zonsezi zatikalipitsa ife ndi kusokoneza ndi phokoso. Ngakhale zosungitsa zokutidwa ndi mkuwa sizingakhoze kuchinjiriza kwina kwa kusokoneza kumeneku kuchitika.

Ngati kulankhuzana kwanu kwa pa telefoni kunatumizidwa mbali imodzi ndi satellite, inu mungakhale mutamvapo kamphindi kakuchedwa kwa kulankhuzana kapena kumvapo ziyambukiro za mawu ozungulira. Mu nthaŵi zakumbuyo, chiwunda chinkakhalapo. Nthambo za optics zimayesa kuchepetsako kuchedwa kodziŵika ndi kupereka kulandira komvekera bwino, ndipo kosasokonezedwa.

◼ Kulankhuzana Kokhala ndi Chisungiko. Chisungiko chotheratu chiri chimodzi cha mapindu a nthambo za optics. Chotero, kulankhuzana kolowerera kumathetsedwa, ndi kulumikiza mawaya kopanda lamulo kuli kwenikweni kosathekera. Palibe njira ina yomwe pakali pano yapangidwa kulumikiza mawaya pa cheza chakuwala, chifupifupi osati popanda kuchepetsa kwakukulukulu zolandirira ndipo motero kupereka chenjezo.

◼ Kulongosoka Kwakukulu. Kulongosoka kwabwino kwambiri kwa kutumizira chidziŵitso mwa kugwiritsira ntchito kuwala kungamvedwe pamene tilingalira kuti kulankhuzana kwa zikwi zikwi kwa pa foni kunganyamulidwe ndi mbali imodzi yokha ya nthambo za kuwala. Kuyerekeza kuli kwakuti zamkati zonse za Webster’s unabridged dictionary zingatumizidwe mamailosi zikwi mu timphindi tisanu ndi imodzi kupyola mu kampukutu kamodzi kokha ka galasi.

◼ Malo Ochepa—Zikhoza Kuchita ndi Malo Ozungulira Ovuta. Malo ambiri ayamba kale kupindula kuchokera ku kupangidwa kwatsopano kumeneku. Mbali za Mizinda Yaikulu zikupindula mu, chiwunda chapamwamba chatsopano cha kulankhuzana chokhala ndi kufunikira kochepera kwa ziwiya. Zipinda zonse zodzala ndi ziwiya zoyatsira zakale zingakhoze tsopano kulowedwa m’malo ndi ziwiya zanthambo za optic zomwe zimangofuna kokha malo ochepa. Ndiponso, malo akutali onga ngati Florida Keys tsopano amasangalala ndi kachitidwe kopanda phokoso. Mkhalidwe wovuta wa madzi a m’chere mu Keys ndi malo ofanana nawo zinali zokhoza kupangitsa kuchepa kwamphamvu za magetsi ndi kuzimiririka kwa zamankhwala. Komabe, ndi nthambo za optics, pali ziyambukiro zochepera.

Kuyang’ana Mtsogolo

Mtsogolo kaamba ka kupangidwa kwatsopano mumawonekera kukhala molonjeza. Kusintha kwayamba kale kutenga malo mofulumira kwenikweni kuposa ndi mmene kunanenedweratu ndi ena. Kukusimbidwa kuti limodzi la mavuto akulu koposa liri kusankha dongosolo lomwe silidzakhoza kuyerekezedwa panthaŵi imene lidzaikidwa.

◼ Liwu, Video, ndi Makompyuta Kuchokera Kumbali Imodzi. Magazini ya High Technology m’kope lake la February 1986 yachitira ripoti pansi pa mutu wakuti “Business Outlook” kuti “Nthambo za Optics zakhala mbali yolakalakidwa kwambiri ya kutumizira mawu, chidziŵitso, ndi video mu U.S.—makamaka kupyola pa mtunda wautali.” Nkhaniyo yapitiriza ndi kuchitira ndemanga kuti: “Tikuyamba kukulitsa cholowanecholowane wanthambo zimene zidzafikira m’nyumba. Mwakugwiritsira ntchito mbali imodzi imene ingakhoze kukhala ndi mawu, video, ndi . . . kufunsira mbali ya magwero a chidziŵitso kaamba ka mawu.” Ichi chikutsegula mwaŵi kwa chifupifupi anthu ena kugula, kuika ndalama ku banki, ndi kugula matikiti a ndenge, ndi kukhala ndi mwaŵi wina wa malaibulale panyumba zawo. Iwo ayenera kukhala okhoza ngakhale kuwona mabwenzi awo pamene akulankhula pa foni—zonsezi kupyolera mu nthambo za galasi zodabwitsa zimenezo.

Achichepere Akufunsa Kuti . . .

Kodi Ndingapeze Bwanji Chisangalalo Monga Mwana Yekha?

“NDIMACHIDA ICHO. Ndimachida icho,” analira tero Sue Ann wa zaka zakubadwa 16. Koma Al, wocheperapo ndi zaka ziŵiri, ananena kuti: “Ndimakonda kukhala mwana yekha.”

Onse aŵiri, ndithudi, anali ndi zifukwa zawo. Koma kodi chiri chifukwa chakuti Sue Ann anali kugogomezera mopambanitsa kuipa kwake, pamene kuli kwakuti Al kwakukulukulu anali kuwona ubwino wake? Kodi inu—makamaka ngati muli mwana yekha—mumawona bwanji nkhaniyo? Kodi mumadzimva monga Sue Ann kapena monga Al? Kapena mochepera monga onse aŵiri?

Yesani Kumvetsetsa Nchifukwa Ninji

Banja la mwana mmodzi siliri mkhalidwe wa dziko. Koma mlingo wa obadwa m’maiko ena, makamaka mu North America ndi Europe, watsika kwambiri chakuti kukhala mwana yekha kudzakhala kwa ana mamiliyoni ambiri omwe akubadwa tsopano. Ndipo mu China, kumene chiyambire 1979 akhala ndi programu yaikulu ya kuletsa kubala, pali kuyerekezera kwa mabanja mamiliyoni 35 okhala kokha ndi mwana mmodzi. Pamene kuli kwakuti ana ena angapeze mkhalidwewo kukhala wovuta kuulandira, Elke, mkazi wachichepere yemwe anakula monga mwana yekha, akunena kuti kudziŵa chifukwa chake kunamuthandiza iye. “Ndinamvetsetsa zifukwa za makolo anga,” iye akulongosola, “ndipo ndiganiza kuti ichi chiri chofunika kuti mwana yekha akhale wosangalala ndi wokwaniritsidwa.”

Zifukwa zake zingakhale za mayanjano, zogwirizana ndi umoyo, kapena za mkhalidwe wina waumwini. Kapena chingangokhala kokha kaamba ka chifukwa cha zandalama. Kodi mumadziŵa, mwachitsanzo, kuti mu Great Britain kapena United States zowonongedwa za kulera mwana kufika ku uchikulire zingapitirire bwino lomwe pa $100,000? Chulukitsani ichi ndi 2, 3, kapena 4, ndipo mungamvetsetse chifukwa chimene makolo ena amanena kuti ‘mmodzi ali wokwanira.’

Chirichonse chimene chingakhale chifukwa, mwana yekha safunikira kukhumudwitsidwa ponena za mtsogolo mwake. Phunziro lofalitsidwa mu 1954 ndi ophunzitsa Cutts ndi Moseley linavumbula kuti lingaliro la kukhala ndi mwana mmodzi mwachiwonekere silimatembenukira kukhala losiyana ndi ena. Ndipo posachedwapa kwambiri, Dr. Alice Loomer, akumalemba mu Parents’ Magazine, ananena kuti ngakhale kuti kukhala mwana wobadwa yekha kudzamuyambukira iye, “chimene chimadetsa nkhaŵa koposa nsonga imodzi ya ‘kukhala wobadwa yekha’ chiri mmene mikhalidwe yonse ya umoyo wa anthu achichepere imagwirizanirana kumupangitsa iye munthu wapadera amene ali.”

Ndithudi simungasinthe mkhalidwe wanu, chotero chinsinsi cha chisangalalo chimakhala mu kusangalala ndi maubwino a kukhala mwana wobadwa yekha, pamene mukunyalanyaza kuipa kwake. Ngakhale kuposerapo, yesani kupindula kuchokera mu zoipazo. Motani?

Sinthani Zoipa Kukhala Zabwino

KUSOWA WOCHEZA NAYE: Kuyanjana ndi abale ndi alongo kumakuphunzitsani inu kuti munthu aliyense ali wosiyana ndi kuti wina afunikira kuphunzira kulemekeza kulingalira kwa ena. Chingakuthandizeninso pa sukulu, kuchipangitsa kukhala chosavuta kulongosola kwa ana ena. Koma ngati kuyanjana kwa kunyumba kusoweka, chotero yesani kukhala wofunitsitsa kufunafuna kwina kwake. Ngati sitero mudzakhala wosungulumwa. Inu mungadzimve kukhala wolekereredwa ndipo mwinamwake kungotsirizira kukhala wosungulumwa. Ichi chifunikira kupewedwa, monga mmene mfumu yanzeru yakale inachenjezera: “Wodzilekanitsa iyemwini adzafunafuna chifuniro chake chadyera; nakangana ndi nzeru yonse yeniyeni.”—Miyambo 18:1, NW.

M’chenicheni, chotero, inu mungasankhe “abale” a inu eni ndi “alongo,” mogwirizana ndithudi ndi chivomerezo cha makolo. Al akuwona mu ichi zabwino zenizeni, akumati: “Ndimawona pa mabwenzi anga onse omwe ali ndi abale a makhalidwe oipa oterowo ndi alongo ndipo onse amadana wina ndi mnzake ndipo amamenyana nthaŵi zonse. Ndi mkhalidwe woipa chotani nanga.” Ndithudi, uwu suli mkhalidwe m’mabanja onse, koma iridi nkhani kaŵirikaŵiri ya kupangira nsonga yeniyeni.

Chifukwa cha kukhala ndi zochepa m’kuyanjana kwa panyumba, inu mungakhale ndi nthaŵi yambiri ya kuphunzira, kusinkhasinkha, kapena kukulitsa luso linalake. Ana ambiri obadwa okha apambana malingaliro akusungulumwa kapena kusowa woyanjana naye mwa kukhala woŵerenga wofunitsitsa. Chotero chiri mwinamwake osati chopanda chifukwa kuti mwana wobadwa yekha amawonedwa kaŵirikaŵiri monga mwana wochenjeretsa, wina amene mwachidziŵikire kwenikweni angakhoze kukulitsa mphamvu yaikulu ya kusunga mawu, mmodzi amene angakhoze kupambana m’zamaphunziro.

KUSAMALITSA KOCHULUKIRA: “Monga mwana wobadwa yekha ndinasonyezedwa kusamalira kotheratu ndi makolo anga,” anatero Thomas, ndipo amachilingalira icho kukhala mwaŵi. Ndithudi, kusamalitsa kopambanitsa kwa ukholo kungakhale koipa, kuwononga mwana, kum’pangitsa iye kukhala wodzitukumula. Kapena kungakhale kwa nkhalwe. Koma kumbali ina yabwino, ngati mumadzimva kuti makolo anu ali ndi nthaŵi yochepera kwenikweni kaamba ka inu—monga mmene ana ambiri amachitira—ganizirani mmene icho chikakhalira choipirapo ngati mukanafunikira kugawana nazo ndi abale osiyanasiyana ndi alongo. M’chenicheni, kusamalira kosagawanika kwa makolo anu kungakuthandizeni kukula mwamsanga, kudzimva wosungika pakati pa achikulire, ndipo kukhala wokhoza kukambitsirana ndi achikulire pamlingo wawo.

KUGWIRIZANITSIDWA KWA MAYANJANO: Chifukwa chimodzi cha kumvera chisoni kwa Sue Ann kaamba ka kukhala mwana wobadwa yekha chiri ichi: “Pamene muli nokha, mumakhala wopanda zogwirizanitsidwa. . . . Chiri chovuta kupeza wopita naye kocheza. Mukafunikira kupita ndi bwenzi lamwamuna la bwenzi la pamtima la bwenzi lanu lachikazi, kapena chirichonse. . . . Abale ndi amene ndikhumba kuti ndikanakhala nawo. Abale achikulire.” Komabe, mungakhale ndi nzeru kuyembekeza kufikira pamene mwakula mokwanira kuti mukwatire musanachite chibwenzi ndi mtsikana. Ndipo ngati ubwenzi ndi umene inu mufuna, kumbukirani kuti kugwirizanitsidwa kwa mayanjano kungapangidwenso