mphepo inaphiphiritsira chiyani? Zaka zambiri pambuyo pake, mtumwi Yohane anadzaona chilombo cha mitu isanu ndi iŵiri chikutuluka “m’nyanja.” Nyanja imeneyo inaimira “anthu, ndi makamu, ndi mitundu, ndi manenedwe”—unyinji wonse wa anthu odana ndi Mulungu. Choncho, nyanja ndi chizindikiro choyenera cha anthu onse otalikirana ndi Mulungu.—Chivumbulutso 13:1, 2; 17:15; Yesaya 57:20.

 6. Kodi zilombo zinayizo zimaimira chiyani?

⁶ “Zilombo zazikulu izi zinayi,” anatero mngelo wa Mulungu, “ndizo mafumu anayi amene adzauka padziko lapansi.” (Danieli 7:17) Inde, mngeloyo anasonyeza kuti zilombo zinayi zimene Danieli anaona zinali “mafumu anayi.” Choncho, zilombo zimenezi zimaimira maulamuliro amphamvu padziko lonse. Koma ndi ati amenewo?

 7. (a) Kodi akatswiri ena othirira ndemanga pa Baibulo anenanji za masomphenya a m’loto mmene Danieli anaona zilombo zinayi, komanso loto la Mfumu Nebukadinezara la fano lalikulu? (b) Kodi iliyonse mwa mbali zinayi zachitsulo za fanolo imaimira chiyani?

⁷ Akatswiri othirira ndemanga pa Baibulo agwirizanitsa masomphenya a m’loto la Danieli la zilombo zinayi ameneŵa ndi loto lija la Nebukadinezara la fano lalikulu lija. Mwachitsanzo, buku lakuti The Expositor’s Bible Commentary limati: “Chaputala 7 [cha Danieli] chimafanana ndi chaputala 2.” Buku linanso lotchedwa The Wycliffe Bible Commentary limati: “Ambiri amavomereza kuti kuloŵana m’malo kwa maulamuliro Achikunja anayi . . . n’kofanana pano [pa Danieli chaputala 7] ndi kuja kofotokozedwa mu [Danieli] chaputala 2.” Maulamuliro anayi amphamvu padziko lonse oimiridwa ndi zitsulo zinayi m’loto la Nebukadinezara anali Ufumu wa Babulo (mutu wagolidi), Amedi ndi Perisiya (chifuŵa ndi manja zasiliva), Girisi (mimba ndi chuuno zamkuwa), ndi Ufumu wa Roma (miyendo yachitsulo).b (Danieli 2:32, 33) Tiyeni tione mmene maufumu ameneŵa akufananira ndi zilombo zazikulu zinayi zimene Danieli anaona.

CHOOPSA NGATI MKANGO, CHOFULUMIRA NGATI CHIWOMBANKHANGA

 8. (a) Kodi Danieli anachifotokoza motani chilombo choyamba? (b) Kodi chilombo choyambacho chinaimira ufumu uti, ndipo ufumuwo unachita motani ngati mkango?

⁸ Ha, kudabwitsa kwake zilombo zimene Danieli anaona! Polongosola chimodzi, iye anati: “Choyamba chinanga mkango, chinali nawo mapiko a chiwombankhanga, ndinapenyera mpaka nthenga zake zinathothoka, nichinakwezeka kudziko, ndi kuimitsidwa ndi mapazi aŵiri ngati munthu, nichinapatsidwa mtima wa munthu.” (Danieli 7:4) Chilombo chimenechi chinaimira ulamuliro umodzimodziwo woimiridwa ndi mutu wagolidi wa fano lalikulu, Ulamuliro Wamphamvu Padziko Lonse wa Babulo (607-539 B.C.E.). Mofanana ndi “mkango” wolusa, Babulo anagwira ndi kukhadzula ndi kumeza mitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo anthu a Mulungu. (Yeremiya 4:5-7; 50:17) Pokhala ndi mapiko ngati a chiwombankhanga, “mkango” umenewu utalusa unathamanga mofulumira kukagonjetsa.—Maliro 4:19; Habakuku 1:6-8.

 9. Kodi chilombo chonga mkangocho chinakhala ndi masinthidwe otani, ndipo mapeto ake zinthu zinakhala bwanji?

⁹ M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, mkango wodabwitsawo anauthothola mapiko ake. Pamene ulamuliro wa Mfumu Belisazara unali kufika kumathero kwake, mphamvu yake yogonjetsa mwaliŵiro inam’thera Babulo, ndipo sankaopsezanso mitundu ina ngati mkango. Liŵiro lake linafanana ndi la munthu woyenda ndi mapazi aŵiri. Popatsidwa “mtima wa munthu,” anakhala wofooka. Pokhala wopanda “mtima wa mkango,” Babulo sanathenso kuchita ngati mfumu pakati pa “nyama za kuthengo.” (Yerekezani ndi 2 Samueli 17:10; Mika 5:8.) Anagonjetsedwa ndi chilombo china chachikulu.

CHOSUSUKA NGATI CHIMBALANGONDO

10. Kodi “chimbalangondo” chinaimira mzera uti wa olamulira?

¹⁰ “Taonani,” akutero Danieli, “chilombo china chachiŵiri chikunga chimbalangondo chinatundumuka mbali imodzi; ndi m’kamwa mwake munali nthiti zitatu pakati pa mano ake; ndipo anatero nacho, Nyamuka, lusira nyama zambiri.” (Danieli 7:5) Mfumu yoimiridwa ndi “chimbalangondo” ndi imodzimodziyo yoimiridwanso ndi chifuŵa ndi manja asiliva a fano lalikulu—mzera wa olamulira a Mediya ndi Perisiya (539-331 B.C.E.) umene unayambira pa Dariyo Mmedi ndi Koresi Wamkulu kudzathera pa Dariyo 3.

11. Kodi kutundumuka mbali imodzi kwa chimbalangondo chophiphiritsacho komanso kukhala kwake ndi nthiti zitatu m’kamwa kunatanthauzanji?

¹¹ Chimbalangondo chophiphiritsacho “chinatundumuka mbali imodzi,” mwinamwake kunali kulusa pokonzekera kuukira ndi kugonjetsa mitundu ina kotero kuti chikhalebe champhamvu padziko lonse. Kapenanso kutundumuka kumeneku kunali kosonyeza kuti olamulira a Perisiya akakhala amphamvu kuposa mfumu imodzi yachimedi, Dariyo. Nthiti zitatuzo pakati pa mano a chimbalangondocho ziyenera kuti zinatanthauza mbali zitatu kumene chinaloŵera pokagonjetsa mitundu. “Chimbalangondo” cha Mediya ndi Perisiyacho chinaloŵera kumpoto kumene chinakalanda Babulo mu 539 B.C.E. Kenako chinaloŵera chakumadzulo kudzera mu Asiyamina mpaka ku Thiresi. Potsirizira pake, “chimbalangondo” chimenecho chinaloŵera kumwera kumene chinakagonjetsa Igupto. Popeza chiŵerengero cha zinthu zitatu nthaŵi zina chimaimira kugogomeza, mwinanso nthiti zitatuzo zimagogomeza kususukira kugonjetsa kwa chimbalangondocho.

12. Kodi chimbalangondocho chinatani polabadira mawu akuti: “Nyamuka, lusira nyama zambiri”?

¹² “Chimbalangondo” chimenecho chinasakaza mitunduyo polabadira mawu akuti: “Nyamuka, lusira nyama zambiri.” Mwa kuukira Babulo ndi kum’meza malinga ndi chifuniro cha Mulungu, ufumu wa Mediya ndi Perisiya unali wokhoza kuthandiza anthu a Yehova. Ndipo unaterodi! (Onani mutu wakuti “Mfumu Yololera,” patsamba 149.) Kupyolera mwa Koresi Wamkulu, Dariyo 1 (Dariyo Wamkulu), ndi Aritasasta 1, Mediya ndi Perisiya anamasula akapolo a Babulo achiyuda ndi kuwathandiza kumanganso kachisi wa Yehova ndi kukonzanso malinga a Yerusalemu. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, ufumu wa Mediya ndi Perisiya unalamulira madera okwanira 127, ndipo mwamuna wa Mfumukazi Estere, Ahaswero (Sasta 1), ‘anachita ufumu kuyambira ku Indiya kufikira ku Kusi [Aitiopiya].’ (Estere 1:1) Komabe, chilombo chinanso chinali pafupi kutulukira.

CHOPEPUKA MIYENDO NGATI NYALUGWE WAMAPIKO!

13. (a) Kodi chilombo chachitatu chinaimira chiyani? (b) Nanga tinganene chiyani za liŵiro la chilombo chachitatucho ndi ufumu wake?

¹³ Chilombo chachitatu chinali “ngati nyalugwe, chinali nawo mapiko anayi . . . pamsana pake, chilombocho chinali nayonso mitu inayi, nichinapatsidwa ulamuliro.” (Danieli 7:6) Mofanana ndi mimba komanso chiuno cha mkuwa cha fano la m’loto la Nebukadinezara, nyalugwe wa mapiko anayi ndi mitu inayi ameneyu, anaimira mzera wa olamulira achimakedoniya kapena kuti achigiriki, kuyambira ndi Alesandro Wamkulu. Mofanana ndi nyalugwe wopepuka thupi komanso waliŵiro, Alesandro anadutsa mu Asiyamina, naloŵera kumwera kukafika mu Igupto, uyo mpaka kumalire akumadzulo kwa Indiya. (Yerekezani ndi Habakuku 1:8.) Ufumu wakewo unali waukulu kuposa uja wa “chimbalangondo,” chifukwa unaphatikizapo Makedoniya, Girisi, ndi Ufumu wa Perisiya.—Onani mutu wakuti “Mfumu Yachinyamata Igonjetsa Dziko Lonse,” patsamba 153.

14. Kodi “nyalugwe” ameneyo anadzakhala bwanji ndi mitu inayi?

¹⁴ “Nyalugwe” ameneyo anadzakhala ndi mitu inayi atamwalira Alesandro mu 323 B.C.E. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, akazembe ake ankhondo anayi anam’loŵa m’malo m’madera osiyanasiyana a dziko lake. Selukasi anatenga Mesopotamiya ndi Suriya. Tolemi analamulira Igupto ndi Palesitina. Lasamekase analamulira Asiyamina ndi Thiresi, ndipo Kasanda anatenga Makedoniya ndi Girisi. (Onani mutu wakuti “Ufumu Waukulu Ugaŵidwa,” patsamba 162.) Kenako panabuka chiopsezo chinanso.

CHILOMBO CHOOPSA CHIKUKHALA CHOSIYANA

15. (a) Fotokozani chilombo chachinayi. (b) Kodi chilombo chachinayicho chinaimira chiyani, ndipo chinaphwanya ndi kupondereza motani chinthu chilichonse choima panjira yake?

¹⁵ Danieli anafotokoza chilombo chachinayi kukhala “choopsa ndi chochititsa mantha, ndi champhamvu choposa.” Anapitiriza kuti: “Chinali nawo mano aakulu achitsulo, chinalusa ndi kuphwanya ndi kupondereza chotsala ndi mapazi ake; chinasiyana ndi zilombo zonse zidachitsogolera; ndipo chinali ndi nyanga khumi.” (Danieli 7:7) Chilombo choopsa chimenechi chinayamba monga ulamuliro wandale ndi wankhondo wa Roma. Pang’ono ndi pang’ono chinalanda magawo onse anayi achihelene a Ufumu wa Girisi, ndipo pofika mu 30 B.C.E., Roma anaonekera kukhala ulamuliro wotsatira wamphamvu padziko lonse wa m’ulosi wa Baibulo. Pogwetsa ndi mphamvu yankhondo chopinga chilichonse panjira yake, Ufumu wa Roma unafikira pokula ndi kutenga gawo lalikulu kuchokera ku zilumba za British Isles mpaka gawo lalikulu la Ulaya, dera lonse lozungulira nyanja ya Mediterranean, ndi kupitirira Babulo mpaka ku nyanja ya Persian Gulf.

16. Kodi mngeloyo ananenanji za chilombo chachinayicho?

¹⁶ Pofuna kutsimikiza za chilombo ‘choopsa kopambana’ chimenechi, Danieli anatchera khutu mosamalitsa pamene mngeloyo anafotokoza kuti: “Kunena za nyanga [zake] khumi, m’ufumu uwu adzauka mafumu khumi, ndi pambuyo pawo idzauka ina; iyo idzasiyana ndi oyamba aja, nidzachepetsa mafumu atatu.” (Danieli 7:19, 20, 24) Kodi “nyanga khumi,” kapena “mafumu khumi” ameneŵa anali ati?

17. Kodi “nyanga khumi” za chilombo chachinayi zimaimira chiyani?

¹⁷ Pamene Roma anatukuka kwambiri komanso chikhalidwe chake n’kuloŵa pansi chifukwa cha khalidwe losadzisunga la olamulira ake, mphamvu yake pa zankhondo inayambanso kuchepa. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, kutha mphamvu kwa Roma pa zankhondo kunaonekera poyera. Potsirizira pake, ufumu wamphamvuwo unagaŵika m’maufumu ang’onoang’ono. Pakuti kaŵirikaŵiri Baibulo limagwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengero cha khumi kusonyeza kukwanira kwa chinthu, “nyanga khumi” za chilombo chachinayicho zimaimira maufumu onse amene anatulukapo pamene Roma anagaŵika.—Yerekezani ndi Deuteronomo 4:13; Luka 15:8; 19:13, 16, 17.

18. Kodi Roma anapitiriza motani kulamulira Ulaya yense zaka mazana ambiri pambuyo pa kuchotsedwa kwa mfumu yake yomalizira?

¹⁸ Komabe, Ulamuliro Wamphamvu Padziko Lonse wa Roma, sunathe ndi kuchotsedwa kwa mfumu yake yomalizira ku Roma mu 476 C.E. Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, Roma wa apapa anapitiriza kulamulira m’nkhani zandale, koma makamaka pachipembedzo ku Ulaya yense. Anatero kupyolera m’dongosolo la ulamuliro waumbuye, pamene anthu ambiri ku Ulaya ankagonjera ambuye awo, kenako mafumu. Ndipo mafumu onse analemekeza ulamuliro wa papa. Choncho, Ufumu Wopatulika wa Roma, wokhala ndi Roma wa apapa monga likulu lake, unalamulira zinthu padziko lonse m’nyengo yakale yaitali yonseyo yotchedwa Nyengo Zamdima.

19. Malinga n’kunena kwa wolemba mbiri wina, kodi Roma anali wotani pom’yerekeza ndi maufumu a m’mbuyo mwake?

¹⁹ Ndani angakane kuti chilombo chachinayicho chinali ‘chosiyana ndi maufumu enawo’? (Danieli 7:7, 19, 23) Pamfundo imeneyi, wolemba mbiri wina H. G. Wells analemba kuti: “Ulamuliro wa Roma watsopanowu . . . m’njira zambiri unali wosiyana ndi maufumu aakulu ena onse amene anakhalapo m’mayiko otukuka. . . . unaphatikiza pafupifupi Agiriki onse padziko, ndipo anthu ake ambiri sanali a mafuko a mbadwo wa Hamu ndi wa Semu kusiyana ndi a ufumu wa m’mbuyomo . . . Unali ufumu watsopano m’mbiri ya anthu. . . . Ufumu wa Roma unali mphukira, ndipo unakula mwa njira yachilendo yosayembekezeka; anthu a Roma mosazindikira anapeza kuti ali m’boma lalikulu kwambiri.” Komabe, chilombo chachinayicho chinayenera kukhala ndi mphukira ina.

NYANGA YAING’ONO IKULA MPHAMVU

20. Kodi mngelo ananenanji za kuphukira kwa nyanga yaing’ono pamutu pa chilombo chachinayi?

²⁰ “Ndinali kulingirira za nyangazi,” anatero Danieli, “taonani, pakati pa izo panaphuka nyanga ina, ndiyo yaing’ono; patsogolo pake zitatu za nyanga zoyambazi zinazulidwa ndi mizu yomwe.” (Danieli 7:8) Ponena za mphukira imeneyi, mngeloyo anauza Danieli amvekere: “Pambuyo pawo [mafumu khumi] idzauka ina; iyo idzasiyana ndi oyamba aja, nidzachepetsa mafumu atatu.” (Danieli 7:24) Kodi mfumu imeneyi ndani, inakhalako liti, ndipo ndi mafumu atatu ati amene inachepetsa?

21. Kodi Britain anadzakhala motani nyanga yaing’ono yophiphiritsa ya chilombo chachinayi?

²¹ Taonani zochitika zotsatirazi. Mu 55 B.C.E., Kazembe wankhondo wachiroma Juliasi Kaisara analanda Britannia koma analephera kukhazikitsa malo okhalitsa. Mu 43 C.E., Mfumu Klaudiyo anayamba kugonjetsa chigawo chakumwera cha Britain. Kenako, mu 122 C.E., Mfumu Hadrian anayamba kumanga linga kuchokera ku mtsinje wa Tyne mpaka ku Soway Firth, kuika malire akumpoto a Ufumu wa Roma. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachisanu, asilikali a Roma anachoka pachilumbapo. “M’zaka za zana la 16,” anafotokoza motero wolemba mbiri wina, “England anakhala ulamuliro wocheperapo. Chuma chake chinaposedwa ndi cha Netherlands. Chiŵerengero cha anthu ake chinali chochepa poyerekeza ndi cha France. Asilikali ake (kuphatikizapo apamadzi) anali ochepa mphamvu poyerekeza ndi a Spanya.” Mwachionekere, Britain panthaŵiyo anali ufumu waung’ono, akumakhala nyanga yaing’ono ya chilombo chachinayi chija. Koma zimenezo zinasintha.

22. (a) Kodi ndi nyanga zina zitatu ziti za chilombo chachinayicho zimene “nyanga yaing’ono” inagonjetsa? (b) Pamenepo Britain anakhala chiyani?

²² Mu 1588, Filipi 2 wa ku Spanya anasonkhanitsa ngalawa zankhondo kuti akamenyane ndi Britain. Ngalawa zokwanira 130 zimenezi, zonyamula asilikali oposa 24,000, zinadzera ku nyanja ya English Channel, ndipo kumeneko onse anagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali apamadzi a Britain, komanso anakumana ndi mphepo ndi anamondwe amphamvu pa nyanja ya Atlantic. Pachochitika chimenechi “m’pamene England anaonekera motsimikizika kukhala wopambana Spanya pankhondo yapamadzi,” anatero wolemba mbiri wina. M’zaka za zana la 17, Adatchi anali ndi ngalawa zochitira malonda zochuluka padziko lonse. Komabe, Britain pokhala ndi mayiko ambiri achitsamunda, anakhala wamkulu kuposa ufumu umenewo. M’zaka za zana la 18, Abritishi ndi Afalansa anamenyana ku North America ndi ku India, zimene zinachititsa kuti apange Pangano la ku Paris mu 1763. Pangano limeneli, anatero mlembi Willam B. Willcox, “linavomereza malo atsopano a Britain monga ulamuliro wamphamvu koposa kunja kwa Ulaya.” Mphamvu ya Britain inatsimikizika mwa kugonjetsa Napolioni wa ku France mu 1815 C.E. Choncho “mafumu atatu” amene Britain ‘anachepetsa’ anali Spanya, Netherlands, ndi France. (Danieli 7:24) Chotsatirapo, Britain anaonekera kukhala ulamuliro wachitsamunda ndi wazamalonda wamphamvu koposa. Inde, nyanga “yaing’ono” inakula nikhala ulamuliro wamphamvu padziko lonse!

23. Ndi motani mmene nyanga yaing’ono yophiphiritsayo ‘inalusira dziko lonse lapansi’?

²³ Mngeloyo anauza Danieli kuti chilombo chachinayicho, kapena ufumu wachinayi, ‘udzalusira dziko lonse lapansi.’ (Danieli 7:23) Zimenezo n’zimene gawo la Roma lomwe linkatchedwa Britannia linachitadi. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi linakula ndi kukhala Ufumu wa Britain ndipo ‘linalusira dziko lonse lapansi.’ Panthaŵi ina, ufumu umenewu unatenga gawo limodzi mwa anayi a dziko lonse lapansi komanso gawo limodzi mwa anayi a anthu onse.

24. Kodi wolemba mbiri wina ananenanji za kusiyana kwa Ufumu wa Britain?

²⁴ Monga mmene Ufumu wa Roma unakhalira wosiyana ndi maulamuliro amphamvu padziko lonse oyambirirawo, mfumu yoimiridwa ndi nyanga “yaing’ono” “idzasiyana ndi oyamba aja.” (Danieli 7:24) Ponena za Ufumu wa Britain, wolemba mbiri H. G. Wells anati: “Sunakhalepo wina ngati umenewu. Chachikulu kwambiri padongosolo lonselo chinali ‘kulonga mfumu kukhala yolamulira lipabuliki’ la Chitaganya cha Maufumu a Britain . . . Palibe bungwe la olamulira lililonse kapena munthu aliyense amene anatha kumvetsa mmene Ufumu wa Britain anauyendetsera. Unali msanganizo woyambitsa zatsopano ndi wosonkhanitsa zakale wosiyana kotheratu ndi ufumu wina uliwonse umene unakhalapo m’mbuyomo.”

25. (a) Malinga n’zochitika zaposachedwa, kodi nyanga yaing’onoyo tsopano ndani? (b) Kodi tanthauzo lake n’chiyani ponena kuti nyanga “yaing’ono” ili ndi “maso ngati maso a munthu” ndi “pakamwa palikunena zazikulu”?

²⁵ Nyanga “yaing’ono” imeneyo inaphatikizaponso mbali zina kuwonjezera pa Ufumu wa Britain. Mu 1783, Britain anavomereza kuti mayiko ake achitsamunda okwanira 13 a ku America atenge ufulu wodzilamulira. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, United States of America anagwirizana ndi Britain, ndipo pankhondo yachiŵiri yapadziko lonse anaonekera kukhala mtundu wamphamvu padziko lonse. Mpaka pano adakali ndi ubale wolimba ndi Britain. Mgwirizano umenewo wa britain ndi America ndiwo ulamuliro wamphamvu padziko lonse woimiridwa ndi ‘nyanga yokhala ndi maso.’ Ndithudi, ulamuliro wamphamvu padziko lonse umenewu n’ngwogalamuka, n’ngwatcheru! ‘Umanena zinthu zazikulu,’ ukumalamula dziko lonse pa kayendetsedwe ka zinthu ndi kukhala ngati wolankhulira dziko lonse, kapena “mneneri [wake] wonyenga.”—Danieli 7:8, 11, 20; Chivumbulutso 16:13; 19:20.

NYANGA YAING’ONO ITSUTSANA NDI MULUNGU NDI OPATULIKA AKE

26. Kodi mngeloyo ananeneratu chiyani za kalankhulidwe ndi kachitidwe ka nyanga yophiphiritsayo kulinga kwa Yehova ndi atumiki ake?

²⁶ Danieli akupitiriza kufotokoza masomphenya ake, amvekere: “Ndinapenya, ndipo nyanga yomweyi inachita nkhondo ndi opatulikawo, niwalaka.” (Danieli 7:21) Ponena za “nyanga” imeneyi, kapena mfumu, mngelo wa Mulungu ananeneratu kuti: “Nidzanena mawu akutsutsana ndi Wam’mwambamwamba, nidzalemetsa opatulika a Wam’mwambamwamba, nidzayesa kusintha nthaŵizo ndi chilamulo; ndipo adzaperekedwa m’dzanja lake mpaka nthaŵi imodzi, ndi nthaŵi zina, ndi nthaŵi yanusu.” (Danieli 7:25) Kodi mbali ya ulosi imeneyi inakwaniritsidwa motani ndipo liti?

27. (a) Kodi “opatulika” amene akuzunzidwa ndi nyanga “yaing’ono” ndani? (b) Nanga nyanga yophiphiritsayo inafuna motani “kusintha nthaŵizo ndi chilamulo”?

²⁷ “Opatulika” amene akuzunzidwa ndi nyanga “yaing’ono”—Ulamuliro Wamphamvu Padziko Lonse wa Britain ndi America—ndiwo otsatira a Yesu odzozedwa ndi mzimu amene ali padziko lapansi. (Aroma 1:7; 1 Petro 2:9) Kwa zaka zambiri isanachitike nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse, otsalira a odzozedwa ameneŵa anachenjeza poyera kuti mapeto a “nthaŵi zawo za anthu akunja” akafika mu 1914. (Luka 21:24) Pamene nkhondo inabuka m’chaka chimenecho, kunaonekeratu kuti nyanga “yaing’ono” inanyalanyaza chenjezo limenelo, chifukwa inapitiriza kuvutitsa “opatulika” odzozedwawo. Ulamuliro Wamphamvu Padziko Lonse wa Britain ndi America unatsutsa ngakhale zoyesayesa zawo zofuna kuchita chofuna cha Yehova (kapena, “chilamulo”) choti mboni zake zilalikire uthenga wabwino wa Ufumu padziko lonse. (Mateyu 24:14) Ndi mmene nyanga “yaing’ono” imeneyo inayesera “kusintha nthaŵizo ndi chilamulo.”

28. Kodi “nthaŵi imodzi, ndi nthaŵi zina, ndi nthaŵi yanusu,” ndi utali wotani?

²⁸ Mngelo wa Yehova anatchula nyengo yaulosi ya “nthaŵi imodzi, ndi nthaŵi zina, ndi nthaŵi yanusu.” Kodi imeneyo ndi nthaŵi yaitali bwanji? Akatswiri othirira ndemanga pa Baibulo ambiri amavomereza kuti mawu ameneŵa amatanthauza nthaŵi zitatu ndi theka—kuwonkhetsa nthaŵi imodzi, nthaŵi ziŵiri, ndi theka la nthaŵi. Popeza kuti “nthaŵi zisanu ndi ziŵiri” za misala ya Nebukadinezara zinakwana zaka zisanu ndi ziŵiri, ndiye kuti nthaŵi zitatu ndi theka ndizo zaka zitatu ndi theka.c (Danieli 4:16, 25) Baibulo lotchedwa An American Translation limati: “Adzaperekedwa kwa iye chaka chimodzi, zaka ziŵiri, ndi theka la chaka.” Baibulo la James Moffat limati: “Zaka zitatu ndi theka.” Nyengo ya nthaŵi imodzimodziyo ikutchulidwanso pa Chivumbulutso 11:2-7, pamene pamati mboni za Mulungu zidzalalikira zitavala chiguduli miyezi 42, kapena masiku 1,260, kenako zidzaphedwa. Kodi nthaŵi imeneyi inayamba liti ndipo inatha liti?

29. Kodi zaka zitatu ndi theka zophiphiritsazo zinayamba liti ndipo motani?

²⁹ Kwa Akristu odzozedwa, nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse inalidi nthaŵi ya chiyeso. Pofika kumapeto kwa 1914, iwo anali kuyembekezera chizunzo. Ndipo ngakhale lemba la chaka cha 1915 linali funso la Yesu kwa ophunzira ake lakuti, “Kodi mukhoza kumwera chikho changa?” Linatengedwa pa Mateyu 20:22. Chifukwa chake, kuyambira m’December 1914, kagulu ka mboni kameneko kanalalikira mu “chiguduli.”

30. Kodi Akristu odzozedwa anazunzidwa motani ndi Ulamuliro Wamphamvu Padziko Lonse wa Britain ndi America m’kati mwa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse?

³⁰ Pamene nkhondo inafika pachimake, Akristu odzozedwa anakumana ndi chitsutso chachikulu. Ena anaikidwa m’ndende. Ena, monga Frank Platt ku England ndi Robert Clegg ku Canada, anazunzidwa ndi akuluakulu ankhanza. Pa February 12, 1918, Boma la Britain Lolamulira Canada linaletsa buku lakuti The Finished Mystery, voliyumu yotulutsidwa kumene yachisanu ndi chiŵiri ya mavoliyumu otchedwa kuti Studies in the Scriptures. Analetsanso mathirakiti akuti The Bible Students Monthly. Mwezi wotsatira, Unduna Woona Zachilungamo wa ku United States unalengeza kuti ndi mlandu kugaŵira voliyumu yachisanu ndi chiŵiri imeneyo. Zotsatira zake? Panali chipikisheni cha nyumba ndi nyumba, mabuku analandidwa, ndipo olambira Yehova anagwidwa!

31. Kodi “nthaŵi imodzi, ndi nthaŵi zina, ndi nthaŵi yanusu” zinatha liti?

³¹ Chizunzo cha odzozedwa a Mulungu chinafika pachimake pa June 21, 1918, pamene pulezidenti, J. F. Rutherford, limodzi ndi atsogoleri ena a Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society anaweruzidwa kuti akhale m’ndende zaka zambiri pazifukwa zabodza. Pofuna “kusintha nthaŵizo ndi chilamulo,” nyanga “yaing’ono” inapha ntchito yolalikira yolinganizidwa. (Chivumbulutso 11:7) Choncho, nyengo yonenedweratuyo ya “nthaŵi imodzi, ndi nthaŵi zina, ndi nthaŵi yanusu” inatha mu June 1918.

32. N’chifukwa chiyani munganene kuti “opatulika” sanafafanizidwe ndi nyanga “yaing’ono”?

³² Koma “opatulika” sanafafanizidwe ndi nyanga “yaing’ono.” Molingana ndi ulosi wa m’buku la Chivumbulutso, pambuyo pa kanthaŵi ka kusagwira ntchito, Akristu odzozedwawo anadzukanso nakhalanso okangalika. (Chivumbulutso 11:11-13) Pa March 26, 1919, pulezidenti wa Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society limodzi ndi anzakewo anatulutsidwa m’ndende, ndipo pambuyo pake anawachotsera milandu yonse yabodza. Mwamsanga pambuyo pa izi, otsalira odzozedwawo anayamba kulinganizanso ntchito yoŵirikiza. Kodi patsogolo pa nyanga “yaing’ono” panali chiyani?

NKHALAMBA YAKALELOMWE IWERUZA MLANDU

33. (a) Kodi Nkhalamba Yakalelomwe ndani? (b) Kodi ‘mabuku amene anatsegulidwa’ m’Bwalo Lamilandu lakumwamba ndiwo chiyani?

³³ Danieli atatha kufotokoza zilombo zinayizo, akukwezera maso ake kumwamba. Kumeneko akuona Nkhalamba Yakalelomwe itakhala pachimpando chaulemerero monga Woweruza. Nkhalamba Yakalelomweyo si wina koma Yehova Mulungu. (Salmo 90:2) Pamene Bwalo Lamilandu lakumwamba linayamba kuzenga mlandu, Danieli akuona ‘mabuku akutsegulidwa.’ (Danieli 7:9, 10) Popeza kuti Yehova wakhala alipo kuyambira nthaŵi zosayamba, amadziŵa mbiri yonse ya anthu bwino lomwe ngati kuti inalembedwa m’buku. Iye wakhala akuyang’anira zilombo zinayi zophiphiritsa zonsezo ndipo akhoza kupereka chiweruzo pa izo malinga ndi zenizeni zimene wadzionera yekha.

34, 35. N’chiyani chidzachitikira nyanga “yaing’ono” ndi maulamuliro ena onga zilombo?

³⁴ Danieli akupitiriza kuti: “Ndinapenyera chifukwa cha phokoso la mawu aakulu idanena nyangayi; ndinapenyera mpaka adachipha chilombochi, ndi kuwononga mtembo wake, ndi kuupereka utenthedwe ndi moto. Ndipo zilombo zotsalazo anazichotsera ulamuliro wawo, koma anatalikitsa moyo wawo, ukhalenso nyengo ndi nthaŵi.” (Danieli 7:11, 12) Mngeloyo akuuza Danieli kuti: “Woweruza mlandu adzakhalako, ndipo adzachotsa ulamuliro wake, kuutha ndi kuuwononga kufikira chimaliziro.”—Danieli 7:26.

³⁵ Mwa lamulo la Woweruza Wamkulu, Yehova Mulungu, nyanga imene inachitira mwano Mulungu ndi kuzunza “opatulika” ake idzaonekedwa zofanana ndi zimene zinaonekera Ufumu wa Roma, umene unazunza Akristu oyambirira. Ulamuliro wake sudzapitirira. Osatinso ngakhale uja wa “mafumu” otsikirapo onga nyanga amene anatuluka mu Ufumu wa Roma. Bwanji nanga za maufumu ochokera ku maulamuliro onga zilombo oyambirirawo? Monga kunanenedweratu, miyoyo yawo inatalikitsidwa kuti “ukhalenso nyengo ndi nthaŵi.” M’madera awo mwakhalabe anthu mpaka lero. Mwachitsanzo, Iraq ali m’dera la Babulo wakale. Perisiya (Iran) ndi Girisi adakalipo. Otsalira a maulamuliro amphamvu padziko lonse ameneŵa ali mbali ya bungwe la United Nations. Maufumu ameneŵa adzafafanizika pa chiwonongeko cha ulamuliro womalizira wamphamvu padziko lonse. Maboma onse a anthu adzasesedwa pa “nkhondo ya tsiku lalikulu la Mulungu, Wamphamvuyonse.” (Chivumbulutso 16:14, 16) Nangano ndani ati adzalamulire dziko?

ULAMULIRO WACHIKHALIRE ULI PATSOGOLO POMPA!

36, 37. (a) Ndani akunenedwa kuti “wina ngati mwana wa munthu,” ndipo anaonekera liti m’Khothi lakumwamba ndipo pachifukwa chanji? (b) N’chiyani chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1914 C.E?

³⁶ “Ndinaona m’masomphenya a usiku, taonani,” anadzuma motero Danieli. “Anadza ndi mitambo ya kumwamba wina ngati mwana wa munthu, nafika kwa Nkhalamba ya kale lomwe; ndipo anam’yandikizitsa pamaso pake.” (Danieli 7:13) Pamene Yesu Kristu anali padziko lapansi, anadzitcha “Mwana wa munthu,” kusonyeza ubale wake ndi anthu. (Mateyu 16:13; 25:31) Polankhula kwa Sanihedirini, kapena khothi lalikulu la Ayuda, Yesu anati: “Mudzaona Mwana wa munthu ali kukhala kudzanja lamanja la mphamvu, ndi kufika pamitambo yakumwamba.” (Mateyu 26:64) Choncho, m’masomphenya a Danieli, wakudzayo, wosaoneka ku maso a munthu, akumafika pamaso pa Yehova Mulungu, anali woukitsidwayo, Yesu Kristu wolemekezedwa. Kodi zimenezi zinachitika liti?

³⁷ Mulungu wapanga pangano la Ufumu ndi Yesu Kristu, monga mmene anapangira pangano ndi Mfumu Davide. (2 Samueli 7:11-16; Luka 22:28-30) Pamene “nthaŵi zawo za anthu akunja” zinatha mu 1914 C.E., Yesu Kristu, monga woloŵa nyumba wa Davide, anayenerera kupatsidwa ulamuliro wa Ufumuwo. Nkhani yaulosi ya Danieli imati: “Anam’patsa ulamuliro, ndi ulemerero, ndi ufumu, kuti anthu onse, ndi mitundu yonse ya anthu, ndi a manenedwe onse, am’tumikire; ulamuliro wake ndi ulamuliro wosatha . . . ndi ufumu wake sudzawonongeka.” (Danieli 7:14) Choncho Ufumu Waumesiya unakhazikitsidwa kumwamba mu 1914. Komabe, ufumuwo wapatsidwanso kwa ena.

38, 39. Ndani adzalandira ulamuliro wosatha wolamulira dziko lonse?

³⁸ Mngeloyo anati: “Opatulika a Wam’mwambamwamba adzalandira ufumuwo.” (Danieli 7:18, 22, 27) Yesu Kristu ndiye mkulu wa opatulikawo. (Machitidwe 3:14; 4:27, 30) “Opatulika” enawo amene adzalamulira limodzi naye ndiwo Akristu okhulupirika odzozedwa ndi mzimu okwanira 144,000, amene adzalandira Ufumu limodzi ndi Kristu. (Aroma 1:7; 8:17; 2 Atesalonika 1:5; 1 Petro 2:9) Iwo amaukitsidwa ku imfa monga mizimu yosafa kuti akalamulire ndi Kristu pa phiri la Ziyoni lakumwamba. (Chivumbulutso 2:10; 14:1; 20:6) Motero, Kristu Yesu limodzi ndi Akristu odzozedwa oukitsidwawo adzalamulira dziko la mtundu wa anthu.

³⁹ Ponena za ulamuliro wa Mwana wa munthu ndi “opatulika” enawo, mngelo wa Mulungu anati: “Ufumu, ndi ulamuliro, ndi ukulu wa maufumu, pansi pa thambo lonse, zidzapatsidwa kwa anthu opatulika a Wam’mwambamwamba; ufumu wake ndiwo ufumu wosatha, ndi mayiko onse adzam’tumikira ndi kum’mvera.” (Danieli 7:27) Adzakhaladi madalitso osaneneka, amene anthu omvera adzasangalala nawo mu Ufumuwo!

40. Kodi tingapindule motani mwa kusamalira loto la Danieli ndi masomphenya ake?

⁴⁰ Danieli sanadziŵe zonse za kukwaniritsidwa kodabwitsa kwa masomphenya amene Mulungu anam’patsa. Iye anati: “Kutha kwake kwa chinthuchi n’kuno. Ine Danieli, maganizo anga anandivuta [“anandiopsa,” NW] kwambiri, ndi nkhope yanga inasandulika; koma ndinasunga chinthuchi m’mtima mwanga.” (Danieli 7:28) Koma ife tikukhala m’nthaŵi imene titha kuzindikira kukwaniritsidwa kwa zimene Danieli anaona. Kusamalira ulosi umenewu kudzalimbitsa chikhulupiriro chathu ndi chitsimikizo chakuti Mfumu Yaumesiya ya Yehova idzalamulira dziko lonse.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

KODI MWAZINDIKIRA CHIYANI?

• Kodi chilichonse cha ‘zilombo zazikulu zinayi zotuluka m’nyanja’ chikuimira chiyani?

• Kodi nyanga “yaing’ono” n’chiyani?

• Kodi “opatulika” anazunzidwa motani ndi nyanga yaing’ono yophiphiritsayo m’kati mwa nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse?

• Kodi n’chiyani chidzaonekera nyanga yaing’ono yophiphiritsayo limodzi ndi maulamuliro ena onga zilombo?

• Kodi mwapindula motani mwa kusamalira loto la Danieli ndi masomphenya ake onena za “zilombo zinayi”?

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba 149-152]

MFUMU YOLOLERA

MLEMBI wina wachigiriki wa m’zaka za zana lachisanu B.C.E, anakumbukira mfumu imeneyo monga mfumu yololera komanso yabwino. M’Baibulo imatchedwa “wodzozedwa” wa Mulungu ndi “mbalame yolusa kuchokera kum’maŵa.” (Yesaya 45:1; 46:11) Mfumu yotchulidwa ndi mawuwo ndi Koresi Wamkulu, wa ku Perisiya.

Kukwera kwa Koresi kunayamba mu 560/559 B.C.E. pamene analoŵa m’malo bambo wake, Kambisesi 1, pampando wachifumu wa Ashani, mzinda kapena boma la Perisiya wakale. Panthaŵi imeneyo Ashani anali m’manja mwa nduna yaikulu ya Asitajesi, Mfumu ya Mediya. Atagalukira ulamuliro wa Mediya, Koresi anagonjetsa ufumuwo mofulumira kwambiri chifukwa asilikali a Asitajesi anali atam’pandukira. Zitatero, Amedi anaika chidaliro chawo mwa Koresi. Kuyambira pamenepo, Amedi ndi Aperisi anamenya nkhondo mogwirizana pansi pa utsogoleri wake. Motero ulamuliro wa Amedi ndi Aperisi unakhazikitsidwa ndipo m’kupita kwa nthaŵi unafutukula malire ake kuchokera ku nyanja ya Ejani mpaka ku mtsinje wa Indase—Onani mapu.

Pokhala ndi gulu lankhondo lophatikiza Amedi ndi Aperisi, Koresi choyamba anakakhazikitsa bata kumalo ovuta—dera lakumadzulo la Mediya kumene Kolosase, Mfumu ya Lidiya, anali kufutukulira malire ake m’dera la Mediya. Potulukira kumalire akum’maŵa kwa Ufumu wa Lidiya ku Asiyamina, Koresi anagonjetsa Kolosase ndi kulanda Sarde, likulu lake. Ndiyeno Koresi anagonjetsa mizinda yonse ya Agiriki naloŵetsa Asiyamina yense mu Ufumu wa Amedi ndi Aperisi. Motero iye anakhala mdani wamkulu wa Babulo ndi mfumu yake, Nabonidasi.

Ndiyeno Koresi anakonzekera kukathana naye Babulo wamphamvuyo. Ndipo kuchokera panthaŵiyo kumkabe m’tsogolo, anachita mbali yokwaniritsa ulosi wa Baibulo. Kupyolera mwa mneneri Yesaya, pafupifupi zaka mazana aŵiri pasadakhale, Yehova anali atatchula Koresi monga wolamulira amene akagwetsa Babulo ndi kumasula Ayuda mu ukapolo. Choncho, pamene Malemba amatchula Koresi kuti “wodzozedwa” wa Yehova, amatero chifukwa cha kusankhidwiratu kwake kumeneku.—Yesaya 44:26-28.

Koresi atapita kuti akalimbane ndi Babulo mu 539 B.C.E., anayang’anizana ndi chintchito chovuta kwabasi. Mzindawo unaoneka kukhala wosagonjetseka. Unazingidwa ndi malinga aakulu ndi chemba chakuya ndi chotakata chokumbika ndi mtsinje wa Firate. Kumene Firate anadutsa m’Babulo, m’mphepete mwake munali linga longa phiri ndi zipata zamkuwa zazikulu. Kodi Koresi akanam’landa bwanji Babulo?

Zaka zoposa zana limodzi pasadakhale, Yehova ananeneratu za ‘chilala pamadzi ake’ ndiponso anati “adzaphwa.” (Yeremiya 50:38) Pokwaniritsa ulosiwo, Koresi anapatutsa madzi a mtsinje wa Firate, makilomita angapo kumpoto kwa Babulo. Ndiyeno asilikali ake anawoloka khuvukhuvu pamadzipo, nakwera therezi lofika kulingako, kenako anangoloŵa mumzindamo chifukwa zipata zamkuwazo zinali chitsegukire. Mofanana ndi “mbalame yolusa” imene imatera ndi liŵiro lalikulu pokwathula mdani wake monga chakudya, wolamulira ameneyu ‘wochokera kum’maŵa,’ analanda Babulo usiko umodzi wokha!

Kwa Ayuda okhala m’Babulo, chipambano cha Koresi chinatanthauza chimasuko chimene anachiyembekezera nthaŵi yaitali kuti achoke ku ukapolo ndi kukadzutsa dziko lakwawo limene linakhala bwinja zaka 70. Chisangalalo chawo chinali chodzaza tsaya pamene Koresi anapereka chilengezo chakuti aloledwa kubwerera ku Yerusalemu kuti akamangenso kachisi! Koresi anawabwezera zotengera zamtengo wapatali za m’kachisi zimene Nebukadinezara anatengera ku Babulo, anaperekanso chilolezo cha mfumu chakuti aziitanitsa matabwa kuchokera ku Lebano, nalolanso ndalama zochokera m’nyumba ya mfumu kuti zikathandize pantchito yomangayo.—Ezara 1:1-11; 6:3-5.

Kwenikweni, Koresi anatsata chikhalidwe chabwino chaumunthu ndi mtima wololera pochita ndi anthu amene anawagonjetsa. Chifukwa chimodzi chokhalira ndi moyo umenewu chiyenera kuti chinali chipembedzo chake. Mwachionekere, Koresi anakhulupirira ziphunzitso za mneneri wachiperisi, dzina lake Zorositala, ndipo anapembedza Ahura Mazida—mulungu amene iwo anam’ganizira kukhala mlengi wa zabwino zonse. M’buku lake lakuti The Zoroastrian Tradition, Farhang Mehr analemba kuti: “Zorositala anaphunzitsa kuti Mulungu ndi wa chikhalidwe changwiro. Anauza anthu kuti Ahura Mazida salipsira, koma ndi wachilungamo, choncho sayenera kuopedwa koma kukondedwa.” Kukhulupirira mulungu wa chikhalidwe chabwino ndi wachilungamo kuyenera kuti kunaumba makhalidwe a Koresi ndi kulimbikitsa mwa iye mtima wololera ndi wosakondera.

Komabe, mfumuyo sinalolere kwenikweni nyengo ya ku Babulo. Siinathe kupirira nyengo yotentha ya chilimwe cha kumeneko. Choncho, ngakhale kuti Babulo anakhalabe likulu la ufumuwo, komanso likulu la chipembedzo ndi zochitika zina pamoyo wa anthu, kwenikweni anali likulu lake la m’nyengo yachisanu. Ndi iko komwe, Koresi atagonjetsa Babulo, anabwerera msanga ku likulu lake la m’chilimwe, ku Akimeta, amene anali pa mamita 1,900 pamwamba pa mlingo wa nyanja, kumunsi kwa phiri la Alwandi. Kumeneko kunam’yanja chifukwa nyengo yachisanu ndi yachilimwe sizinali zosiyana mopitirira. Koresi anamanganso nyumba ya mfumu ulemerero kwambiri m’likulu lake lakale, ku Pasagade (pafupi ndi Perisepolisi), pamtunda wa makilomita pafupifupi 650 kumwera chakum’maŵa kwa Akimeta. Kunyumba imeneyo n’kumene amakapumirako.

Choncho, Koresi anasiya chikumbukiro chakuti anali wogonjetsa wopanda mantha komanso mfumu yololera. Ulamuliro wake wa zaka 30 unatha pamene anamwalira ali kunkhondo mu 530 B.C.E. Mwana wake Kambisesi 2 anatenga malo ake monga mfumu ya Perisiya.

KODI MWAZINDIKIRA CHIYANI?

• Kodi Koresi Mperisiyo anakhala motani “wodzozedwa” wa Yehova?

• Kodi Koresi anawathandiza m’njira zotani anthu a Yehova?

• Kodi Koresi ankachita nawo motani anthu amene anawagonjetsa?

[Mapu]

(Onani m’buku lenileni kuti mumvetse izi)

UFUMU WA MEDIYA NDI PERISIYA

MAKEDONIYA

Mofi

IGUPTO

AITIOPIYA

Yerusalemu

Babulo

Akimeta

Susa

Pesepoli

INDIYA

[Chithunzi]

Manda a Koresi, ku Pasagade

[Chithunzi]

Chipilala ku Pasagade panyumba ya Koresi

[Bokosi/zithunzi patsamba 153-161]

MFUMU YACHINYAMATA IGONJETSA DZIKO LONSE

PAFUPIFUPI zaka 2,300 zapitazo, kazembe wina wankhondo, wa tsitsi lake lokongola lofiirira, anaimirira pagombe la nyanja ya Mediterranean. Anali kuyang’anitsitsa mzinda wapachilumba umene unali pamtunda wa theka la kilomita. Popeza anali woletsedwa kuloŵa mumzindawo, kazembe wokwiyayu anatsimikiza mtima kuti akaugonjetsa basi. Kodi anaukonzekera motani? Kumanga chiunda chopangapo msewu wokafika pachilumbapo ndi kusonkhanitsa asilikali ake kuti akaugonjetse. Ndipo ntchito yomanga msewuwo inali itayamba kale.

Koma uthenga wochokera kwa mfumu yaikulu ya Ufumu wa Perisiya unasokoneza mapulani a kazembe wankhondoyo. Mfumu ya Perisiyayo, pofuna kupeŵa nkhondo, inapereka mphatso yodabwitsa: inati ikam’patsa matalente 10,000 a golidi (zoposa US$2,000,000,000 m’ndalama zamakono), inatinso kazembeyo akwatire mmodzi wa ana a mfumuyo, ndi kuti adzalamulira dera lonse la kumadzulo kwa Ufumu wa Perisiya. Mfumuyi inapereka zonsezi kuti aibwezere banja lake, limene kazembeyo anali ataligwira.

Kazembeyo, amene anafunikira kusankhapo kulandira kapena kukana choperekacho, anali Alesandro 3 wa ku Makedoniya. Kodi analandira choperekacho? Wolemba mbiri Ulrich Wilcken anati: “Inali nthaŵi ya tsoka ku dziko lonse la m’nthaŵiyo. Zotsatirapo za chosankha chake zinafika m’Nyengo Zapakati mpaka m’tsiku lathu lino, m’mayiko akum’maŵa komanso akumadzulo.” Tisanafotokoze mmene Alesandro anayankhira, tione kaye zimene zinachitika kuti pakhale mphindi yodetsa nkhaŵa ngati imeneyi.

MBIRI YA WOGONJETSAYO

Alesandro anabadwira ku Pella, ku Makedoniya, mu 356 B.C.E. Bambo wake anali Mfumu Filipi 2, ndipo mayi wake anali Olimpiyasi. Mayiyu anaphunzitsa Alesandro kuti mafumu a Makedoniya anachokera kwa Ekule, mwana wamwamuna wa Zeu, mulungu wa Agiriki. Malinga n’kunena kwa Olimpiyasi, Alesandro anali wa nyumba ya Akile, ngwazi ya m’ndakatulo ya Homer yotchedwa Iliad. Choncho, pokhala kuti makolo ake anam’dyetsa maganizo a ungwazi ndi ulemerero wachifumu, Alesandro wamng’onoyo sanafunenso ntchito zina. Atam’funsa ngati akathamanga nawo makani aakulu m’Maseŵero a Olimpiki, Alesandro anati akatero ngati akapikisana ndi mafumu. Chikhumbo chake chinali kuchita zinthu zazikulu kuposa bambo wake ndi kupeza ulemerero mwa zipambano zake.

Ali ndi zaka 13, Alesandro anali wophunzira wa Arisitote, Mgiriki wafilosofi, amene anam’limbikitsa kuphunzira zafilosofi, zamankhwala, ndi zasayansi. N’zosatsimikizika kuti ziphunzitso zafilosofi za Arisitote zinaumba kalingaliridwe ka Alesandro kufika pati. “Zikuoneka kuti aŵiriwo sankaonana kwenikweni pamaso m’pamaso,” anatero Bertrand Russell, wafilosofi wa m’zaka za zana la 20. “Ndale zimene Arisitote ankadziŵa zinali za boma lachigiriki la mzinda, zimene panthaŵiyo zinalikutha.” Lingaliro la boma la mzinda wokha silikanasangalatsa mwana wa mfumuyo amene anafunitsitsa kumanga ufumu waukulu. Alesandro ayeneranso kuti anakayikira maganizo a Arisitote a kuona anthu osakhala Agiriki monga akapolo, pakuti iye amafuna ufumu womangidwa pa ubale weniweni pakati pa ogonjetsa ndi ogonjetsedwa.

Komabe, m’posakayikitsa kuti Arisitote ndiye anaphunzitsa Alesandro kukonda kuŵerenga ndi kuphunzira kwambiri. Alesandro anakhalabe wokonda kuŵerenga moyo wake wonse, makamaka zolemba za Homer. Amati iye analoŵeza pamtima ndakatulo yotchedwa Iliad—ankatha kulakatula mizera yake yonse yokwanira 15,693.

Mwana wa mfumuyo wa zaka 16 anasiya mwadzidzidzi kuphunzitsidwa ndi Arisitote mu 340 B.C.E. atabwerera ku Pella kukalamulira Makedoniya m’malo mwa bambo wake. Ndipo kalonga woloŵa ufumuyu posakhalitsa anayamba kudziŵika pankhani zankhondo. Filipi anasangalala poona kuti iyeyu anagonjetsa mosavuta mtundu wogalukira wa Ameadi a ku Thiresi, analanda likulu lawo ngati kavulumvulu, ndipo anatcha malowo Alexandroúpolis, kutengera dzina lake.

APITIRIZA NDI KUGONJETSA KWAKE

Kuphedwa kwa Filipi mu 336 B.C.E. kunachititsa kuti Alesandroyo wa zaka 20 akhale pampando wachifumu wa Makedoniya. Poloŵa mu Asiya ku Helesipotale (tsopano wotchedwa Dardanelles) kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 334 B.C.E., Alesandro anayamba nkhondo zogonjetsa mitundu, ali ndi gulu lake laling’ono koma la asilikali aukatswiri, 30,000 oyenda pansi ndi 5,000 a pamahachi. Pakati pa asilikali ake panalinso akatswiri omanga zinthu, oyeza malo, akatswiri olemba mapulani, asayansi, ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale.

Alesandro anapambana nkhondo yake yoyamba yolimbana ndi Aperisi pamtsinje wa Gelenikasi, kungodya ya kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Asiyamina (tsopano Turkey). M’nyengo yachisanu imeneyo analandanso dera lakumadzulo la Asiyamina. Pofika m’chilimwe anamenya nkhondo yachiŵiri yolimbana ndi Aperisi kumalo otchedwa Isase, kungodya ya kumwera chakum’maŵa kwa Asiyamina. Mfumu yaikulu ya Perisiya, Dariyo 3, anatsikira kumeneko ndi asilikali ake okwanira pafupifupi theka la miliyoni kuti akathane ndi Alesandro. Podzidalira mopambanitsa, Dariyo anatenganso amayi ake, mkazi wake, ndi ena a banja lake kuti akadzionere okha mmene ati akapambanire monyaditsa. Koma Aperisiwo analibiretu chithunzi chakuti Amakedoniyawo akaukira modzidzimutsa komanso molusa kwambiri. Asilikali a Alesandro anagonjetsa kotheratu asilikali achiperisiya, ndipo Dariyo analikumba liŵiro kuthaŵa ndi kusiya banja lake litagwidwa ndi Alesandro.

M’malo mopitikitsa Aperisi othaŵawo, Alesandro analoŵera kumwera motsatira gombe la nyanja ya Mediterranean, akumalanda madoko kumene ngalawa zamphamvu za Aperisi zinakochezako. Koma analephera kulanda mzinda wapachilumba wa Turo. Potsimikiza mtima kuti augonjetse basi, Alesandro anazinga mzindawo miyezi isanu ndi iŵiri. Ndi panthaŵiyi pamene Dariyo anapereka mphatso zimene tatchula zija zopempha mtendere. Mphatsozo zinali zokopa kwambiri moti, Paramenio, mmodzi wa aphungu odalirika a Alesandro akuti anati: ‘N’kanakhala Alesandro, n’kanalandira.’ Koma kazembe wachinyamatayo poyankha anati: “Inenso n’kanatero, n’kanakhala Paramenio.” Pokana kukambirana, Alesandro anapitiriza kulalira mzindawo, wokongola ngati dona pakati pa madzi, kenako anaphwasula dona wapamadziyo mu July 332 B.C.E.

Atalekerera Yerusalemu, amene anadzipereka kwa iye, Alesandro analoŵera kumwera, kumene anakagonjetsa mzinda wa Gaza. Igupto potopa ndi chitsenderezo cha Perisiya, analandira Alesandro ndi manja aŵiri monga mpulumutsi wake. Atafika ku Mefasi anapereka nsembe kwa ng’ombe ya Apisi, zimene zinakondweretsa ansembe a Igupto. Anakhazikitsanso mzinda wa Alesandriya, umene unadzafanana ndi mzinda wa Atene pokhala likulu la maphunziro, ndipo mpaka lero ukutchedwabe ndi dzina lake.

Kenako, Alesandro anatembenukira kumpoto chakum’maŵa, akumadutsa m’Palesitina ndi kuloŵera ku mtsinje wa Tigirisi. M’chaka cha 331 B.C.E., anamenya nkhondo yaikulu yachitatu yolimbana ndi Aperisi, ku Gwagamela, pafupi ndi mabwinja a Nineve. Kumeneko asilikali a Alesandro okwanira 47,000 anagonjetsa gulu la nkhondo lokonzedwanso la Perisiya la asilikali osachepera 250,000! Dariyo anathaŵa koma anakaphedwa ndi anthu ake.

Atatengeka ndi mzimu wogonjetsa, Alesandro analoŵera kumwera kumene anakalanda Babulo, likulu la m’chisanu la Perisiya. Analandanso malikulu a Susa ndi Pesepoli, akumafunkha chuma chochuluka cha Perisiya ndi kutentha nyumba yachifumu yaikulu ya Sasta. Potsirizira pake, analandanso likulu la Akimeta. Ndiyeno wogonjetsa wokangaza ameneyu analanda ufumu wonse wa Perisiya, mpaka kukafika kum’maŵa kwenikweni ku mtsinje wa Indase, lerolino wopezeka ku Pakistan.

Atawoloka mtsinje wa Indase, m’chigawo chochita malire ndi dera la Perisiya la Takisila, Alesandro anakumana ndi mdani wamphamvu, Porasi, mfumu yachiindiya. Alesandro anamenyana naye nkhondo yaikulu yachinayi komanso yomaliza, mu June 326 B.C.E. Gulu lankhondo la Porasi linali ndi asilikali 35,000 ndi njovu 200, zimene zinaopsa mahachi a Amakedoniya. Nkhondoyo inali yoopsa ndipo anthu anafa mochititsa kakasi koma asilikali a Alesandro anapambana. Porasi anagonja nadzipereka kukhala kumbali ya Alesandro.

Panali patapita zaka zisanu ndi zitatu kuchokera pamene gulu lankhondo la Amakedoniya linawoloka kuloŵa mu Asiya, ndipo asilikaliwo anali otopa komanso analakalaka kwawo. Potaya mtima ndi nkhondo yoopsayo imene anamenyana ndi Porasi, anafuna kubwerera kumudzi. Ngakhale kuti Alesandro amakana poyamba, anamvera maganizo awo. Girisi anakhaladi ulamuliro wamphamvu padziko lonse. Popeza kuti Girisi anakhazikitsa maboma achitsamunda m’mayiko onse amene anagonjetsa, chinenero ndi chikhalidwe cha Agiriki chinafalikira m’mayiko onsewo.

MUNTHU AMENE ANATHEKETSA ZIPAMBANO ZONSEZO

Chinsinsi chimene chinamanga pamodzi gulu lankhondo la Amakedoniya m’zaka zonsezo za zipambano zawo chinali umunthu wa Alesandro. Pambuyo pa nkhondo iliyonse, chinali chizoloŵezi cha Alesandro kukaona ovulala, kuona mabala awo, kutamanda asilikali pakulimbikira kwawo, ndipo anawalemekeza mwa kuwapatsa mphatso malinga ndi zipambano zawo. Ponena za amene anataya miyoyo yawo pankhondo, Alesandro anawakonzera mwambo wamaliro wolemekezeka. Makolo ndi ana a malemuwo anali kupatulidwa kuti asamakhome nawo misonkho kapena kugwira nawo ntchito zina. Pofuna kusanguluka pambuyo pa nkhondo, Alesandro ankakonza maseŵero ndi mipikisano ina. Nthaŵi ina, anapereka tchuthi kwa amuna okwatira chatsopano, kuti akakhale kunyumba ndi akazi awo nyengo yonse yachisanu ku Makedoniya. Zochita ngati zimenezi zinachititsa kuti asilikali ake am’konde ndi kum’sirira.

Ponena za ukwati wa Alesandro kwa Rozana, mwana wa mfumu ya Bakitiya, Mgiriki wina wolemba mbiri za anthu analemba kuti: “Kwenikweni chinali chibwenzi, komabe chinaoneka kukhala choyenera malinga ndi cholinga chake. Chinali chinthu chosangalatsa anthu amene anawagonjetsa kuona iye akusankha mkazi pakati pawo, ndipo zinawachititsa kum’konda kwambiri, poona kuti ngakhale anatengeka kwambiri ndi chikondi cha mkaziyo, monga munthu wodziletsa, sanam’khudze mkaziyo kufikira atakwatirana mwalamulo ndi molemekezeka.”

Alesandro analemekezanso maukwati a ena. Ngakhale kuti mkazi wa Mfumu Dariyo anali wandende wake, iye anaonetsetsa kuti mkaziyo akupatsidwa ulemu. Mofananamo, atamva kuti asilikali aŵiri achimakedoniya anagwirira akazi a alendo, analamula kuti anyongedwe akapezeka ndi mlandu.

Mofanana ndi mayi wake Olimpiyasi, Alesandro anali wopembedza kwambiri. Ankapereka nsembe popita kunkhondo ndi pobwerako. Ankafunsiranso kwa oombeza za malodza ena. Anafunsiranso kwa wa ula wina ku Amoni, ku Libiya. Ndipo ku Babulo iye anatsata malangizo a Akasidi pakaperekedwe ka nsembe, makamaka kwa Beli (Maduki), mulungu wa Ababulo.

Ngakhale kuti Alesandro anali wodziletsa pa zakumwa ndi zakudya, m’kupita kwa nthaŵi anayamba kumwa mwauchidakwa. Nthaŵi zonse akamwa amalongolola kwambiri ndi kudzitama chifukwa cha zipambano zake. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zoipitsitsa zimene anachita ndicho kupha bwenzi lake Kilitasi, pokwiya ataledzera. Koma chikumbumtima chake chinam’vutitsa kwambiri moti anakhala chigonere m’bedi masiku atatu, akukana kudya kapena kumwa chilichonse. Potsirizira pake, anzake anakhoza kum’nyengerera kuti ayambe kudya.

M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, mtima wake wosakhutira ndi ulemerero unabala mikhalidwe ina yoipa. Anayamba kukhulupirira zinenezo zilizonse zabodza ndi kumapereka zilango zankhanza kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, atamva chinenezo chakuti Filotase anakonza nawo chiwembu chofuna kumupha, Alesandro analamula kuti iyeyo anyongedwe limodzi ndi bambo wake, Paramenio, phungu wake wodalirika uja.

ALESANDRO AGONJETSEDWA

Posakhalitsa atabwerera ku Babulo, Alesandro anadwala malungo, ndipo sanachire. Pa June 13, 323 B.C.E., atakhala ndi moyo zaka 32 zokha ndi miyezi 8, Alesandro anagonja kwa mdani wamphamvu koposa. Mdaniyo ndiye imfa.

Zinachitika monga momwe ananenera amuna ena anzeru achiindiya kuti: “Mbuyanga, Mfumu Alesandro, munthu aliyense amakhala ndi gawo lake padziko lomwe tapondapoli; ndipo inunso ndinu munthu ngati ena onse, ngakhale kuti mwachita zochuluka ndi mosalekeza, kuyenda uku ndi uku padziko lonse lapansi kutali ndi kwanu, kudzivutitsa ndi kuvutitsanso ena. Dziŵani kuti posachedwa mumwalira, ndipo chanu chidzangokhala gawo lanulo la dziko lapansi lokwanira manda anu.”

KODI MWAZINDIKIRA CHIYANI?

• Kodi mbiri ya Alesandro Wamkulu inali yotani?

• Kodi Alesandro atangotenga ufumu wa Makedoniya anayamba ndawala ya chiyani?

• Fotokozani zipambano zina za Alesandro.

• Kodi tinganenenji za umunthu wa Alesandro?

[Mapu]

(Onani m’buku lenileni kuti mumvetse izi)

KUGONJETSA KWA ALESANDRO

MAKEDONIYA

IGUPTO

Babulo

Mtsinje wa Indase

[Chithunzi]

Alesandro

[Chithunzi]

Arisitote ndi wophunzira wake Alesandro

[Chithunzi chachikulu]

[Chithunzi]

Mendulo yonenedwa kusonyeza Alesandro Wamkulu

[Bokosi/Zithunzi patsamba162-163]

UFUMU WAUKULU UGAŴIKA

PONENA za ufumu wa Alesandro Wamkulu, Baibulo linaneneratu za kugaŵika kwake, koma linatinso “sadzaulandira a mbumba yake.” (Danieli 11:3, 4) Malinga ndi ulosiwo, pazaka 14 zokha pambuyo pa imfa yadzidzidzi ya Alesandro mu 323 B.C.E., mwana wake Alesandro 4 komanso mwana wake wina wapathengo Elakule, anaphedwa.

Pofika chaka cha 301 B.C.E., akazembe ankhondo anayi a Alesandro anadziika okha kukhala olamulira ufumu waukuluwo umene mtsogoleri wawo anamanga. Kazembe Kasanda analamulira Makedoniya ndi Girisi. Kazembe Lasamekase anapatsidwa Asiyamina ndi Thiresi. Mesopotamiya ndi Suriya anapita kwa Niketa Selukasi 1. Ndipo Tolemi Lagase, kapena kuti Tolemi 1, analamulira Igupto ndi Palesitina. Choncho, mu ufumu waukulu wa Alesandro munatuluka maufumu anayi achihelene, kapena kuti achigiriki.

Pa maufumu anayi achihelenewo, ulamuliro wa Kasanda ndiwo sunakhalitse. Pambuyo pa zaka zoŵerengeka Kasanda atayamba kulamulira, mzera wa ana ake aamuna unatha mwa kumwalira, ndipo mu 285 B.C.E., Lasamekase anatenga dera la ku Ulaya la Ufumu wa Agiriki. Patapita zaka zinayi, Lasamekase anaphedwa pankhondo yolimbana ndi Niketa Selukasi 1. Zimenezi zinachititsa Niketa kulamulira gawo lalikulu la Asiya. Selukasi anakhala woyamba pamzera wa mafumu a nyumba yake mu Suriya. Anamanga mzinda wa Antiokeya ku Suriya naukhazikitsa likulu lake latsopano. Selukasi anaphedwa mu 281 B.C.E., koma mzera wa mafumu umene anayambitsa unapitirira kulamulira mpaka mu 64 B.C.E. pamene Pompeyi, Kazembe wankhondo wachiroma anapanga Suriya kukhala chigawo cha Roma.

Pakati pa akazembe anayiwo a ufumu wa Alesandro, ufumu wa Tolemi ndiwo unakhala nthaŵi yaitali. Tolemi 1 anakhala mfumu mu 305 B.C.E., ndipo anali woyamba pamafumu, kapena kuti Afarao, achimakedoniya a Igupto. Atakhazikitsa Alesandriya monga likulu, nthaŵi yomweyo anayambanso kumanga chitukuko cha nyumba zamakono. Imodzi mwa nyumba zazikulu koposa zimene anamanga inali Laibulale ya Alesandriya yotchuka kwambiri. Pofuna munthu woyendetsa ntchito imeneyi, Tolemi anakatenga Demetriyo Falero ku Girisi, katswiri wotchuka wa ku Atene. Zolembedwa zimati, pofika m’zaka za zana loyamba C.E., laibulaleyo inali ndi mipukutu miliyoni imodzi. Mafumu a nyumba ya Tolemi anapitiriza kulamulira Igupto mpaka atagonjetsedwa ndi Roma mu 30 B.C.E. Pamenepo Roma analoŵa m’malo Girisi monga ulamuliro wamphamvu padziko lonse.

KODI MWAZINDIKIRA CHIYANI?

• Kodi ufumu wa Alesandro waukuluwo unagaŵika motani?

• Kodi mafumu a nyumba ya Selukasi analamulira mpaka liti mu Suriya?

• Kodi ufumu wa Tolemi ku Igupto unatha liti?

[Mapu]

(Onani m’buku lenileni kuti mumvetse izi)

KUGAŴIKA KWA UFUMU WA ALESANDRO

Kasanda

Lasamekase

Tolemi 1

Selukasi 1

[Zithunzi]

Tolemi 1

Selukasi 1

[Chithunzi patsamba 139]

(Onani m’buku lenileni kuti mumvetse izi)

MAULAMULIRO AMPHAMVU PADZIKO LONSE A MU ULOSI WA DANIELI

Fano lalikulu (Danieli 2:31-45)

Zilombo zinayi zituluka m’nyanja (Danieli 7:3-8, 17, 25)

BABULO kuyambira 607 B.C.E.

MEDIYA NDI PERISIYA kuyambira 539 B.C.E.

GIRISI kuyambira 331 B.C.E

ROMA kuyambira 30 B.C.E.

ULAMULIRO WAMPHAMVU PADZIKO LONSE WA BRITAIN NDI AMERICA kuyambira 1763 C.E.

DZIKO LOGAŴIKANA PANKHANI ZANDALE m’nthaŵi zamapeto

[Chithunzi chachikulu patsamba 128]

[Chithunzi chachikulu patsamba 147]