Helo

Tanthauzo: Liwu lakutilo “helo” likupezeka m’matembenuzidwe ambiri a Baibulo. M’mavesi amodzimodziwo matembenuzidwe ena amalitchula kuti “manda,” “dziko la akufa,” ndi zina zotero. Mabaibulo ena amalitembenuza mwa kulemba masupelo a mawu a chinenero choyambirira amene nthaŵi zina amatembenuzidwa kukhala “helo”; ndiko kuti, amawalemba ndi zilembo za m’dongosolo lathu la kutsatizana kwazilembo koma amasiya mawuwo ali osatembenuzidwa. Kodi mawuwo ngotani? She’ohlʹ Wachihebri ndi wofanana naye Wachigriki wakuti haiʹdes, amene amanena, osati kumalo a manda amodzi okha, koma manda a anthu onse akufa; ndiponso pali liwu Lachigriki lakuti geʹen·na, limene limagwiritsiridwa ntchito monga chisonyezero cha chiwonongeko chamuyaya. Komabe, ponse paŵiri m’zipembedzo zambiri za Dziko Lachikristu ndi zosakhala Zachikristu mumaphunzitsidwa kuti helo ndiwo malo okhalidwa ndi ziwanda ndi kumene oipa, pambuyo pa imfa, amalangidwa (ndipo ena amakhulupirira kuti izi zimachitidwa mozunza).

Kodi Baibulo limasonyeza kaya ngati akufa akumva ululu?

Mlal. 9:5, 10: “Amoyo adziŵa kuti tidzafa; koma akufa sadziŵa kanthu bi . . . Chirichonse dzanja lako lichipeza kuchichita, uchichite ndi mphamvu yako; pakuti mulibe ntchito ngakhale kulingalira, ngakhale kudziŵa, ngakhale nzeru kumanda [Sheol*], uli kupitako.” (Ngati iwo sakudziŵa kanthu bi, mwachiwonekere samamva ululu konse.) (*“Sheol,” AS, RS, NE, JB; “manda,” KJ, Kx; “helo,” Dy; “dziko la akufa,” TEV.)

Sal. 146:4: “Mpweya wake uchoka, abwerera kumka kunthaka yake; tsiku lomwelo zotsimikiza mtima zake* zitayika.” (*“Malingaliro,” KJ, 145:4 m’Dy; “zolinganiza,” JB; “makonzedwe,” RS, TEV.)

Kodi Baibulo limasonyeza kuti moyo umapulumuka imfa ya thupi?

Ezek. 18:4: “Moyo* wochimwawo ndiwo udzafa.” (*“Moyo,” KJ, Dy, RS, NE, Kx; “mwamunayo,” JB; “munthuyo,” TEV.)

“Lingaliro lakuti ‘moyo,’ kutanthauza chinthu chauzimu kotheratu, chimene chiri chopanda thupi, chosiyana ndi ‘thupi,’ . . . mulibe m’Baibulo.”—La Parole de Dieu (Paris, 1960), Georges Auzou, profesala wa Malemba Opatulika, Rouen Seminary, Faransa, p. 128.

“Ngakhale kuli kwakuti liwu Lachihebri lakuti nefesh [m’Malemba Achihebri] kaŵirikaŵiri limatembenuzidwa kukhala ‘moyo,’ kukanakhala kulakwa kulipatsa tanthauzo Lachigriki. Nefesh . . . siimalingaliridwa konse kukhala yogwira ntchito mosiyana ndi thupi. M’Chipangano Chatsopano liwu Lachigriki lakuti psyche limatembenuzidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala ‘moyo’ koma kachiŵirinso siliyenera kulingaliridwa msanga kuti liri tanthauzo la liwu limene anthanthi Achigriki anali nalo. Kaŵirikaŵiri limatanthauza ‘moyo,’ kapena ‘umoyo,’ kapena, nthaŵi zina, ‘mwiniwe.’”—The Encyclopedia Americana (1977), Vol. 25, p. 236.

Kodi ndianthu otani amene amapita kuhelo wa Baibulo?

Kodi Baibulo limanena kuti oipa amapita kuhelo?

Sal. 9:17, KJ: “Oipawo adzabwerera kuhelo,* ndi amitundu onse oiŵala Mulungu.” (*“Helo,” 9:18 m’Dy; “imfa,” TEV; “malo a imfa,” Kx; “Sheol,” AS, RS, NE, JB, NW.)

Kodi Baibulo limanenanso kuti olungama amapita kuhelo?

Yobu 14:13, Dy: “[Yobu anapemphera kuti:] Kodi adzandiloleza ichi ndani, kuti inu munditetezere muhelo,* ndi kundibisa mpaka mkwiyo wanu wapita, ndi kundiikira nthaŵi pamene mudzandikumbukira?” (Mulungu mwiniyo ananena kuti Yobu anali “munthu wangwiro ndi wowongoka, wakuwopa Mulungu ndi kupeŵa zoipa.”—Yobu 1:8.) (*“Manda,” KJ; “dziko la akufa,” TEV; “Sheol,” AS, RS, NE, JB, NW.)

Mac. 2:25-27: “Davide ananena za iye [Yesu Kristu], . . . Pakuti simudzasiya moyo wanga kuhade,* kapena simudzapereka Woyera wanu awone chivundi.” (Chenicheni chakuti Mulungu ‘sanasiye’ Yesu m’helo chimatanthauza kuti Yesu anali m’helo, kapena Hades, kwanthaŵi, kodi sichoncho?) (*“Helo,” Dy; “imfa,” NE; “malo a akufa,” Kx; “dziko la akufa,” TEV; “Hades,” AS, RS, JB, NW.)

Kodi pali munthu aliyense amene anayamba watuluka muhelo?

Chiv. 20:13, 14: “Nyanja inapereka akufawo anali momwemo, ndipo imfa ndi Hade* zinapereka akufawo anali m’menemo; ndipo anaweruzidwa yense monga mwa ntchito zake ndipo imfa ndi Hade zinaponyedwa m’nyanja yamoto.” (Chotero akufa adzawombeledwa kuhelo. Wonaninso kuti helo saali wofanana ndi nyanja yamoto koma kuti iye adzaponyedwa m’nyanja yamoto.) (*“Helo,” Dy, Kx; “dziko la akufa,” TEV; “Hades,” NE, AS, RS, JB, NW.)

Kodi nchifukwa ninji pali chisokonezo ponena za chimene Baibulo limanena ponena za helo?

“Chisokonezo chochuluka ndi kusamvetsetsa zachititsidwa ndi otembenuza oyambirira a Baibulo mwa kutembenuza nthaŵi zonse liwu Lachihebri lakuti Sheol, ndi Lachigriki lakuti Hades ndi Gehena. Kulemba masupelo kwa mawuwa m’chinenero china kochitidwa ndi otembenuza a matembenuzidwe okonzedwa Abaibulo sikunachite mokwanira kumveketsa bwino lomwe chisokonezo ichi ndi cholakwa.”—The Encyclopedia Americana (1942), Vol. XIV, p. 81.

Otembenuza analola zikhulupiriro zawo kuyambukira ntchito yawo mmalo mwa kuchita mosasinthasintha m’kutembenuza kwawo mawu achinenero choyambirira. Mwachitsanzo: (1) King James Version inatembenuza she’ohlʹ monga “helo,” “manda,” ndi “dzenje”; haiʹdes akutembenuzidwa kukhala ponse paŵiri “helo” ndi “manda”; geʹen·na akutembenuzidwanso kukhala “helo.” (2) Today’s English Version imalemba masupelo a haiʹdes kukhala “Hades” ndiponso imaitembenuza kukhala “helo” ndi “dziko la akufa.” Koma kuwonjezera pa kutembenuza “helo” kuchokera ku haiʹdes imagwiritsira ntchito matembenuzidwe amodzimodziwo kaamba ka geʹen·na. (3) The Jerusalem Bible limalemba masupelo a haiʹdes nthaŵi zisanu ndi imodzi, koma m’mavesi ena limalitembenuza kukhala “helo” ndipo monga “dziko lapansi pa nthaka.” Limatembenuzanso geʹen·na kukhala “helo,” monga momwe imachitira haiʹdes nthaŵi ziŵiri. Chotero matanthauzo enieni a mawu a chinenero choyambirira aphimbidwa.

Kodi pali chilango chamuyaya kaamba ka oipa?

Mat. 25:46, KJ: “Amenewa adzachoka kumka ku chilango chanthaŵi zonse [“kukhadzulidwa,” Int; Chigriki, koʹla·sin]: koma olungama ku moyo wanthaŵi zonse.” (The Emphatic Diaglott imati “kudulidwa” mmalo mwa “chilango.” Mawu amtsinde amafotokoza kuti: “Kolasin . . . latembenuzidwa kuchokera ku kolazoo, limene limatanthauza, 1. Kudula; monga kukhadzula nthambi zamitengo, kutengulira. 2. Kukanikiza, kuletsa. . . . 3. Kumenya, kulanga. Kudula moyo wa munthu, chitaganya, kapena ngakhale kukanikiza, kumawonedwa kukhala chilango;—ndicho chifukwa chake panabuka kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwachitatu uku kwamawu okuluŵika. Tanthauzo lalikulu lalandiridwa, chifukwa chakuti limagwirizana bwino kwambiri ndi chiŵalo chachiŵiri cha chiganizocho, chotero chimatetezera mphamvu ndi kukongola kwa mawu otsutsana. Olungama amapita kumoyo, oipa kukudulidwa kumoyo, kapena imfa. Wonani 2 Ates. 1.9.”)

2 Ates. 1:9: “Adzamva chilango, ndicho chiwonongeko chosatha* chowasiyanitsa ku nkhope ya Ambuye, ndi kuulemerero wamphamvu yake.” (*“Chipasuko chamuyaya,” NAB, NE; “kutayika kwamuyaya,” JB; “kuwaweruzira ku chilango chamuyaya,” Kx; “chilango chamuyaya m’chiwonongeko,” Dy.)

Yuda 7: “Monga Sodoma ndi Gomora, ndi midzi yakuizungulira, potsatana nayoyo, idadzipereka kudama, ndi kutsata zilakolako zachilendo, iikidwa chitsanzo, pakuchitidwa chilango cha moto wosatha.” (Moto umene unawononga Sodomu ndi Gomora unaleka kuyaka zaka zikwi zochuluka zapitazo. Koma chiyambukiro cha moto umenewo chakhala chokhalitsa; mizindayo siinamangidwenso. Komabe, chiŵeruzo cha Mulungu, sichinangokhala kokha chotsutsana ndi mizindayo komanso motsutsana ndi nzika zawo zoipa. Chimene chinawachitikira nchitsanzo chochenjeza. Pa Luka 17:29, Yesu akunena kuti iwo ‘anawonongeka’; Yuda 7 akusonyeza kuti chiwonongekocho chinali chamuyaya.)

Kodi nchiyani chimene chiri tanthauzo la ‘chizunzo chamuyaya’ chotchulidwa m’Chivumbulutso?

Chiv. 14:9-11; 20:10: “Ngati wina alambira chirombocho, ndi fano lake, nalandira lemba pamphumi pake, kapena padzanja lake, iyenso adzamwako ku vinyo wa mkwiyo wa Mulungu, wokonzeka wosasanganiza m’chikho chamkwiyo wake; ndipo adzazunzika ndi moto ndi sulfure pamaso pa angelo oyera mtima ndi pamaso pa Mwanawankhosa; ndipo utsi wa kuzunza kwawo [Chigriki, ba·sa·ni·smouʹ] ukwera kunthaŵi zanthaŵi; ndipo sapuma usana ndi usiku iwo akulambira chirombocho ndi fano lake, ndipo iye aliyense akalandira lemba ladzina lake.” “Ndipo mdyerekezi wakuwasokeretsa anaponyedwa m’nyanja yamoyo ndi sulfure, kumeneko kulinso chirombocho ndi mneneri wonyengayo; ndipo adzazunzidwa usana ndi usiku kunthaŵi zanthaŵi.”

Kodi nchiyani chimene chiri ‘chizunzo’ chimene malembawa akutchula? Nkokondweretsa kuwona kuti pa Chivumbulutso 11:10 (KJ) panenedwa mawu onena za ‘aneneri amene amazunza iwo akukhala padziko.’ Kuzunza uku kumachititsidwa ndi kuululidwa koluluza kochititsidwa ndi mauthenga amene aneneri amenewa amalengeza. Pa Chivumbulutso 14:9-11 (KJ) olambira “chirombocho ndi fano lake” zophiphiritsira akunenedwa kukhala ‘ozunzidwa ndi moto ndi sulfure.’ Izi sizingasonye ku chizunzo chomva kuwawa pambuyo pa imfa chifukwa chakuti “akufa sadziŵa kanthu bi.” (Mlal. 9:5, KJ) Pamenepa, kodi nchiyani chimene chimawachititsa kukumana ndi chizunzo chotero pamene iwo ali amoyobe? Ndiko kulengezedwa kochitidwa ndi atumiki a Mulungu kwakuti olambira a “chirombocho ndi fano lake” adzakumana ndi imfa yachiŵiri, imene ikuimiridwa ndi “nyanja yoyaka moto ndi sulfure.” Utsi, wogwirizanitsidwa ndi chiwonongeko cha moto, umakwera kosatha chifukwa chakuti chiwonongekocho chidzakhala chamuyaya ndipo sichidzaiŵalidwa konse. Pamene Chivumbulutso 20:10 chimanena kuti Mdyerekezi ‘akazunzidwa kunthaŵi zanthaŵi’ “nyanja yamoto ndi sulfure,” kodi zimenezo zimatanthauzanji? Chivumbulutso 21:8 (KJ) chimafotokoza momvekera kuti “nyanja yoyaka moto ndi sulfure” imatanthauza “imfa yachiŵiri.” Chotero “kuzunzidwa” kwa Mdyerekezi mmenemo kunthaŵi zonse kumatanthauza kuti sipadzakhala mpumulo kwa iye; adzakhala wotsenderezedwa kosatha, kwenikweni mu imfa yamuyaya. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa liwu lakuti “kuzunza” (kuchokera ku liwu Lachigriki la baʹsa·nos) kumakumbutsa munthuwe kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa pa Mateyu 18:34, kumene liwu lofanana lalikulu Lachigiriki likugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ‘wosunga ndende.’—RS, AT, ED, NW.

Kodi nchiyani chimene chiri ‘Gehena wa moto’ amene Yesu anamnena?

Liwu lakuti Gehena limawonekera nthaŵi 12 m’Malemba Achikristu Achigriki. Nthaŵi zisanu limagwirizanitsidwa mwachindunji ndi moto. Omasulira atembenuza liwu Lachigriki lakuti geʹen·nan tou py·rosʹ kukhala “helo wamoto” (KJ, Dy), “moto wa helo” (NE), “dzenje lamoto” (AT), ndi “moto wa Gehena” (NAB).

Chiyambi m’mbiri: Chigwa cha Hinomu (Gehena) chinali kunja kwa makoma a Yerusalemu. Kwanthaŵi yakutiyakuti anali malo olambirira mafano, kuphatikizapo kuperekedwa nsembe kwa ana. M’zaka za zana loyamba Gehena anali kugwiritsiridwa ntchito monga ng’anjo yowotchera zinyalala za Yerusalemu. Mitembo ya nyama zakufa inali kuponyedwa m’chigwa kuti ipserere m’moto, kumene sulfure, kapena miyala yoyaka, inawonjezeredwa kuthandizira kukolerako. Ndiponso mitembo ya apandu ophedwa, amene analingaliridwa kukhala osayenerera kukwiriridwa m’manda achikumbukiro, anali kuponyedwa m’Gehena. Chotero, pa Mateyu 5:29, 30, Yesu analankhula za kuponyera “thupi lathunthu” lamunthuyo m’Gehena. Ngati mtembowo unagwera m’moto wolipuka mosayerekeza unali kunyeketsedwa, koma ngati unagwera mphepete mwa ngalande yakuya thupi lake lovundalo linaloŵedwa ndi nyongolotsi zoyenda nyakatunyakatu mosalekeza, kapena mphutsi. (Marko 9:47, 48) Anthu amoyo sanali kuponyedwa m’Gehena; chotero sanali malo ozunzira anthu amoyo.

Pa Mateyu 10:28, Yesu anachenjeza omvetsera ake ‘kuwopa iye, wokhoza kuwononga moyo ndi thupi lomwe m’Gehena.’ Kodi izi zitanthauzanji? Tawonani kuti panopa sipanatchulidwe kuzunzidwa m’moto wa Gehena; mmalo mwake, iye akunena kuti ‘opani iye amene angawononge m’Gehena.’ Mwa kutchula “moyo” mosiyana, Yesu panopa anagogomezera kuti Mulungu angakhoze kuwononga ziyembekezo zonse za moyo wamunthu; kotero kuti palibe chiyembekezo cha chiukiriro kwa iye. Motero ‘Gehena wa moto’ watchulidwa m’tanthauzo lofanana ndi ‘nyanja yamoto’ ya Chivumbulutso 21:8, ndiko kuti, chiwonongeko, “imfa yachiŵiri.”

Kodi nchiyani chimene Baibulo limanena kuti ndicho chilango cha uchimo?

Aroma 6:23: “Mphotho yake ya uchimo ndiimfa.”

Pambuyo pa imfa ya munthu, kodi iye amafunikirabe chilango chowonjezereka kaamba ka machimo ake?

Aroma 6:7, NW: “Iye amene wafa wamasulidwa ku uchimo wake.”

Kodi chizunzo chamuyaya cha oipa chimayenerana ndi umunthu wa Mulungu?

Yer. 7:31: “Iwo [Ayuda ampatuko] anamanga akachisi a ku Tofeti, kuli m’chigwa cha mwana wa Hinomu, kuti atenthe m’moto ana awo aamuna ndi aakazi; chimene sindinauza iwo, sichinaloŵa m’mtima mwanga.” (Ngati sichinaloŵa m’mtima wa Mulungu, ndithudi iye alibe chinthu chotero ndipo sangachigwiritsire ntchito pamlingo wokulira kwambiri.)

Fanizo: Kodi mukanalingalira motani kholo limene linaika dzanja lamwana wake pamoto kulanga mwanayo kaamba ka kuchita cholakwa? “Mulungu ndiye chikondi.” (1 Yoh. 4:8) Kodi iye akanachita chinthu chimene kholo lamaganizo olama laumunthu silikanachita? Ndithudi ayi!

Mogwirizana ndi zimene Yesu ananena za wachuma ndi Lazaro, kodi Yesu anaphunzitsa chizunzo cha oipa pambuyo pa imfa?

Kodi cholembedwacho, pa Luka 16:19-31, chikunena zenizeni kapena chinali kokha fanizo la kanthu kena? The Jerusalem Bible, m’mawu amtsinde, limavomereza kuti iri ndilo “fanizo mumpangidwe wanthano popanda kutchula munthu aliyense wa m’mbiri. “Ngati angatengedwe mmene mawuwo aliri, kukanatanthauza kuti awo okhala ndi chiyanjo cha Mulungu akanakwana onse pa chifuwa cha munthu mmodzi, Abrahamu; kuti madzi pansonga ya chala chamunthuyo sakanaumikidwa ndi moto wa m’Hade; kuti dontho lokha likanabweretsa mpumulo kwa munthu wovutika mmenemo. Kodi zimenezo zikumvekera kukhala zomveka? Ngati zinali chonchodi, zikanasiyana ndi mbali zina za Baibulo. Chotero ngati Baibulo linali lodzitsutsa motero, kodi wokonda chowonadi akanaligwiritsira ntchito monga maziko achikhulupiriro chake? Komatu Baibulo silimadzitsutsa.

Kodi fanizolo limatanthauzanji? “Wachuma” amaimira Afarisi. (Wonani vesi 14.) Lazaro wopemphapempha amaimira anthu wamba Achiyuda amene anali onyozedwa ndi Afarisi koma amene analapa nakhala otsatira Yesu. (Wonani Luka 18:11; Yohane 7:49; Mateyu 21:31, 32.) Imfa zawo zinalinso zophiphiritsira, zikumaimira kusintha m’mikhalidwe. Chotero, awo amene poyamba anali oluluzika anafikira kukhala mmalo oyanjidwa ndi Mulungu, ndipo amene poyamba anawonekera kukhala oyanjidwa anakanidwa ndi Mulungu, pamene anazunzidwa ndi mauthenga achiweruzo operekedwa ndi anthu amene iwo anawanyoza.—Mac. 5:33; 7:54.

Kodi ndiati amene ali magwero a chiphunzitso cha helo wamoto?

Mu zikhulupiriro za Babulo ndi Suriya wakale “dziko lapansi pa nthaka . . . likuchitiridwa chinthunzi ndi malo odzala ndi zonyansa, ndipo likuyang’aniridwa ndi milungu ndi ziwanda zanyonga ndi zochititsa mantha.” (The Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, Boston, 1898, Morris Jastrow, Jr., p. 581) Umboni woyamba wa mbali yamoto wa helo Wadziko Lachikristu ukupezedwa m’chipembedzo cha Igupto wakale. (The Book of the Dead, New Hyde Park, N.Y., 1960, limene mawu ake oyambirira analembedwa ndi E. A. Wallis Budge, pp. 144, 149, 151, 153, 161) Chibuddha, chimene chinayambira kalekale m’zaka za zana la 6 B.C.E., m’nthaŵi yokwanira chinasonyeza mwapadera ponse paŵiri helo wotentha ndi helo wozizira. (The Encyclopedia Americana, 1977, Vol. 14, p. 68) Zithunzi za helo wosonyezedwa m’matchalitchi a Katolika mu Italiya ziri ndi magwero akalekale a Etruria.—La civiltà etrusca (Milan, 1979), Werner Keller, p. 389.

Koma magwero enieni a chiphunzitso chochitira chipongwe Mulungu chimenechi ngwozama kwambiri. Malingaliro auchiwanda ogwirizanitsidwa ndi helo wozunza amasinjirira Mulungu ndipo magwero ake ndiye wosinjirira wamkulu wa Mulungu (Mdyerekezi, dzina limene limatanthauza “Wosinjirira”), iye amene Yesu Kristu anamutcha “Atate wabodza.”—Yoh. 8:44.