“Chilamulo Chakhala Namkungwi”
KODI ndi ana angati amene amaona kufunika kwa malamulo ndiponso malangizo? Ndi ochepa chabe. Ana ambiri amaona kuti malamulo ndi otopetsa kwabasi. Koma anthu omwe ali ndi udindo woyang’anira ana amaona kuti malangizo oyenerera ndi ofunika kwa anawo. Ndipo ambiri mwa ana amenewa akakula, amadzazindikira kuti malangizo omwe anapatsidwa aja anali ofunika kwambiri. Mtumwi Paulo anayerekezera chitsanzo cha munthu amene ntchito yake inali yoteteza ana, pofuna kulongosola bwino ubwenzi umene unalipo pakati pa Yehova Mulungu ndi anthu ake.
Akhristu ena a m’nthawi ya atumwi omwe ankakhala m’dera lina la Roma lotchedwa Galatiya, ankaumirira zoti Mulungu ankayanja anthu okhawo omwe ankatsatira Chilamulo cha Mose. Koma mtumwi Paulo ankadziwa kuti zimenezi sizoona chifukwa Mulungu anapereka mzimu wake woyera kwa anthu ena omwe anali asanatsatirepo n’komwe chilamulo cha Ayuda. (Machitidwe 15:12) Motero Paulo anatsutsa maganizo olakwikawa mwa kugwiritsa ntchito fanizo. M’kalata imene analembera Akhristu a ku Galatiya, iye anati: “Chilamulo chakhala namkungwi wotitsogolera kwa Khristu.” (Agalatiya 3:24) Katswiri wina wa za maphunziro anati: “Anamkungwi anali odziwika bwino kwambiri kuyambira kalekale.” Kudziwa bwino ntchito ya anamkungwi kutithandiza kumvetsa bwino zimene mtumwi Paulo ankatanthauza.
Ntchito ya Namkungwi
Mabanja ambiri olemera achigiriki, achiroma ndiponso achiyuda ankakhala ndi anamkungwi oyang’anira ana awo kuyambira ali akhanda mpaka anawo atafika pa unyamata. Nthawi zambiri namkungwi ankakhala kapolo wachikulire yemwe anali wokhulupirika kwambiri. Namkungwi ankaonetsetsanso kuti mwanayo ndi wotetezeka ndiponso kuti malangizo onse a bambo a mwanayo akutsatiridwa. Iye ankakhala ndi mwana tsiku lonse, kulikonse kumene angapite ndiponso ankaonetsetsa kuti mwanayo ndi waukhondo. Namkungwi ankaperekezanso mwana ku sukulu, ndipo kawirikawiri ankamunyamulira mabuku ndi zinthu zina ndipo ankamudikirira mwanayo akamaphunzira.
Ntchito ya namkungwi sinali yophunzitsa mwanayo zinthu za ku sukulu. Koma iye ankaonetsetsa kuti aphunzitsi akutsatira malangizo onse a bambo a mwanayo. Komabe iyenso ankalangiza mwanayo. Zimenezi zinkaphatikizapo kum’phunzitsa makhalidwe abwino, kumudzudzula, ngakhale kumukwapula kumene akalakwitsa zinthu. Koma mayi ndi bambo a mwanayo ndi amene anali ndi udindo waukulu womuphunzitsa. Mnyamatayo akamakula, namkungwi ankamulangiza kuti asamayende modzitukumula, azivala modzilemekeza, azikhala bwino, azidya mwa ulemu komanso kuti adzipereka ulemu kwa akuluakulu, ndi zina zotero.
Katswiri wina wa ku Girisi dzina lake Plato, (yemwe anakhalako kuyambira mu 428 B.C.E. mpaka mu 348 B.C.E.) ankagwirizana kwambiri ndi zoti ana azilangizidwa kuti asamakhale achibwana. Iye analemba kuti: “Monga momwe zilili kuti nkhosa kapena chiweto china chilichonse sichingakhale popanda m’busa, ananso sangakhale popanda namkungwi, ndiponso kapolo sangakhale popanda mbuye wake.” Anthu ena angaone kuti maganizo amenewa ndi okhwimitsa zinthu koma umu ndi mmene Plato ankaonera zinthu.
Popeza kuti anamkungwi ankapezeka ali ndi ana nthawi zonse, anthu ena ankawanena kuti ankapondereza anawo, ankawalanga mwa nkhanza, ndiponso ankati malangizo awo anali otopetsa. Ngakhale kuti anthu ankanena zimenezi, anamkungwi ankateteza mwana kuti akhale ndi khalidwe ndiponso moyo wabwino. Katswiri wina wachigiriki wolemba mbiri dzina lake Appian, yemwe anakhalapo zaka za m’ma 100 C.E., anafotokoza nkhani ya namkungwi wina amene anakumana ndi achifwamba akuperekeza mwana ku sukulu. Iye anakumbatira mwanayo pofuna kumuteteza kwa achifwambawo. Koma atakana kupereka mwanayo, achifwambawo anapha namkungwiyo limodzi ndi mwanayo.
Khalidwe la chiwerewere linali lofala kwambiri pakati pa Agiriki. Ana, makamaka aamuna ankafunika kutetezedwa kwa anthu ogona ana. Motero, anamkungwi ankadikirira anawo m’kalasi akamaphunzira chifukwa aphunzitsi ambiri anali okayikitsa. Katswiri wina wachigiriki wodziwa kulankhula bwino pa gulu dzina lake Libanius yemwe anakhala m’zaka za m’ma 300 C.E., anafika ponena kuti anamkungwi ankakhala ngati “anthu olondera ana omwe anali kukula,” ndipo “ankawatetezera ku anthu oipa omwe akanawagona ndiponso ankaonetsetsa kuti anthu otere sakucheza ndi anawo.” Ana ambiri ankalemekeza anamkungwi awo. Ndipo anthu ambiri ankamanga zipilala pamanda a munthu amene anali namkungwi wawo pofuna kusonyeza kuyamikira.
Chilamulo Chinali Namkungwi
N’chifukwa chiyani mtumwi Paulo anayerekezera Chilamulo cha Mose ndi namkungwi? N’chifukwa chiyani chitsanzochi chinali choyenerera?
Choyamba, Chilamulo chinkateteza Ayuda. Paulo ananena kuti Ayuda anali “kuyang’aniridwa ndi chilamulo.” Zinali ngati kuti namkungwi anali kuwateteza. (Agalatiya 3:23) Chilamulocho chinkakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wawo. Chinkawateteza ku zilakolako zawo zoipa. Ndipo chinkatetezeranso khalidwe lawo moti nthawi zonse chinkawadzudzula akalakwa. Zimenezi zinkathandiza kuti Mwisiraeli aliyense azikumbukira kuti ndi wopanda ungwiro.
Chilamulo chinkawatetezanso ku makhalidwe oipa ndiponso kulambira konyenga kumene mitundu yowazungulira inkachita. Mwachitsanzo, lamulo limene Mulungu anawapatsa loletsa kukwatirana ndi anthu omwe sanali Aisiraeli, linawathandiza kuti akhale pa ubwenzi wabwino ndi iye. (Deuteronomo 7:3, 4) Malamulo amenewa anathandiza kuti Aisiraeli azilambira Mulungu movomerezeka ndipo anawathandizanso kuzindikira Mesiya. Mulungu anasonyeza kuti amakondadi anthu ake powapatsa Chilamulochi. Ndipo Mose anakumbutsa Aisiraeli anzake kuti: “Monga munthu alanga mwana wake, momwemo Yehova Mulungu wanu anakulangani inu.”—Deuteronomo 8:5.
Mfundo yofunika kwambiri mu fanizo la Pauloli inali yoti ntchito ya namkungwi inkakhala ndi mapeto ake. Mwana akakula sanali kukhalanso m’manja mwa namkungwi. Katswiri wina wambiri yakale wachigiriki, dzina lake Xenophon, (yemwe anakhalako kuyambira mu 431 B.C.E. mpaka mu 352 B.C.E.) analemba kuti: “Mwana akakula n’kukhala mnyamata, makolo ake ankamuchotsa m’manja mwa [namkungwi] wake ndiponso mwa [mphunzitsi] wake. Sankayang’aniridwanso ndi anthu amenewa koma ankachita zinthu payekha.”
N’chimodzimodzinso ndi Chilamulo cha Mose. Ntchito yake inali yakanthawi “kuti machimo aonekere, mpaka amene ali mbewuyo [Yesu Khristu] atafika.” Ponena za Ayuda, mtumwi Paulo anafotokoza kuti Chilamulo chinali ‘namkungwi wowatsogolera kwa Khristu.’ Kuti akhale pa ubwenzi wabwino ndi Mulungu, Ayuda a m’nthawi ya Paulo anafunikira kuvomereza udindo umene Yesu ali nawo pa zimene Mulungu akufuna kuchita. Ntchito ya namkungwi inakwaniritsidwa ndipo inatha Ayudawo atavomereza udindo wa Yesu.—Agalatiya 3:19, 24, 25.
Chilamulo chimene Mulungu anachipereka kwa Aisiraeli chinali changwiro. Chilamulochi chinakwaniritsa zinthu zonse zimene Mulungu anachiikira. Monga kuteteza anthu ake ndiponso kuwathandiza kudziwa mfundo zake zapamwamba. (Aroma 7:7-14) Chilamulo chinalidi namkungwi wabwino zedi. Komabe Ayuda ena ankaona kuti mfundo za m’Chilamulochi zinali zotopetsa. N’chifukwa chake Paulo analemba kuti, panthawi yoyenera ya Mulungu, “Khristu anatigula natimasula ku temberero la Chilamulo.” Chilamulo chinali ngati “temberero” chifukwa choti chinali changwiro. Koma Ayuda amene anafunika kuchitsatira anali opanda ungwiro, choncho sakanatha kuchitsatira ndendende. Iwo anafunika kuonetsetsa kuti akutsatira mosamala kwambiri miyambo yonse ya m’Chilamulocho. Koma Myuda aliyense sankafunikiranso kutsatira namkungwi akangovomereza nsembe ya dipo ya Yesu Khristu, yomwe ndi yapadera kwambiri.—Agalatiya 3:13; 4:9, 10.
Chotero, Paulo poyerekezera Chilamulo cha Mose ndi namkungwi, anafuna kutsindika mfundo yakuti Chilamulocho chinafunika kutsogolera Ayuda kwa kanthawi chabe. Kuti munthu akhale pa ubwenzi wabwino ndi Yehova sizidaliranso kutsatira Chilamulo, koma kuzindikira udindo umene Yesu ali nawo ndiponso kum’khulupirira.—Agalatiya 2:16; 3:11.
[Bokosi/Chithunzi patsamba 21]
“AMUNA OIKIDWA” NDIPONSO “ADINDO”
Mtumwi Paulo sanangolemba za fanizo la namkungwi basi. Koma analembanso mafanizo onena za “amuna oikidwa” ndiponso “adindo.” Lemba la Agalatiya 4:1, 2, limati: “Malinga wolandira cholowa akakhala kamwana, iye sasiyana konse ndi kapolo, ngakhale ali mwini zinthu zonse. Amakhalabe pansi pa amuna oikidwa kumuyang’anira ndi adindo kufikira tsiku limene atate wake anaikiratu.” Ntchito ya “amuna oikidwa” ndiponso “adindo” inali yosiyana kwambiri ndi ya anamkungwi. Komabe mfundo imene mtumwi Paulo anafuna kufotokoza inali imodzi.
Malinga ndi malamulo a Aroma, ‘mwamuna woikidwa’ anali wovomerezedwa ndi malamulo kuti azisamalira mwana wamasiye. Zimenezi zikuphatikizapo kumugulira zinthu zofunika pamoyo wake mpaka mwanayo atakula. Motero Paulo anafotokoza kuti ngakhale mwana wotero anali mwini wake wa chumacho, koma analibe mphamvu zilizonse pa chumacho mofanana ndi kapolo, mpaka atakula.
Komano ‘mdindo’ anali ndi mphamvu pankhani zokhudza chumacho. Wolemba mbiri wina wachiyuda, dzina lake Flavius Josephus anafotokoza za mnyamata wina wotchedwa Hyrcanus kuti anapempha bambo ake kuti am’patse kalata yololeza mdindo kuti azim’patsa ndalama zogulira chilichonse chimene akufuna.
Choncho, kuyang’aniridwa ndi namkungwi, ‘mwamuna woikidwa’ kapena ‘mdindo,’ kunkatanthauza kuti mwana analibe ufulu. Moyo wa mwanayo unali m’manja mwa anthu ena mpaka nthawi imene bambo wamwanayo wafuna kuti amasuke.
[Chithunzi patsamba 19]
Chithunzi chojambulidwa pa mtsuko wa ku Girisi, chosonyeza namkungwi ali ndi ndodo
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
National Archaeological Museum, Athens
[Chithunzi patsamba 19]
Chithunzi cha m’zaka za m’ma 400 B.C.E., chojambulidwa pa kapu chosonyeza namkungwi (ali ndi ndodo), akudikirira mwana amene akuphunzitsidwa ndakatulo ndiponso nyimbo
[Mawu a Chithunzi]
Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY