Grisi—Mphamvu Yaikulu ya Dziko Yachisanu
Mofanana ndi nyalugwe wamapiko, waliŵiro, Alexander anatuluka mu Grisi kukagonjetsa Asia Minor (Turkey wamakono), Palestina, Igupto, ndi ufumu wa Medi-Perisiya mtunda wonsewo kukafika kumapeto kwa India. Kodi mungakonde kudziŵa zambiri ponena za wogonjetsa wapadera ameneyu ndi chimene Baibulo limanena ponena za iye?
PA msinkhu wokha wa zaka 20, Alexander wachichepere analowa m’malo mpando wachifumu wa Macedoniya. Zaka ziŵiri pambuyo pake, kutsatira makonzedwe a atate wake Philip, Alexander anayambitsa nkhondo yobwezera motsutsana ndi a Perisiya amphamvu, amene ufumu wawo unali cha kum’mawa. Iye asanaime, Alexander anali atagonjetsa dziko la m’tsiku lake.
Katswiri wa nkhondo wa liŵiro wachichepere ameneyu anagonjetsa kupyola Asia Minor, Syria, Palestina, Igupto, Babulo, ndi ufumu wonse wa Medi-Perisiya kufikira ku malo opunthira tirigu a India wa kale! Akumakumbukiridwa mwinamwake monga nduna yaikulu kwambiri m’nthaŵi zakale, iye amadziwika lerolino monga Alexander Wamkulu.
M’nthaŵi yochepa yodabwitsa, Grisi anakhala yachisanu ya mphamvu zadziko za mbiri ya Baibulo—yaikulu kuposa ina iriyonse yapapitapo. Kodi chinthu choterocho chinachitika motani? Kodi icho chimagwirizana motani ndi Mawu a Mulungu? Nchiyani chimene ichi chimatanthauza kwa inu?
Inanenedweratu mu Ulosi wa Baibulo
Kwa zaka mazana aŵiri isanafike nthaŵi ya Alexander, pamene Babulo anagwedezeka ndipo Amedi ndi a Perisiya asanakhale mphamvu ya dziko, mneneri wa Yehova Danieli anapatsidwa masomphenya aŵiri akulu a ulosi omwe anandandalika mbiri ya mtsogolo ya dziko. Kenaka, pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Babulo, iye analandira ulosi wachitatu wonena za zinthu zomwe zikawoneka kutsogolo kwambiri itapita nthaŵi yake. Danieli anazilemba izo. Maulosi amenewa, omwe sanayambe kukwaniritsidwa kufikira zaka zina mazana aŵiri pambuyo pake, anali ndi chidziŵitso chachindunji chonena za zinthu zomwe zikachitika kwa Alexander ndi ku ufumu wake.
Nchiyani chimene chinavumbulutsidwa kwa Danieli? Mungapeze maulosiwo m’bukhu la Baibulo la Danieli, olembedwa chifupifupi chaka cha 536 B.C.E. Mwachidule, izi ndi zinthu zimene iye anawona zimene zinagwirizana ndi mphamvu ya dziko yachisanu, Grisi:
M’masomphenya oyamba a ulosi, Grisi anaimiridwa monga nyalugwe wokonzekeretsedwa ndi liŵiro lofulumira. “Chinali nawo mapiko anayi a [cholengedwa chowuluka NW] pamsana pake. . . . Nichinapatsidwa ulamuliro.”—Danieli 7:6.
M’masomphenya achiŵiri a ulosi, tonde anawonedwa “akuchokera kumadzulo [koloŵera dzuŵa] pa nkhope ya dziko lonse lapansi,” akumayenda ndi liŵiro loterolo kotero kuti “wosakhudza nthaka.” Chinabwera mtunda wonsewo kwa nkhosa yamphongo ya nyanga ziŵiri zimene mngelo ananena kuti “zimaimira mafumu a Mediya ndi Perisiya.” Tondeyo “anaigunda nkhosa yamphongoyo, nathyola nyanga zake ziŵiri.” Danieli anawuzidwa: “Tonde wamanyenje ndiye mfumu ya [Grisi NW].”—Danieli 8:5-8, 20, 21.
M’chochitika chachitatu, Danieli anawuzidwa kuti mfumu ya “Perisiya . . . idzawutsa onse alimbane nawo ufumu wa [Grisi NW]. Ndipo idzauka mfumu yamphamvu nidzachita ufumu ndi ulamuliro waukulu, nidzachita ufumu monga mwachifuniro chake.”—Danieli 11:2, 3.
Nchiyani chimene zophiphiritsa zimenezi zinatanthauza? Kodi zinthu zimenezi zinachitika m’njira imene Danieli anawuzidwira kuti zidzatero? Tiyeni tiwone.
Maulosi Akwaniritsidwa
M’ngululu ya chaka cha 334 B.C.E., Alexander analowa mu Asia pa Dardanelles (Hellespont yakale) ndi asilikali oyenda pansi 30,000 ndi anthu apakavalo 5,000. Ndi liŵiro la nyalugwe wophiphiritsira wa mapiko anayi kapena la mbuzi yomwe inawoneka kuti sinali kukhudza nthaka, iye anakantha kupyola maufumu a ufumu wa Perisiya—waukulu nthaŵi 50 kuyerekeza ndi ufumu wake! Kodi iye “akalamulira ufumu waukulu ndi kuchita mogwirizana ndi chifuniro chake”? Mbiri ikuyankha.
Pa Mtsinje wa Granicus ku ngodya ya kumpoto cha kumadzulo kwa Asia Minor (Turkey wamakono) Alexander anapambana ndi nkhondo yake yoyamba molimbana ndi a Perisiya. Nthaŵi ya chisanu imeneyo anagonjetsa kumadzulo kwa Asia Minor. M’chirimwe chotsatira pa Issus mu ngodya ya kum’mwera cha kum’mawa kwa Asia Minor, iye anagonjetsa kotheratu gulu la nkhondo la Perisiya loyerekezedwa pa chiŵerengero cha theka la amuna miliyoni imodzi, ndipo mfumu yaikulu, Dariyo III wa Perisiya, anathaŵa, kusiya banja lake m’manja mwa Alexander.
M’malo mwa kutsatira a Perisiya othaŵawo, Alexander anayenda chakum’mwera mphepete mwa gombe la Mediterranean, kugonjetsa maziko a magulu ankhondo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi gulu lankhondo la pamadzi lamphamvu la Perisiya. Mzinda wa chisumbu wa Turo unalimbikira kwa miyezi isanu ndi iŵiri. Pomalizira, akumagwiritsira ntchito linga lochinjirizira la mzinda wakale waukulu umene Nebukadinezara anawononga, Alexander anamanga msewu waukulu kudutsa nyanja kupita ku mzinda wa chisumbu. Zotsalira za msewu waukulu woyenda pa nyanja umenewo zidakali zowonekera lerolino, kuchitira umboni kukwaniritsidwa kwa ulosi wa Ezekieli wakuti fumbi la Turo lidzaponyedwa m’nyanja.—Ezekieli 26:4, 12.
Akumaleka Yerusalemu, yemwe anagonjera kwa iye, Alexander anapita kum’mwera, kugonjetsa Gaza ndi kukulitsa “ulamuliro wake waukulu” ndi kuchita “monga mwa chifuniro chake” mu Igupto, kumene iye analonjeredwa monga mpulumutsi. Pa Mofi iye anapereka nsembe kwa ng’ombe ya nkhunzi ya Apis, mwakutero kusangalatsa ansembe a Chiigupto. Iye anapezanso mzinda wa Alesandriya, umene pambuyo pake unapikisana ndi Atene monga maziko akuphunzira ndipo umene udakali ndi dzina lake.
Zonulirapo zonse za makonzedwe a Philip zinakwaniritsidwa ndi kupambana, koma Alexander anali kutalitali ndi kumaliza. Mofanana ndi tonde woyenda mofulumira, iye anatembenukira kumpoto cha kum’mawa, kudutsa Palestina ndi kupitirira kukwera kulinga ku Mtsinje wa Tigrisi. Kumeneko, m’chaka cha 331 B.C.E., iye anakumana ndi a Perisiya pa Gaugamela, osati kutali kwambiri ndi bwinja logwetsedwa la mzinda waukulu wakale wa Asuri, Nineve. Amuna 47,000 a Alexander anagonjetsa gulu lankhondo lolinganizidwanso la a Perisiya 1,000,000. Dariyo III anathaŵa ndipo pambuyo pake anaphedwa ndi anthu ake.
Atakondweretsedwa ndi chipambano, Alexander anatembenukira kum’mwera ndi kutenga likulu la nthaŵi ya chisanu la Perisiya, Babulo. Iye analandanso malikulu a Susa ndi Persepolis, kulanda chuma chachikulu cha Perisiya ndi kutentha nyumba yachifumu yaikulu ya Xerxes. Pomalizira, likulu pa Akimeta linagwera kwa iye. Wogonjetsa waliŵiro ameneyu kenaka anagonjetsa mbali yonse ya ulamuliro wa Perisiya, akumapita kutali kwambiri kufikira kum’mawa kwa mtsinje wa Indus mu Pakistan wamakono. Mosakaikira, Grisi anakhala mphamvu yaikulu ya dziko yachisanu m’mbiri ya Baibulo.
Kugonjetsa kwa Alexander kunafalitsanso chinenero cha Chigriki ndi miyambo kupyolera mu ulamuliro wake waukuluwo. Ndi mizinda yolamuliridwa ndi Agriki yokhazikitsidwa m’maiko ogonjetsedwawo, Chigriki chofala cha Koine chinakhala chinenero cha mitundu yonse cha m’tsikulo. Chinali chinenero chimene pambuyo pake chinagwiritsiridwa ntchito kulemba Malemba Achikristu a Chigriki a Baibulo.
Ufumu wa Alexander Ugawanika
Alexander anafuna kumanganso Babulo monga likulu la ufumu wake. Koma ichi sichinayenere kuchitika. Maulosi anali atalongosola tonde wamanyenje kukhala ndi nyanga imodzi yaikulu, ponena za imene Danieli anauzidwa kuti:
“Ndipo tondeyo anadzikulitsa kwakukulu, koma atakhala wamphamvu, nyanga yake yaikulu inathyoka; ndi m’malo mwake munaphuka nyanga zinayi zowoneka bwino, zoloza ku mphepo zinayi za mlengalenga. . . . Ndi tonde wamanyenje ndiye mfumu ya [Grisi NW], ndi nyanga yaikulu iri pakati pa maso ake ndiyo mfumu yoyamba. Ndi kuti zinaphuka zinayi m’malo mwake mwa iyo inathyoka, adzauka maufumu anayi ochokera mu mtunduwu wa anthu, koma osakhala nayo mphamvu ya uja.”—Danieli 8:8, 21, 22.
“Ndipo pakuuka iye, ufumu wake udzathyoledwa nudzagawikira ku mphepo zinayi za mlengalenga; koma sadzaulandira a mbumba yake akudza m’mbuyo, kapena monga mwa ulamuliro wake anachita ufumu nawo; pakuti ufumu wake udzazulidwa, ukhale wa ena, si wa aja ayi.”—Danieli 11:4.
Monga mmene Baibulo linaneneratu, kusangalala kwa Alexander kwa ulamuliro wa dziko kunali kwa kanthaŵi kochepa. Pachimake penipeni pa ntchito yake yachipambano, pa msinkhu wa zaka 32 zokha, kugonjetsa kopanda chifundo kwa Alexander kunafika kumapeto. Atakanthidwa ndi matenda a malungo, iye anapitirizabe kuchita phwando kufikira ataledzera ndipo mwadzidzidzi anafa mu Babulo mu 323 B.C.E. Thupi lake linatengedwa ku Igupto ndi kuikidwa m’manda mu Alesandriya. “Nyanga yaikulu” yomwe “inaimira ufumu woyamba” inathyoka. Nchiyani kenaka chinachitika ku ufumu wake?
Ulosiwo unanena kuti ukulu wake udzagawanika “koma osati kwa ambumba ake.” Mbale wopunduka wa Alexander Philip Arrhidaeus analamulira kwa nthaŵi yochepa koma anaphedwa. Anateronso mwana walamulo wa Alexander wotchedwa Alexander (Allou) ndi mwana wake wa m’chigololo Heracles (Hercules). Chotero mzera wa Alexander Wamkulu, wokhetsa mwazi wamkulu, unafa.
Chonenedweratunso chinali chakuti “adzauka maufumu anayi ochokera mu mtundu wa anthu, koma osakhala nayo mphamvu ya uja” ndipo kuti ufumu wake “udzagaŵikira ku mphepo zinayi za mlengalenga, koma . . . osati mwa ulamuliro wake anachita ufumu nawo.” Kodi ichi chinachitika?
M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, ufumu waukulu wa Alexander unagawanidwa pakati pa zinayi za nduna zake: (1) Nduna Cassander—Macedonia ndi Grisi. (2) Nduna Lysimachus—Asia Minor ndi European Thrace. (3) Nduna Seleucus Nicator—Babulo, Media, Syria, Perisiya ndi zigawo za kum’mawa kufikira ku mtsinje wa Indus. (4) Nduna Ptolemy Lagus—Igupto, Libya, ndi Palestina. Monga mmene kunaloseredwera, kuchokera ku ufumu umodzi waukulu wa Alexander kunabuka maufumu anayi a Ahelene, kapena a Agrisi.a
Wautali koposa wa maufumuwa unali ufumu wa Ptolemy mu Igupto. Iwo unagwa ku Roma mu 30 B.C.E., pamene Roma analoŵa m’malo a Grisi ndi kukhala mphamvu yaikulu yadziko yachisanu ndi chimodzi.
Ziyembekezo Zowala Kutsogolo Kaamba ka Mtundu wa Anthu
Kodi mphamvu zadziko zotsendereza zinayenera kupitiriza mosalekeza kwa nthaŵi yonse? Ayi, popeza Baibulo limatiuza ife kuti tikukhala pafupi ndi mapeto a yomalizira ya iwo.—Chivumbulutso 17:10.
Pambuyo pa kubwereramo m’maboma a anthu onga zirombo amenewa, Danieli anawona chinachake chosiyana. Iye anapatsidwa masomphenya owonekera bwino akumwamba kwenikweni, kumene iye anawona “Nkhalamba Yakale lomwe,” Mulungu iyemwini, akupereka ufumu, osati kwa mtsogoleri wolanda wa mtsogolo wa anthu, koma kwa “winawake wonga mwana wa munthu”—kwa Yesu Kristu wakumwamba, woukitsidwa!—Danieli 7:9, 10, 13.
Ndi kusiyana chotani nanga! Ndi kusiyana kotani nanga kumene Ufumu wakumwamba umenewu ndi ulamuliro wake ukakhala ndi maufumu a papitapo a padziko lapansi a nkhondo a anthu. Danieli ananena za “mwana wa munthu” wokwezedwa kumwamba ameneyu kuti: “Ndipo anampatsa ulamuliro, ndi ulemelero, ndi ufumu, kuti anthu onse, ndi mitundu yonse ya anthu, ndi a manenedwe onse amtumikire; ulamuliro wake ndi ulamuliro wosatha wosapitirira, ndi ufumu wake sudzawonongeka.” (Danieli 7:14) Unayenera kukhala ufumu wamtendere ndi chilungamo.—Yesaya 9:6, 7.
Pamene tiyang’ana m’mbuyo ku umbombo ndi chiwaŵa cha ulamuliro wa anthu, tiri achimwemwe chotani nanga kudziŵa kuti ufumu wakumwamba umenewo unakhazikitsidwa kale ndipo kuti ulamuliro wake wolungama wa dziko lonse uli pafupi!—Chivumbulutso 12:10, 12.
“Pakuti masomphenyawo alindira nyengo yoikidwiratu, ndipo afulumira potsirizira pake, osanama; akachedwa uwalindirire popeza afika ndithu, osazengereza.”—Habakuku 2:3.
[Mawu a M’munsi]
a Zochitika zowopsya zomwe zinatsatira kugawanika kwa ufumu wa Alexander zinanenedweratu mu ulosi wa mfumu ya kumpoto ndi mfumu ya kum’mwera. Ulosi umenewu wolembedwa mu Danieli mutu 11, walongosoledwa mwatsatanetsatane pa masamba 229-48 a bukhu la “Your Will Be Done on Earth,” lofalitsidwa ndi Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.
[Mapu patsamba 23]
(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)
Ukulu wa ulamuliro wa Alexander
Pela
Sade
Issus
Damasiko
Turo
Yerusalemu
Alesandriya
Mofi
Tebesi
Mtsinje wa Firate
Mtsinje wa Tigrisi
Gaugamela
Babulo
Akimeta
Susani
Persepolis
Alesandriya Eschate
Taxila
Mtsinje wa Indus
[Mapu patsamba 25]
(Onani m’magazini yeniyeni kuti mumvetse izi)
Kusweka kwa Ufumu wa Alexander
Nyanja Yaikulu
CASSANDER
Pela
LYSIMACHUS
Lysimachia
PTOLEMY LAGUS
Alesandriya
SELEUCUS NICATOR
Antiyokeya
Selukeya
[Chithunzi patsamba 24]
Gombe pafupi ndi Alesandriya yamakono
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.