Kodi Mudzapulumuka Pamene Mulungu Achitapo Kanthu?

“Akadaleka kufupikitsidwa masiku awo, sakadapulumuka munthu aliyense: koma chifukwa cha osankhidwawo masiku awo adzafupikitsidwa.”​—MATEYU 24:22.

1, 2. (a) Kodi nchifukwa ninji kuli kwachibadwa kufuna kudziŵa za mtsogolo mwathu? (b) Kodi chidwi chachibadwa chingakhale chitasonkhezera mafunso ofunika otani?

KODI mumadzikonda motani? Ambiri lerolino amapambanitsa kudzikonda, akumakhala adyera. Komabe, Baibulo silimatsutsa kukonda moyenera zimene zimatikhudza. (Aefeso 5:33) Zimenezo zimaphatikizapo kufuna kudziŵa za mtsogolo mwathu. Chotero kungakhale bwino kwa inu kufuna kudziŵa zimene zili mtsogolo mwanu. Kodi mukufuna kudziŵa?

² Tingakhale otsimikiza kuti atumwi a Yesu anali ndi chidwi chotero kaamba ka mtsogolo mwawo. (Mateyu 19:27) Mwinamwake ndicho chinali chifukwa chimene anayiwo anakhalira ndi Yesu pa Phiri la Azitona. Iwo anafunsa kuti: “Zinthu izi zidzachitika liti? Ndi chotani chizindikiro chake chakuti zili pafupi pa kumalizidwa zinthu izi zonse?” (Marko 13:4) Yesu sananyalanyaze chidwi chachibadwa cha kufuna kudziŵa za mtsogolo​—chidwi chawo ndi chathu. Nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi anasonyeza mmene otsatira ake adzakhudzidwira ndi zimene zidzakhala zotulukapo zomaliza.

 3. Kodi nchifukwa ninji tikugwirizanitsa yankho la Yesu ndi nthaŵi yathu?

³ Yankho la Yesu linayambitsa ulosi wokhala ndi kukwaniritsidwa kwakukulu m’nthaŵi yathu. Titha kuona zimenezi m’nkhondo zadziko ndi kulimbana kwina m’zaka za zana lathu lino, zivomezi zimene zimawononga miyoyo yosaŵerengeka, njala zimene zimadzetsa matenda ndi imfa, ndi miliri​—kuyambira pa chaola cha fuluwenza ya Spanya ya mu 1918 kufikira pa mliri umene ulipo wa AIDS. Komabe, mbali yaikulu ya yankho la Yesu inalinso ndi kukwaniritsidwa kotsogolera ndi kophatikizaponso chiwonongeko cha Yerusalemu ndi Aroma mu 70 C.E. Yesu anachenjeza ophunzira ake kuti: “Inu mudziyang’anire inu nokha; pakuti adzakuperekani inu kwa akulu a milandu; ndipo adzakukwapulani m’masunagoge; ndipo pamaso pa akazembe ndi mafumu mudzaimirira chifukwa cha ine, kukhale umboni kwa iwo.”​—Marko 13:9.

Zimene Yesu Analosera, ndi Zimene Zinachitika

 4. Kodi ndi machenjezo ena otani amene yankho la Yesu lili nawo?

⁴ Yesu analosera zambiri osati chabe mmene ena adzachitira kwa ophunzira ake. Anawachenjezanso za mmene iwo anayenera kuchitira. Mwachitsanzo: “Pamene mukaona chonyansa cha kupululutsa chilikuima pomwe sichiyenera (wakuŵerenga azindikire), pamenepo a m’Yudeya athaŵire kumapiri.” (Marko 13:14) Nkhani yofananayo pa Luka 21:20 imati: “Pamene paliponse mudzaona Yerusalemu atazingidwa ndi magulu a nkhondo.” Kodi zimenezo zinakhala zolondola motani pa chochitika choyamba?

 5. Kodi chinachitika nchiyani pakati pa Ayuda m’Yudeya mu 66 C.E.?

⁵ The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (1982) imatiuza kuti: “Liuma la Ayuda linali kukulirakulira nthaŵi zonse pansi pa ulamuliro wa Aroma ndipo chiwawa, nkhalwe, ndi kusaona mtima kwa olamulira zinali kukulirakulira nthaŵi zonse. Mu A.D. 66 panabuka chipanduko chapoyera. . . . Nkhondo inayamba pamene Azelote analanda Masada ndiyeno, motsogozedwa ndi Menahem, anapita ku Yerusalemu. Nthaŵi yomweyo Ayuda mumzinda wa Kaisareya wokhala ndi bwanamkubwa anaphedwa, ndipo mbiri ya nkhanza imeneyi inamveka m’dziko lonselo. Ndalama zatsopano zinalembedwapo kuti Chaka 1 mpaka Chaka 5 cha chipanduko.”

 6. Kodi chipanduko cha Ayuda chinasonkhezera Aroma kuchitanji?

⁶ Gulu la Nkhondo la Khumi ndi Chiŵiri la Aroma lotsogozedwa ndi Cestius Gallus linayenda kuchokera ku Suriya, kusakaza Galileya ndi Yudeya, ndiyeno kuukira likululo, ngakhale kuloŵa m’chigawo cha kumtunda cha “Yerusalemu, mudzi wopatulika.” (Nehemiya 11:1; Mateyu 4:5; 5:35; 27:53) Pofotokoza mwachidule zochitikazo, buku lakuti The Roman Siege of Jerusalem limati: “Kwamasiku asanu Aroma anayesa kukwera linga, akumathamangitsidwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Pomaliza alonda, powopa miyala yoponyedwa, anagonja. Atapanga testudo​—njira yolukanitsa zikopa zawo pamutu kudzitetezera iwo eni​—asilikali achiroma anakumba lingalo nayesa kutentha chipata. Alonda anatekeseka kowopsa.” Akristu mumzindawo anakhoza kukumbukira mawu a Yesu ndi kuzindikira kuti chonyansa chinali chitaima m’malo oyera.a Koma popeza kuti mzinda unali utazingidwa, kodi Akristu amenewo akanathaŵa motani, malinga ndi malangizo a Yesu?

 7. Pamene kunatsala pang’ono kuti alakike mu 66 C.E., kodi nchiyani chimene Aroma anachita?

⁷ Wolemba mbiri Flavius Josephus akusimba kuti: “Cestius [Gallus], wosadziŵa kuthedwa nzeru kwa oukiridwawo kapenanso maganizo awo, mwadzidzidzi analamula anyamata ake kuleka kuukira, anataya chiyembekezo ngakhale kuti sanagonjetsedwe, ndipo akumachita mopanda nzeru kwambiri, anachoka ku Mzindawo.” (The Jewish War, II, 540 [xix, 7]) Kodi nchifukwa ninji Gallus anabwerera? Mosasamala kanthu za chifukwa chake, kubwerera kwake kunalola Akristu kumvera lamulo la Yesu ndi kuthaŵira kumaphiri ndi kupulumuka.

 8. Kodi mbali yachiŵiri ya kuukira Yerusalemu kwa Aroma inali yotani, ndipo kodi nchiyani chimene chinachitikira opulumuka?

⁸ Kumvera kunapulumutsa moyo. Posapita nthaŵi, Aroma anabwera kudzathetsa chipandukocho. Mkupiti wa Kazembe Titus umenewo unafika pachimake pamene Yerusalemu anazingidwa kuyambira April mpaka August 70 C.E. Kumaziziritsa m’nkhongono kuŵerenga mmene Josephus anafotokozera kuvutika kwa Ayuda. Kuwonjezera pa aja ophedwa polimbana ndi Aroma, Ayuda ena anaphedwa ndi magulu a zigaŵenga a Ayuda anzawo, ndipo njala inachititsa anthu kumadyana. Podzafika pa kulakika kwa Aroma, Ayuda 1,100,000 anali atafa.b Mwa opulumuka 97,000, ena ananyongedwa mwamsanga; ena anagwidwa ukapolo. Josephus akunena kuti: “Amene anali ndi zaka zoposa khumi ndi zisanu ndi ziŵiri anamangidwa maunyolo natumizidwa ku ntchito ya ukaidi ku Igupto, pamene ambiri anaperekedwa ku zigawo zambiri ndi Titus kumene anaphedwa m’mabwalo a maseŵero ndi lupanga kapena ndi zilombo zolusa.” Ngakhale pamene zimenezi zinali kuchitika, andende 11,000 anafa ndi njala.

 9. Kodi nchifukwa ninji Akristu sanakumane ndi zimene zinachitikira Ayuda, koma kodi pakutsala mafunso otani?

⁹ Akristu anathokoza kuti anamvera chenjezo la Ambuye ndi kuti anathaŵa kuchoka mu mzindawo lisanabwerenso gulu la nkhondo la Roma. Motero anapulumuka mbali ya chimene Yesu anatcha ‘chisautso chachikulu monga sipadakhale chotero kuyambira chiyambi cha dziko, kufikira tsopano, inde ndipo sichidzakhalanso’ pa Yerusalemu. (Mateyu 24:21) Yesu anawonjezera kuti: “Ndipo akadaleka kufupikitsidwa masiku awo, sakadapulumuka munthu aliyense: koma chifukwa cha osankhidwawo masiku awo adzafupikitsidwa.” (Mateyu 24:22) Kodi zimenezo zinatanthauzanji panthaŵiyo, ndipo zimatanthauzanji tsopano?

10. Kodi kumbuyoku tamfotokoza motani Mateyu 24:22?

¹⁰ Kale tinkafotokoza kuti ‘munthu amene akadapulumuka’ anali Ayuda amene anapulumuka chisautso cha Yerusalemu mu 70 C.E. Akristu anali atathaŵa, chotero Mulungu analola Aroma kudzetsa chiwonongeko mwamsanga. M’mawu ena, chifukwa chakuti “osankhidwawo” sanali pangozi, masiku a chisautso anafupikitsidwa kulola ‘anthu’ ena achiyuda kupulumuka. Tinkaganiza kuti Ayuda otsala amoyo anachitira chithunzi aja amene adzatsala amoyo pa chisautso chachikulu chikudzacho m’tsiku lathu.​—Chivumbulutso 7:14.

11. Kodi nchifukwa ninji zikuoneka kuti Mateyu 24:22 ayenera kupendedwanso?

¹¹ Koma kodi kafotokozedwe kameneko kakugwirizana ndi zimene zinachitika mu 70 C.E.? Yesu ananena kuti “munthu” anayenera ‘kupulumuka’ chisautso. Kodi mungagwiritsire ntchito liwu lakuti ‘kupulumuka’ pofotokoza aja otsala 97,000, poona kuti zikwi zambiri za iwo anafa posapita nthaŵi ndi njala kapena anaphedwa m’mabwalo a maseŵero? Ponena za bwalo lina la maseŵero ku Kaisareya, Josephus amati: “Chiŵerengero cha amene anafa polimbana ndi zilombo zolusa kapena pomenyana okhaokha kapena mwa kutenthedwa amoyo chinaposa 2,500.” Ngakhale kuti sanafe pamene mzinda unazingidwa, iwo ‘sanapulumuke’ konse. Ndipo kodi Yesu akanawaona mofanana ndi opulumuka achimwemwe a ‘chisautso chachikulu’ chikudzacho?

Kupulumuka kwa Munthu​—Motani?

12. Kodi “osankhidwawo” a m’zaka za zana loyamba amene Mulungu anali kufuna anali ayani?

¹² Podzafika mu 70 C.E., Mulungu sanalinso kuona Ayuda akuthupi monga anthu osankhidwa. Yesu anasonyeza kuti Mulungu anakana mtunduwo ndi kuti adzathetsa likulu lawolo, kachisi wake, ndi kalambiridwe kawo. (Mateyu 23:37–24:2) Mulungu anasankha mtundu watsopano, Israyeli wauzimu. (Machitidwe 15:14; Aroma 2:28, 29; Agalatiya 6:16) Unapangidwa ndi amuna ndi akazi osankhidwa m’mitundu yonse ndi odzozedwa ndi mzimu woyera. (Mateyu 22:14; Yohane 15:19; Machitidwe 10:1, 2, 34, 35, 44, 45) Zaka zingapo Cestius Gallus asanaukire mzindawo, Petro analemba ‘kwa osankhidwa . . . monga mwa kudziŵiratu kwa Mulungu Atate, m’chiyeretso cha mzimu.’ Odzozedwa ndi mzimu amenewo anali ‘mbadwa yosankhika, ansembe achifumu, mtundu woyera mtima.’ (1 Petro 1:1, 2; 2:9) Mulungu anali kudzatenga osankhidwa amenewo kumka nawo kumwamba kukalamulira ndi Yesu.​—Akolose 1:1, 2; 3:12; Tito 1:1; Chivumbulutso 17:14.

13, 14. Kodi “munthu” anapulumuka motani pamene magulu a nkhondo a Roma mosayembekezera anachoka ku Yerusalemu mu 66 C.E.?

¹³ Kudziŵa osankhidwawo kumeneku nkothandiza, pakuti Yesu analosera kuti masiku a chisautso adzafupikitsidwa “chifukwa cha osankhidwawo.” Kodi pali chimene chinachitika chimene chinathandiza kapena chimene chinali “chifukwa cha” osankhidwa achikristu otsekerezedwa m’Yerusalemu?

¹⁴ Kumbukirani kuti mu 66 C.E., Aroma anayenda m’dziko lonselo, kulanda chigawo cha kumtunda cha Yerusalemu, nayamba kukumba linga. Josephus akunena kuti: “Akanangolimbikira pang’ono ndi kuukirako akanalanda Mzindawo kamodzi nkamodzi.” Dzifunseni kuti, ‘Kodi nchifukwa ninji gulu la nkhondo lamphamvu la Roma linasiya mkupitiwo ndipo “mopanda nzeru kwambiri” kubwerera?’ Rupert Furneaux, katswiri wodziŵa kumasulira mbiri ya nkhondo, akunena kuti: “Palibe wolemba mbiri amene wakhoza kupereka chifukwa chokwanira chimene Gallus anasankhira kuchita chinthu chachilendo ndi changozi motero.” Mosasamala kanthu za chifukwa chake, chotulukapo chinali chakuti chisautso chinafupikitsidwa. Aroma anabwerera, Ayuda akumawakantha pamene anali kupita. Nanga bwanji ponena za “osankhidwawo” odzozedwa achikristu amene anali atatsekerezedwa? Kusiya kuukira kunatanthauza kuti iwo anapulumuka imfa imene inali pafupi m’chisautsocho. Chifukwa chake, Akristu amenewo amene anapindula ndi kufupikitsidwa kwa chisautso mu 66 C.E. ndiwo “munthu” wotchulidwa pa Mateyu 24:22 amene anapulumuka.

Kodi Mtsogolo Mwanu Muli Chiyani?

15. Kodi nchifukwa ninji munganene kuti Mateyu chaputala 24 ayenera kutichititsa chidwi kwambiri m’tsiku lathu?

¹⁵ Wina angafunse kuti, ‘Kodi nchifukwa ninji ndiyenera kuchita chidwi ndi kamvedwe kowongoleredwa ka mawu a Yesu kameneka?’ Eya, pali chifukwa chokwanira chokhulupirira kuti ulosi wa Yesu unali kudzakhala ndi kukwaniritsidwa kokulirapo, kuposa zimene zinachitika asanafike 70 C.E ndi mkati mwake.c (Yerekezerani ndi Mateyu 24:7; Luka 21:10, 11; Chivumbulutso 6:2-8.) Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, Mboni za Yehova zalalikira kuti kukwaniritsidwa kwakukulu kumene kukuchitika m’nthaŵi yathu kumasonyeza kuti tingayembekezere ‘chisautso chachikulu’ chokulirapo patsogolopa. Panthaŵiyo, kodi mawu aulosiwo pa Mateyu 24:22 adzakwaniritsidwa motani?

16. Kodi ndi mfundo iti yolimbikitsa imene Chivumbulutso chimapereka ponena za chisautso chachikulu chomwe chikuyandikiracho?

¹⁶ Patapita zaka pafupifupi makumi aŵiri pambuyo pa chisautso cha Yerusalemu, mtumwi Yohane analemba buku la Chivumbulutso. Linatsimikizira kuti chisautso chachikulu chili kutsogolo. Ndipo, popeza timachita chidwi ndi zimene zimatikhudza ife patokha, tingakhazike mtima pansi kudziŵa kuti Chivumbulutso mwaulosi chimatilonjeza kuti anthu adzapulumuka chisautso chachikulu chikudzacho. Yohane analosera za “khamu lalikulu . . . ochokera mwa mtundu uliwonse, ndi mafuko ndi anthu ndi manenedwe.” Kodi amenewo ndani? Liwu lochokera kumwamba likuyankha: “Iwo ndiwo akutuluka m’chisautso chachikulu.” (Chivumbulutso 7:9, 14) Inde, adzakhala opulumuka! Chivumbulutso chimatipatsanso chidziŵitso ponena za mmene zinthu zidzayendera m’chisautso chachikulu chikudzacho ndi mmene Mateyu 24:22 adzakwaniritsidwira.

17. Kodi mbali yotsegulira ya chisautso chachikulu idzaphatikizapo chiyani?

¹⁷ Mbali yotsegulira ya chisautso chimenechi idzakhala kuukira hule lophiphiritsira lotchedwa ‘Babulo Wamkulu.’ (Chivumbulutso 14:8; 17:1, 2) Limaimira ufumu wa dziko lonse wa chipembedzo chonyenga, Dziko Lachikristu likumakhala ndi mlandu waukulu koposa. Malinga ndi mawu a Chivumbulutso 17:16-18, Mulungu adzasonkhezera mtima wa andale kuukira mkazi wachigololo wophiphiritsira ameneyo.d Talingalirani mmene zimenezo zidzaonekera kwa “osankhidwa” odzozedwa a Mulungu ndi atsamwali awo, a “khamu lalikulu.” Pamene chiwonongeko chimenechi cha chipembedzo chikuchitika, chidzaoneka ngati kuti chidzasesa magulu onse achipembedzo, kuphatikizapo anthu a Yehova.

18. Kodi nchifukwa ninji kudzaoneka ngati kuti palibe “munthu” amene adzapulumuka mbali yotsegulira ya chisautso chachikulu?

¹⁸ Apa mpamene mawu a Yesu opezeka pa Mateyu 24:22 adzakwaniritsidwa pamlingo waukulu. Monga momwe osankhidwa m’Yerusalemu anaonekera kukhala pangozi, atumiki a Yehova adzaoneka ngati kuti ali pangozi ya kufafanizidwa pa kuukiridwa kwa chipembedzo, monga ngati kuukirako kudzatheratu “munthu” yense wa Mulungu. Komabe, tiyeni tikumbukire zimene zinachitika kalelo mu 66 C.E. Chisautso chodzetsedwa ndi Aroma chinafupikitsidwa, kupatsa osankhidwa odzozedwa a Mulungu nthaŵi yabwino ya kuthaŵa ndi kukhalabe ndi moyo. Motero, tili ndi chidaliro chakuti kuukira kumeneko kowononga chipembedzo sikudzaloledwa kupha mpingo wa padziko lonse wa olambira oona. Kudzachitika msanga, monga ngati “m’tsiku limodzi.” Koma mwanjira ina, kudzafupikitsidwa, sikudzaloledwa kuchita cholinga chake chonse, kotero kuti anthu a Mulungu ‘apulumuke.’​—Chivumbulutso 18:8.

19. (a) Itatha mbali yoyamba ya chisautso chachikulu, kodi nchiyani chidzaonekera? (b) Kodi zimenezi zidzatsogolera kuti?

¹⁹ Mbali zina za gulu la padziko lapansi la Satana Mdyerekezi zidzapitiriza kwa kanthaŵi pambuyo pake, zikumalira kutayika kwa unansi wawo ndi mkazi wawo wachitole wakale wachipembedzo. (Chivumbulutso 18:9-19) Panthaŵi ina, adzaona kuti atumiki oona a Mulungu akalipo, “okhala mosatekeseka, onsewo akukhala opanda malinga” ndipo ooneka ngati opanda chitetezo. Zimene zidzawayembekezera zidzakhala zodabwitsa chotani nanga! Akumachitapo kanthu pa kuukira kwenikweni kapena kongowopseza atumiki ake, Mulungu adzapereka chiweruzo pa adani ake m’mbali yomaliza ya chisautso chachikulu.​—Ezekieli 38:10-12, 14, 18-23.

20. Kodi nchifukwa ninji mbali yachiŵiri ya chisautso chachikulu sidzaika anthu a Mulungu pangozi?

²⁰ Mbali yachiŵiri imeneyi ya chisautso chachikulu idzafanana ndi zimene zinachitikira Yerusalemu ndi nzika zake pa kuukira kwachiŵiri kwa Aroma mu 70 C.E. Chidzakhaladi ‘[chisautso chachikulu, NW] monga sipadakhale chotero kuyambira chiyambi cha dziko, kufikira [panthaŵiyo], inde ndipo sipadzakhalanso.’ (Mateyu 24:21) Komabe, tili ndi chidaliro chakuti osankhidwa a Mulungu ndi atsamwali awo sadzakhala m’malo angozi, sadzakhala pangozi ya kuphedwa. Oo, sadzafunikira kuthaŵira kumalo ena ayi. Akristu a m’zaka za zana loyamba m’Yerusalemu anathaŵa kuchoka mu mzindawo kupita kumapiri, monga ku Pella tsidya lina la Yordano. Komabe, mtsogolomu Mboni zokhulupirika za Mulungu zidzakhala kulikonse padziko lapansi, chotero chisungiko chawo ndi chitetezo sichidzakhalako chifukwa cha malo ayi.

21. Kodi ndani amene adzamenya nkhondo yomaliza, ndipo padzakhala chotulukapo chotani?

²¹ Chiwonongekocho sichidzadzetsedwa ndi magulu a nkhondo a Roma kapena bungwe lina lililonse laumunthu. M’malo mwake, buku la Chivumbulutso limanena kuti magulu a nkhondo akuphawo adzachokera kumwamba. Inde, mbali yomaliza ya chisautso chachikulu imeneyo idzachitidwa, osati ndi gulu la nkhondo lililonse laumunthu, koma ndi “Mawu a Mulungu,” Mfumuyo Yesu Kristu, mothandizidwa ndi “magulu a nkhondo okhala m’mwamba,” kuphatikizapo Akristu odzozedwa oukitsidwa. “Mfumu ya mafumu, ndi Mbuye wa ambuye” adzachita chipululutso chotheratu kuposa chimene anachita Aroma mu 70 C.E. Chidzafafaniza anthu onse otsutsa Mulungu​—mafumu, akazembe a nkhondo, mfulu ndi akapolo, aang’ono ndi aakulu. Ngakhale magulu aumunthu a dziko la Satana adzathedwa.​—Chivumbulutso 2:26, 27; 17:14; 19:11-21; 1 Yohane 5:19.

22. Kodi ndi m’lingaliro linanso liti limene “munthu” adzapulumukira?

²² Kumbukirani kuti “munthu,” otsalira odzozedwa ndi a “khamu lalikulu” omwe, adzakhala atapulumuka kale pamene Babulo Wamkulu awonongedwa mwamsanga ndipo kotheratu m’mbali yoyamba ya chisautsocho. Momwemonso m’mbali yomaliza ya chisautsocho, “munthu” amene wathaŵira kumbali ya Yehova adzapulumuka. Zimenezi zidzasiyana kwambiri chotani nanga ndi zimene zinachitikira Ayuda opanduka mu 70 C.E.!

23. Kodi “munthu” wopulumuka angayembekezere chiyani?

²³ Mukumaganiza za zimene zingatheke mtsogolo mwanu ndi mwa okondedwa anu, taonani zimene Chivumbulutso 7:16, 17 chimalonjeza: “Sadzamvanso njala, kapena ludzu, kapena silidzawatentha dzuŵa, kapena chitungu chilichonse; chifukwa Mwanawankhosa wakukhala pakati pa mpando wachifumu adzawaŵeta, nadzawatsogolera ku akasupe a madzi a moyo, ndipo Mulungu adzawapukutira misozi yonse pamaso pawo.” Ndithudi, kumenekodi ndiko “kupulumuka” m’lingaliro lodabwitsa ndi lachikhalire.

[Mawu a M’munsi]

Kodi Mungayankhe Motani?

◻ Kodi kuukira Yerusalemu kwa gulu la nkhondo la Aroma kunali ndi mbali ziŵiri zotani?

◻ Kodi nchifukwa ninji kuli kosatheka kuti Ayuda 97,000 otsala mu 70 C.E. anapanga “munthu” wotchulidwa pa Mateyu 24:22?

◻ Kodi masiku a chisautso cha Yerusalemu anafupikitsidwa motani, ndipo motero “munthu” anapulumuka motani?

◻ M’chisautso chachikulu chomayandikiracho, kodi masiku adzafupikitsidwa motani ndipo “munthu” adzapulumuka motani?

[Chithunzi patsamba 16]

Ndalama yachiyuda yosulidwa pambuyo pa chipanduko. Zilembo zachihebri zikuti “Chaka chachiŵiri,” kutanthauza 67 C.E., chaka chachiŵiri cha kudzilamulira kwawo

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eatsern History) Est.

[Chithunzi patsamba 17]

Ndalama yachiroma yosulidwa mu 71 C.E. Kumanzere kuli Mroma wa zida; kulamanja mkazi wachiyuda amene akulira. Mawuwo “IVDAEA CAPTA” amatanthauza “Yudeya Wandende”

[Mawu a Chithunzi]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eatsern History) Est.