Mutu 5
“Chipangano Chatsopano”—Mbiri Yeniyeni Kapena Nthano?
“Chipangano Chatsopano chingathe kufotokozedwa lerolino kukhala bukhu lofufuzidwa kopambana m’dziko lonse m’mabukhu onse apadziko lapansi.” Anatero Hans Küng m’bukhu lake lakuti “On Being a Christian.” Ndipo iye analondola. Mkati mwa zaka 300 zapitazo, Malemba Achikristu Achigriki afufuzidwa koposa. Iwo apendedwa mosamalitsa ndi kusanthulidwa mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri koposa bukhu lina lirilonse.
1, 2. (Phatikizamoni mawu oyamba.) (a) Kodi Malemba Achikristu Achigriki achitiridwa motani mkati mwa zaka 300 zapitazo? (b) Fotokozani malingaliro ena achilendo amene afikiridwa ndi ofufuza?
MAPETO ofikidwa ndi ofufuza ena akhala odabwitsa. Kalero m’zaka za zana la 19, Ludwig Noack mu Jeremani ananena kuti Uthenga wa Yohane unalembedwa mu 60 C.E. ndi wophunzira wokondedwa—amene, malinga ndi kunena kwa Noack, anali Yudase! Joseph Ernest Renan Mfrenchi anapereka lingaliro lakuti mwinamwake chiukiriro cha Lazaro chinali chinyengo cholinganizidwa ndi Lazaro iye mwiniyo kuchirikiza kunena kwa Yesu kwa kukhala wochita zozizwitsa, pamene wophunzira zaumulungu Wachijeremani Gustav Volkmar anaumirira kuti Yesu wa m’mbiriyo sakanatha mwinamwake kudza ndi kudzinenera kukhala Mesiya.1
2 Kumbali ina, Bruno Bauer, analingalira kuti Yesu sanakhaleko nkomwe! “Iye ananena kuti anthu enieni amene anayambitsa Chikristu anali Philo, Seneca, ndi Okhulupirira Nzeru. Potsirizira pake iye analengeza kuti sipanakhale konse Yesu wa m’mbiri . . . kuti chiyambi cha chipembedzo Chachikristu chinali kumapeto kwa zana lachiŵiri ndipo chinachokera Kuchiyuda m’chimene Chistoiki chinakhala mbali yaikulu.”2
3. Kodi ndilingaliro lotani ponena za Baibulo limene ambiri akali nalobe?
3 Lerolino, oŵerengeka ali ndi malingaliro opambanitsa oterowo. Koma ngati muŵerenga mabukhu a akatswiri amakono, mudzapeza kuti ochuluka akadakhulupirirabe kuti Malemba Achikristu Achigriki ali ndi nthano zongopeka, nthanthi, ndi okuza mawu ndi mkamwa. Kodi zimenezo nzowona?
Kodi Iwo Analembedwa Liti?
4. (a) Kodi nchifukwa ninji kuli kofunika kudziŵa nthaŵi imene Malemba Achikristu Achigriki analembedwa? (b) Kodi ndiati amene ali ena a malingaliro onena za nthaŵi ya kulembedwa kwa Malemba Achiristu Achigriki?
4 Kumatenga nthaŵi kuti nthanthi ndi nthano zongopeka zikule. Chotero funsolo, Kodi mabukhu ameneŵa analembedwa liti?, nlofunika. Michael Grant, wolemba mbiri, akunena kuti zolembedwa za m’mbiri za Malemba Achikristu Achigriki zinayambidwa “zaka makumi atatu kapena makumi anayi pambuyo pa imfa ya Yesu.”4 Wofukula za m’mabwinja za Baibulo William Foxwell Albright akutchula C. C. Torrey kukhala akunena “kuti Mauthenga onse analembedwa 70 A.D. asanakwane ndi kuti palibe chirichonse mmenemo chimene sichingakhale chitalembedwa mkati mwa zaka makumi aŵiri za Kupachikidwa kwake pamtanda.” Lingaliro la Albright iye mwiniyo linali lakuti kulemba kwawo kunatsirizidwa “osati pambuyo pa 80 A.D.” Ena ali ndi lingaliro loyerekezera losiyanirapo pang’ono, koma ochuluka amavomereza kuti kulembedwa kwa “Chipangano Chatsopano” kunatsirizidwa cha kumapeto kwa zaka za zana loyamba.
5, 6. Kodi tiyenera kufika pa kunenanji kuchokera pa chenicheni chakuti Malemba Achikristu Achigriki analembedwa osati kutali kwambiri pambuyo pa zochitika zimene iwo akusimba?
5 Kodi zimenezi zikutanthauzanji? Albright akumaliza kuti: “Chokha chimene tinganene nchakuti nyengo yapakati pa zaka makumi aŵiri ndi makumi asanu iri yochepa kwambiri kwakuti nkulola chivundi chirichonse chozindikirika cha zolembedwa zofunika kwambiri ndipo ngakhale cha kaumbidwe ka mawu kotsimikizirika cha mawu onenedwa ndi Yesu.”5 Profesala Gary Habermas akuwonjeza kuti: “Mauthenga abwinowo ali apafupi kwambiri ndi nyengo yanthaŵi imene iwo analembedwa, pamene mbiri zamakedzana kaŵirikaŵiri zimafotokoza zochitika zimene zinachitika zaka mazana ochuluka zapita. Komabe, olemba mbiri amakono ali okhoza mwachipambano kupeza zochitika ngakhale kuchokera kunyengo zanthaŵi zamakedzana zimenezi.”6
6 M’kunena kwina, mbali za m’mbiri za Malemba Achikristu Achigriki ziri zoyenerera kudaliridwa mofanana ndi mbiri zakudziko. Ndithudi, zaka zoŵerengeka pakati pa zochitika za Chikristu choyambirira ndi kulembedwa kwake, panalibe nthaŵi yakuti nthanthi ndi nthano zongopeka zikule ndi kulandiridwa padziko lonse.
Umboni wa Mboni Zowona ndi Maso
7, 8. (a) Kodi ndani amene anali moyobe pamene Malemba Achikristu Achigriki analinkumalembedwa ndi kufalitsidwa? (b) Kodi tiyenera kunenanji mogwirizana ndi mawu onenedwa ndi Profesala F. F. Bruce?
7 Izi ziri choncho makamaka polingalira chenicheni chakuti zochuluka za zolembedwazo zimanena za umboni wa mboni zowona ndi maso. Mlembi wa Uthenga Wabwino wa Yohane anati: “Yemweyu ndiye wophunzira [wophunzira amene Yesu anamkonda] wakuchita umboni za izi, ndipo analembera izi.” (Yohane 21:24) Mlembi wa bukhu la Luka amanena kuti: “Monga anazipereka kwa ife iwo amene anakhala mboni ndi atumiki a mawu.” (Luka 1:2) Mtumwi Paulo, ponena za awo amene anawona chiukiriro cha Yesu, anati: “Amene ochuluka a iwo akhala kufikira tsopano, koma ena agona.”—1 Akorinto 15:6.
8 Ponena za nkhani imeneyi, Profesala F. F. Bruce akunena mawu amphamvu aŵa: “Sikukanakhala konse kosavuta monga momwe alembi ena amaganizirira kupanga mawu ndi zochita za Yesu m’zaka zoyambirira zimenezo, pamene ochuluka a ophunzira Ake anali pafupi pompo, amene akatha kukumbukira chimene chinachitika ndi chimene sichinachitike. . . . Ophunzirawo sakanatha konse kulola zolakwa (osanena kanthu za kuyendetsa zinthu kodzifunira kwa zenizeni), zimene zikanatha panthaŵi yomweyo kuvumbulidwa ndi awo amene akanakhala okondwa kwambiri kutero. Mosemphana ndi zimenezo, imodzi ya mfundo zamphamvu m’kulalikira koyambirira kwa atumwi ndiyo kusonkhezera mwachidaliro chidziŵitso cha omvetsera; iwo sanangonena kokha kuti, ‘Ife ndife mboni za zinthu zimene,’ komanso, ‘Monga momwe inu eninu nanunso mukudziŵira’ (Machitidwe 2:22).”7
Kodi Cholembedwacho Nchodalirika?
9, 10. Ponena za Malemba Achikristu Achigriki, kodi tingathe kukhala otsimikizira ponena za chiyani?
9 Kodi nkothekera kuti maumboni a mboni zowona ndi maso zimenezi analembedwa molondola komano nkuipitsidwa pambuyo pake? M’kunena kwina, kodi nthanthi ndi nthano zongopeka zinaloŵetsedwamo cholembedwa choyambiriracho chitatsirizidwa? Tawona kale kuti cholembedwa cha Malemba Achikristu Achigriki chiri mumkhalidwe wabwino kwambiri koposa mabukhu ena alionse amakedzana. Kurt ndi Barbara Aland, akatswiri a cholembedwa cha Baibulo Chachigriki, akundandalika pafupifupi zolembedwa zapamanja 5 000 zimene zasungidwabe kuyambira kalero kufikira lerolino, zina zakalekale kwambiri monga ngati m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri C.E.8 Kuchitira umboni kofala kwa umboni wochuluka umenewu ndiko kwakuti cholembedwacho chiri cholama mofunika kwambiri. Ndiponso, pali matembenuzidwe ochuluka amakedzana—akale kopambana akumakhala ndi deti la pafupifupi chaka cha 180 C.E.—amene amathandizira kutsimikizira kuti cholembedwacho chiri cholondola.9
10 Chotero, mulimonse, tingathe kukhala otsimikizira kuti nthano zongopeka ndi nthanthi sizinaloŵereremo m’Malemba Achikristu Achigriki pambuyo pa olemba oyambirirawo atatsiriza ntchito yawo. Cholembedwa chimene tiri nacho chiri kwenikweni chofanana ndendende ndi chimene olemba oyambirirawo analemba, ndipo kulondola kwake kwatsimikiziridwa ndi chenicheni chakuti Akristu apanthaŵi imeneyo anachivomereza. Pamenepo, kodi ife, tingapende kukhala la m’mbiri kwa Baibulo mwa kuliyerekezera ndi mbiri zina zamakedzana? Kumlingo wakutiwakuti, inde.
Umboni wa Kalembedwe
11. Kodi umboni wakunja wa zolembedwa umachirikiza kumlingo wotani zolembedwa za m’mbiri za m’Malemba Achikristu Achigriki?
11 Kunena zowona, kaamba ka zochitika m’moyo wa Yesu ndi atumwi ake, umboni wa kalembedwe kuphatikiza pa Baibulo uli wochepa kwambiri. Zimenezi ziri kokha zoyenera kuyembekezeredwa, popeza kuti m’zaka za zana loyamba, Akristu anali kagulu kakang’ono kwambiri kamene sikanali kudziloŵetsa m’ndale zadziko. Koma umboni umene mbiri ya kudziko imapereka umagwirizana ndi zimene timaŵerenga m’Baibulo.
12. Kodi Josephus amatiuzanji ponena za Yohane Mbatizi?
12 Mwachitsanzo, Herode Antipa atakumana ndi kugonjetsedwa kwakukulu m’nkhondo, wolemba mbiri Wachiyuda Josephus, polemba mu 93 C.E., anati: “Kwa ena a Ayuda kuwonongedwa kwa gulu la nkhondo la Herode kunawonekera kukhala kubwezera kwa Mulungu, ndipo ndithudi kubwezera kolungama, chifukwa cha kuchitira kwake Yohane, wotchedwanso Mbatizi. Pakuti Herode anamupha, ngakhale kuti iye anali munthu wabwino ndipo anadandaulira Ayuda kukhala ndi miyoyo yolungama, kuchita chiweruzo cholungama kwa wina ndi mnzake ndi kuchitira Mulungu ulemu.”10 Motero Josephus akutsimikizira cholembedwa cha Baibulo chakuti Yohane Mbatizi anali munthu wolungama amene analalikira kulapa ndi amene anaphedwa ndi Herode.—Mateyu 3:1-12; 14:11.
13. Kodi ndimotani mmene Josephus amachirikizira kukhala wa m’mbiri kwa Yakobo ndi kwa Yesu iye mwiniyo?
13 Josephus akutchulanso Yakobo, mbale wa Yesu wa atate wina, amene, Baibulo limatiuza kuti, poyamba sanatsatire Yesu koma pambuyo pake anakhala mkulu wotchuka m’Yerusalemu. (Yohane 7:3-5; Agalatiya 1:18, 19) Iye akulemba za kugwidwa kwa Yakobo m’mawu aŵa: “[Mkulu wa ansembe Anasi] anaitanitsa oweruza a Bwalo Lalikulu nadzetsa pamaso pawo mwamuna wotchedwa Yakobo, mbale wa Yesu amene analinkutchedwanso Kristu, ndi enanso.”11 M’kulemba mawu ameneŵa, Josephus mowonjezera anatsimikizira kuti “Yesu, amene analinkutchedwanso Kristu” anali weniweni, munthu wa mumbiri.
14, 15. Kodi ndichichirikizo chotani chimene Tacitus akupereka ku cholembedwa cha Baibulo?
14 Olemba ena akale nawonso amatchula zinthu zotchulidwa m’Malemba Achigriki. Mwachitsanzo, Mauthenga Abwino amatiuza kuti kulalikira kwa Yesu mozungulira Palestina kunalabadiridwa mofala. Pamene iye anaweruzidwira kuimfa ndi Pontiyo Pilato otsatira ake anasokonezeka maganizo ndi kumva chisoni kwambiri. Mwamsanga pambuyo pake, ophunzira omwewo molimba mtima anadzadza Yerusalemu ndi uthenga wakuti Mbuye wawo anali ataukitsidwa. M’zaka zoŵerengeka, Chikristu chinali chitafalikira mu Ufumu wonse Wachiroma.—Mateyu 4:25; 26:31; 27:24-26; Machitidwe 2:23, 24, 36; 5:28; 17:6.
15 Umboni wonena za kukhala chowonadi kwa zimenezi ukuchokera kwa wolemba mbiri Wachiroma Tacitus, amene sanali woyanja Chikristu. Polemba mwamsanga pambuyo pa 100 C.E., iye akusimba za kuzunza mwankhanza kwa Nero Akristu ndipo akuwonjeza kuti: “Kristu, woyambitsa dzinalo, analandira chilango cha imfa muulamuliro wa Tiberiyo, mwa chiweruzo choperekedwa ndi bwanamkubwa Pontiyo Pilato, ndipo mwambo wovulazawo unaimikidwa kwakanthaŵi, koma unabukanso kachiŵiri, osati mu Yudeya mokha, kwawo kwautendawo, koma mumzinda wamalikulu weniweniwo [Roma].”12
16. Kodi ndichochitika chotani cha m’mbiri chotchulidwa m’Baibulo chimene chikutchulidwanso ndi Suetonius?
16 Pa Machitidwe 18:2 wolemba Baibulo akutchula chenicheni chakuti “[mfumu Yachiroma] Klaudiyo anali atalamula Ayuda onse kuchoka mu Roma.” Wolemba mbiri Wachiroma wa m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri Suetonius akutchulanso za kuthamangitsidwa kumeneku. M’bukhu lake lakuti The Deified Claudius, wolemba mbiriyo akunena kuti: “Popeza kuti Ayuda kaŵirikaŵiri anapanga chipoloŵe mosonkhezeredwa ndi Chrestus, iye [Klaudiyo] anawathamangitsa m’Roma.”13 Ngati Chrestus panopa ali Yesu Kristu ndipo ngati zochitikazo mu Roma zinatsatira chitsanzo cha m’mizinda ina, pamenepo zipolowezo sizinali kwenikweni zosonkhezeredwa ndi Kristu (ndiko kuti, otsatira a Kristu). Mmalo mwake, izo zinali kulabadira kwachiwawa kwa Ayuda kuntchito ya kulalikira kokhulupirika ya Akristu.
17. Kodi ndimagwero otani amene anali opezeka kwa Justin Martyr mu zaka za zana lachiŵiri ochirikiza cholembedwa cha Baibulo chonena za zozizwitsa ndi imfa ya Yesu?
17 Justin Martyr, polemba pakatikati pa zaka za zana lachiŵiri, analemba ponena za imfa ya Yesu kuti: “Chakuti zinthu zimenezi zinachitika, mungazitsimikizire kuchokera m’Machitidwe a Pontiyo Pilato.”14 Ndiponso, malinga ndi kunena kwa Justin Martyr, zolembedwa zimodzimodzizi zinatchula zozizwitsa za Yesu, zimene iye pozilankhula akuti: “Chakuti Iye anachita zinthu zimenezo, mungaziphunzire kuchokera m’Machitidwe a Pontiyo Pilato.”15 Zowona, “Machitidwe” ameneŵa, kapena zolembedwa zaukumu, sizirikonso. Koma mwachiwonekere izo zinaliko m’zaka za zana lachiŵiri, ndipo mwachidaliro Justin Martyr anasonkhezera oŵerenga ake kuzipenda kuti atsimikizire kunena zowona kwa zimene iye ananena.
Umboni wa Zofukulidwa m’Mabwinja
18. Kodi ndichichirikizo chotani chimene kufukula za m’mabwinja kumapereka kukukhalapo kwa Pontiyo Pilato?
18 Zotulukiridwa m’kufukula za m’mabwinja zasonyezanso kapena kutsimikizira zimene timaŵerenga m’Malemba Achigriki. Motero, mu 1961 dzina la Pontiyo Pilato linapezedwa m’cholembedwa chozokota chopezedwa m’mabwinja a bwalo lamaseŵera Lachiroma pa Kaisareya.16 Kutumba kumeneku kusanachitike, panali umboni wochepa chabe, kusiyapo Wabaibulo lenilenilo, wa kukhalapo kwa wolamulira Wachiroma ameneyu.
19, 20. Kodi ndianthu otani a m’Baibulo otchulidwa ndi Luka (m’Luka ndi m’Machitidwe) amene atsimikiziridwa ndi kufukula zapansi?
19 Mu Uthenga Wabwino wa Luka, timaŵerenga kuti Yohane Mbatizi anayamba utumiki wake “pamene . . . Lusaniyo anali chiwanga cha Abilene.” (Luka 3:1) Ena anakaikira mawu ameneŵa chifukwa chakuti Josephus anatchula Lusaniyo amene analamulira Abilene ndi amene anafa mu 34 B.C.E., kalekale kwambiri kubadwa kwa Yohane kusanachitike. Komabe, ofukula za m’mabwinja atumba cholembedwa chozokota mu Abilene chomatchula Lusaniyo wina amene anali chiwanga (wolamulira wachigawo) mkati mwa kulamulira kwa Tiberiyo, amene anali kulamulira monga Kaisara mu Roma pamene Yohane anayamba utumiki wake.17 Ameneyu mosakaikira angakhale anali Lusaniyo amene Luka anali kumnena.
20 M’Machitidwe timaŵerenga kuti Paulo ndi Barnaba anatumizidwa kuntchito yaumishonale ku Kupro ndipo kumeneko anakumana ndi kazembe wotchedwa Sergio Paulo, “munthu wanzeru.” (Machitidwe 13:7) Pakati pa zaka za zana la 19, kukumba mu Kupro kunachititsa kutumba cholembedwa chozokota chokhala ndi deti la 55 C.E. chimene chimatchuladi munthu ameneyu. Ponena za chimenechi, wokumba za m’mabwinja G. Ernest Wright akunena kuti: “Ndicho umboni umodzi umene tiri nawo wa kazembe ameneyu kusiyapo wa Baibulo ndipo nkokondweretsa kuti Luka akutipatsa ife dzina lake molondola ndi udindo wake.”18
21, 22. Kodi ndimachitachita otani achipembedzo a mbiri ya Baibulo amene atsimikiziridwa ndi zotumbidwa za kufukula zapansi?
21 Pamene anali ku Atene, Paulo ananena kuti iye anawona guwa lansembe limene linaperekedwa “Kwa Mulungu Wosadziŵika.” (Machitidwe 17:23) Maguwa ansembe operekedwa kwa milingu yambiri m’Chilatini atumbidwa m’mbali za Ufumu Wachiroma. Limodzi linapezedwa m’Pergamo lokhala ndi mawu ozokotedwa olembedwapo m’Chigriki, monga momwe zikanakhalira mu Atene.
22 Pambuyo pake pamene anali ku Efeso, Paulo anatsutsidwa mwachiwawa ndi amisiri a siliva, amene anapeza ndalama zake kuchokera m’kupanga timaguwa tansembe ndi mafano a mulungu wachikazi Artemi. Efeso ananenedwa kukhala “wosunga kachisi wa Artemi wamkulu.” (Machitidwe 19:35) Mogwirizana ndi zimenezi, mafano ambiri a siliva ndi a miyala ya mtengo wapatali a Artemi atumbidwa pamalo a mzinda wamakedzana wa Efeso. Mkati mwa zaka za zana lomalizira, mabwinja a kachisi wamkulu weniweniyo anafukulidwa.
Kumvekera kwa Kukhala Chowonadi
23, 24. (a) Kodi nkuti kumene timapeza umboni wamphamvu kopambana wonena za kunena zowona kwa zolembedwa za Malemba Achikristu Achigriki? (b) Kodi ndimkhalidwe wotani wopezeka m’cholembedwa cha Baibulo umene umachitira umboni kukukhala kwake lonena zowona? Longosolani mwafanizo.
23 Chotero, mbiri ndi zofukulidwa m’mabwinja zimasonyeza, ndipo kumlingo wina kutsimikizira, mbali za m’mbiri za Malemba Achigriki. Koma, kachiŵirinso, umboni wamphamvu kopambana wa chowonadi cha zolembedwa zimenezi ndiwo mabukhu enieniwo. Pamene muwaŵerenga, iwo samamveka kukhala ngati nthano. Iwo ali ndi kumvekera kwa kukhala chowonadi.
24 Choyamba, iwo ali olunjika kwambiri. Taganizirani zimene zalembedwa ponena za Petro. Kulephera kwake kochititsa manyazi kuyenda pamadzi kukufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane. Ndiyeno, Yesu akunena kwa mtumwi wake wolemekezedwa kwambiri ameneyu kuti: “Pita kumbuyo kwanga, Satana!” (Mateyu 14:28-31, NW; 16:23) Ndiponso, pambuyo pa kutsutsa mwamphamvu kuti ngakhale ngati ena onse atasiya Yesu, iye sakatero konse, Petro anagona tulo paulonda wake wausiku ndiyeno anakana Ambuye wake katatu.—Mateyu 26:31-35, 37-45, 73-75.
25. Kodi ndizofooka zotani za atumwi zimene olemba Baibulo amazivumbula mosabisa?
25 Koma Petro sindiye yekha amene zofooka zake zinavumbulidwa. Cholembedwa cholunjika sichimabisa kukangana kwa atumwi ponena zakuti ndani amene anali wamkulu kopambana pakati pawo. (Mateyu 18:1; Marko 9:34; Luka 22:24) Ndipo sichimalumphanso kutiuza kuti amayi ŵa atumwi Yakobo ndi Yohane anafunsa Yesu kupatsa ana ake aamuna malo achiyanjo kopambana mu Ufumu wake. (Mateyu 20:20-23) “Mkangano waukulu wa kupsetsana mitima” pakati pa Barnaba ndi Paulo walembedwanso mokhulupirika.—Machitidwe 15:36-39, NW.
26. Kodi ndimfundo zatsatanetsatane zotani zonena za chiukiriro cha Yesu zimene zikakhala zitaphatikizidwa kokha ngati zinali zowona?
26 Chapaderanso, ndicho chenicheni chakuti bukhu la Luka limatiuza kuti anali “akazi, amene anadza naye ku Galileya,” amene anadziŵa choyamba ponena za chiukiriro cha Yesu. Kumeneku ndiko kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kwachilendo m’chitaganya cholamulidwa ndi amuna cha m’zaka za zana loyamba. Ndithudi, malinga ncholembedwacho, zimene akaziwo anali kunena “zinawonekera kukhala zopanda pake” kwa atumwi. (Luka 23:55–24:11) Ngati mbiri ya m’Malemba Achigriki siiri yowona, iyenera kukhala itangopekedwa. Koma kodi nchifukwa ninji aliyense akapeka mbiri yosimba za anthu olemekezeka motero mumpamgidwe wosadyola wotero? Tsatanetsatane ameneyo akanaphatikizidwa kokha ngati mawuwo anali owona.
Yesu—Munthu Weniweni
27. Kodi ndimotani mmene wolemba mbiri wina amachitira umboni zakukhalapo kwa m’mbiri kwa Yesu?
27 Ambiri alingalira Yesu kukhala monga momwe iye akufotokozedwera m’Baibulo kukhala nthano yongopeka yolinganizidwa. Koma wolemba mbiri Michael Grant akunena kuti: “Ngati tigwiritsira ntchito Chipangano Chatsopano, monga momwe tiyenera kuchitira, njira imodzimodziyo yochitira monga mmene tiyenera kugwiritsirira ntchito ku zolembedwa zina zamakedzana zopezeka m’mabukhu a mbiri, sitingakanenso kukhalapo kwa Yesu monga mmene sitingakanire kukhalapo kwa anthu ena ambiri achikunja amene kukhalapo kwawo kwenikweniko monga anthu a m’mbiri sikukukaikiridwa konse.”19
28, 29. Kodi nchifukwa ninji kuli kwapadera kuti Mauthenga Abwino anayi amapereka chithunzithunzi chogwirizana cha umunthu wa Yesu?
28 Sikukhalapo kwa Yesu kokha komanso umunthu wake ukuwonekera m’Baibulo ndi kamvekedwe ka chowonadi chenicheni. Nkosavuta kupeka munthu wapadera ndiyeno kupereka malongosoledwe kosasinthasintha a munthuyo m’bukhu lonse lathunthu. Kuli pafupifupi kosatheka kwa olemba osiyanasiyana anayi kulemba ponena za munthu mmodzimodzi ndipo mosasinthasintha kupanga chithunzithunzi chofanana chonena za iye ngati munthu ameneyo sanakhalekodi. Chenicheni chakuti Yesu wofotokozedwa m’Mauthenga Abwino onse anayi ali mwachiwonekere munthu mmodzimodziyo chiri umboni wokhutiritsa wa kunena zowona kwa Mauthenga Abwinowo.
29 Michael Grant akugwira mawu funso loyenerera kwambiri lakuti: “Kodi zikuchitika motani kuti, m’miyambo yonse ya Uthenga Wabwino mosasiyapo uliwonse, m’kusonyezedwa chithunzi champhamvu kwambiri cha mnyamata wokongola woyenda momasuka pakati pa akazi amitundu yonse, kuphatikizapo okhala ndi mbiri yoipa, popanda kupezeka kulikonse kwa kutengeka maganizo, kusakhala wachibadwa, kapena kukhala wa makhalidwe oipa, ndipo komabe, pamfundo iriyonse, akumasunga umphumphu wamakhalidwe?”20 Yankho lokha nlakuti munthu woteroyo anakhalakodi ndipo anachita monga momwe Baibulo likuneneramu.
Chifukwa Chake Samakhulupirira
30, 31. Kodi nchifukwa ninji ambiri samavomereza Malemba Achikristu Achigriki kukhala olondola mogwirizana ndi mbiri mosasamala kanthu za umboni wonse?
30 Popeza kuti pali umboni wonenera kuti Malemba Achigriki ali mbiri yeniyeni, kodi nchifukwa ninji ena amanena kuti saali? Kodi nchifukwa ninji kuli kwakuti ambiri, pamene kuli kwakuti amavomereza mbali zina za iwo kukhala zowona, komabe amakana kuvomereza chirichonse chimene iwo ali nacho? Kuli kwenikweni chifukwa chakuti Baibulo limalemba zinthu zimene anzeru amakono samafuna kuzikhulupirira. Mwachitsanzo, limasimba kuti Yesu ponse paŵiri anakwaniritsa ndi kupereka maulosi. Limasimbanso kuti iye anachita zozizwitsa ndi kuti pambuyo pa imfa yake, anaukitsidwa.
31 M’zaka zino za zana la 20 la chikaikiro, zinthu zoterozo ziri zosakhulupiririka. Ponena za zozizwitsa, Profesala Ezra P. Gould akunena kuti: “Pali mkhalidwe umodzi umene osuliza ena amadzilingalira iwo eni kukhala olungamitsidwa m’kunena . . . kuti zozizwitsa sizimachitika.”21 Ena amanena kuti Yesu angakhale atachititsa machiritso, koma kokha amtundu wa kusokonezeka maganizo, ‘nkhani ya kungoyerekezera kuti wachiritsidwa.’ Ponena za zozizwitsa zina, ochuluka amazifotokoza kukhala kaya zongopeka kapena monga zochitika zenizeni zimene zinangokhotetsedwa pozisimba.
32, 33. Kodi ndimotani mmene ena ayesera kufotokoza motsutsa chozizwitsa cha Yesu cha kudyetsedwa, koma kodi nchifukwa ninji izi ziri zosayenera?
32 Monga chitsanzo cha zimenezi, lingalirani chochitikacho pamene Yesu anadyetsa khamu la anthu 5 000 ndi mikate yoŵerengeka chabe ndi nsomba ziŵiri. (Mateyu 14:14-22) Katswiri wa m’zaka za zana la 19 Heinrich Paulus analingalira kuti chimene chinachitika kwenikweni ndiichi: Yesu ndi ophunzira ake anadzipeza iwo eni akutsatiridwa ndi khamu lalikulu limene linali kumva njala. Chotero iye anasankha kukhazikitsa chitsanzo chabwino kwa olemera pakati pawo. Iye anatenga chakudya chochepa chimene iye ndi atumwi ake anali nacho nachigaŵana ndi khamulo. Mwamsanga, ena amene anadza ndi chakudya chawo anatsatira chitsanzo chake nagaŵana chawo. Potsirizira pake, khamu lonselo linadyetsedwa.22
33 Komabe, ngati izi ndizo zimene zinachitika kwenikweni, unali umboni wapadera wamphamvu ya chitsanzo chabwino. Kodi nchifukwa ninji nkhani yokondweretsa ndi yatanthauzo imeneyo ikakhotetsedwa kupangitsa kumveka kukhala chozizwitsa choposa champhamvu yaumunthu? Ndithudi, zoyesayesa zonsezo za kufotokoza motsutsa zozizwitsa kukhala zosiyana ndi zozizwitsa zimapanga mavuto koposa amene izo zimathetsa. Ndipo zonsezo ziri zozikidwa palingaliro lolakwa. Iwo amayamba mwa kuyerekezera kuti zozizwitsa nzosatheka. Koma kodi nchifukwa ninji ziyenera kukhala choncho?
34. Ngati Baibulo liridi ndi ulosi wolondola ndi mbiri zowona zonena za zozizwitsa, kodi zimenezi zimatsimikiziranji?
34 Malinga ndi kunena kwa miyezo yoyenerera kopambana, ponse paŵiri Malemba Achihebri ndi Achigriki omwe ali mbiri yowona, komabe iwo onse ali ndi zitsanzo za ulosi ndi za zozizwitsa. (Yerekezerani ndi 2 Mafumu 4:42-44.) Nangano, bwanji ngati maulosiwo ali owona? Ndipo bwanji ngati zozizwitsazo zinachitikadi? Pamenepo Mulungu analidi kuchirikiza kulembedwa kwa Baibulo. Liridi mawu ake, osati a anthu. M’mutu wamtsogolo, tidzafotokoza funso lonena za ulosi, koma choyamba tiyeni tilingalire zozizwitsa. Kodi nkwanzeru m’zaka zino za zana la 20 kukhulupirira kuti m’zaka za mazana oyambirira zozizwitsazo zinachitikadi?
[Mawu Otsindika patsamba 66]
Kodi nchifukwa ninji Baibulo likasimba kuti chiukiriro cha Yesu choyamba chinatumbidwa ndi akazi ngati chimenechi sichinachitike kwenikweni?
[Bokosi patsamba 56]
Chisulizo Chamakono Chikupezeka Kukhala Chopereŵera
Monga chitsanzo cha mkhalidwe wosatsimikizirika wa chisulizo cha Baibulo chamakono, lingalirani mawu aŵa onenedwa ndi Raymond E. Brown ponena za Uthenga Wabwino wa Yohane: “Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lotsirizira ndi kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana lino, kuphunzira kunaloŵa m’nyengo yachikaikiro chachikulu kotheratu ponena za Uthenga Wabwino umenewu. Yohane anapatsidwa deti lochedwa kwambiri, kufikiradi theka la zaka za zana la 2. Monga chipatso cha dziko Lachihelene, linalingaliridwa kukhala lopanda kanthu kotheratu ponena za phindu la m’mbiri ndi kukhala ndi chigwirizano chochepa ndi Palestina wa Yesu wa ku Nazarete . . .
“Palibe nlimodzi la malingaliro oterowo limene silinayambukiridwe ndi mpambo wa zotumbidwa zosayembekezereka za ofukula zapansi, za olemba, ndi zamabukhu. Zotumbidwa zimenezi zatitsogolera kukutsutsa mwanzeru malingaliro otsutsa amene afikira kukhala pafupifupi lingaliro lolandiridwa ndi kuzindikira mmene maziko amene anachirikiza wopenda wokaikira kopambana wa Yohane analiri osalimba. . . .
“Kuikidwa deti kwa Uthenga Wabwinowo kwabwezeredwa mmbuyo kumapeto a zaka za zana la 1 kapena ngakhale mofulumirirapo. . . . Mwinamwake chachilendo koposa zonse, ophunzira ena akutofikira ngakhale pa kuyesayesa kupereka lingaliro kachiŵirinso lakuti Yohane mwana wa Zebedayo angakhale ndi chochita china ndi Uthengawo”!3
Kodi nchifukwa ninji kuyenera kuwoneka kukhala kwachilendo kukhulupirira kuti Yohane analemba bukhu limene mwamwambo likunenedwa kuti nlake? Kokha chifukwa chakuti silikuyenerana ndi malingaliro oumbidwa pasadakhale a otsutsa.
[Bokosi patsamba 70]
Chiukiro China Chabe pa Baibulo
Timothy P. Weber akulemba kuti: “Zotumba za chisulizo chapamwamba zinakakamiza anthu wamba ambiri kukaikira kukhoza kwawo kumvetsetsa chirichonse [m’Baibulo]. . . . A. T. Pierson anafotokoza kugwiritsidwa mwala kwa ambiri a evanjeliko pamene iye anafotokoza kuti ‘mofanana ndi Chiroma, [chisulizo chapamwamba] chimachotseratu Mawu a Mulungu mwa anthu wamba mwa kunena kuti akatswiri okha angathe kuwatanthauzira; pamene Roma amaika wansembe pakati pa munthu ndi Mawu, chisulizo chimaika othirira ndemanga ophunzira pakati pa wokhulupirira ndi Baibulo lake.’”23 Motero, chisulizo chapamwamba chamakono chikuvumbulidwa kukhala kokha chiukiro china pa Baibulo.
[Chithunzi patsamba 62]
Guwa lansembe iri m’Pergamo mwachiwonekere linaperekedwa “kwa milungu yosadziŵika”
[Chithunzi patsamba 63]
Mabwinja a kachisi wapanthaŵi ina wokongola kwambiri wa Artemi amene Aefeso anali onyada naye kwambiri
[Chithunzi patsamba 64]
Baibulo limasimba mowona mtima kuti Petro anakana kukhala akudziŵa Yesu
[Chithunzi patsamba 67]
Baibulo limalemba mwachigogogo “mkangano wa kupsetsana mitima” pakati pa Paulo ndi Barnaba
[Chithunzi patsamba 68]
Kugwirizana kwa kusimbidwa kwa Yesu kosonyezedwa mu Mauthenga Abwino anayi kuli umboni wamphamvu wa kunena zowona kwawo
[Chithunzi patsamba 69]
Osuliza ochuluka amakono amangolingalira kuti zozizwitsa sizimachitika