Amasinagogi mu bihe vya Bibiliya

MURI ya Bibiliya y’ikigiriki yitwa Septante, ijambo ek·kle·siʹa, irisobanura ngo “ikoraniro” canke “ishengero”, be n’ijambo sy·na·go·geʹ (ukuzana hamwe) akoreshwa kumwe. Ijambo “isinagogi” ryahavuye risobanura ikibanza canke inyubakwa ikoraniro ryaberamwo. Mugabo rero, ntiryataye buhere insobanuro ryari rifise mu ntango, kubera ko Isinagogi Nkuru itari inyubakwa nini, ariko yari ikoraniro ry’incabwenge zikomakomeye zivugwa ko ari zo zashingiye Abayuda b’i Palesitina urutonde rw’ibitabu vy’Ivyanditswe vy’igiheburayo vyemewe ko biri mu bigize Bibiliya. Bivugwa ko isinagogi yoba yatanguye mu misi ya Ezira canke mu misi ya Nehemiya, be n’uko yabandanije gushika mu gihe ca ya sentare nkuru y’Abayuda ari ryo Kombe, ni ukuvuga nko mu kinjana ca gatatu B.G.C. Yakobo arakoresha iryo jambo ashaka kuvuga ikoraniro rya gikirisu canke ikoraniro ry’icese.​—Yakobo 2:2.

Nta wuzi neza igihe amasinagogi yatanguzwa, ariko bisa n’uko hari mu gihe ca ya myaka 70 Abayuda bamara mu bunyagano i Babiloni, aho ata rusengero rwariho. Canke hashobora kuba hari inyuma gatoyi y’aho Abayuda baviriye mu bunyagano, ni ukuvuga inyuma y’aho Ezira umuherezi avugiye ashimitse rwose yuko vyari bikenewe ko abantu bamenya Ivyagezwe.

Mu gihe c’ubusuku bwa Yezu Kristu bwo kw’isi, igisagara kimwekimwe cose co muri Palesitina, uko caba kingana kwose, cari cifitiye isinagogi. Ibisagara bininibinini wasanga bifise amasinagogi abiri canke arenga. Igisagara ca Yeruzalemu cari gifise menshi. Mbere Ivyanditswe biravuga ivy’isinagogi intwazangabo imwe y’Umuroma yubakiye Abayuda (Luka 7:2, 5, 9). Bimwe mu bisigarira vy’amasinagogi vyiza kuruta ibindi bimaze kwuburwa, ni ivyubuwe i Tell Hum (Kefar Nahumu), aho hakaba ari ho hashobora kuba hari ca gisagara Kaperinawumu ca kera. Iyo nyubakwa mu ntango yari ifise kahise ko mu buryo bubiri. Amatariki atangwa n’incabwenge ku bijanye n’igihe iyo sinagogi yabayeho, ari hagati y’ikiringo gihera mu mpera z’ikinjana ca kabiri G.C. gushika mu ntango z’ikinjana ca gatanu G.C. Iyo nyubakwa ubwayo yari yubatswe mu kibanza c’ahahora iyindi sinagogi y’imbere yayo, iyoba yubatswe mu kinjana ca mbere G.C. Iyo sinagogi ya mbere, iyo baherutse kubonesha igice bafuruye ivu, yari ifise imetero 24 na santimetero 20 z’uburebure be n’imetero 18 na santimetero 50 z’ubwaguke.

Ivyagezwe vyasomerwa ahantu hakirurutse, hakaba hari hasanzwe ari hagati na hagati mw’isinagogi. Mu mpande zitatu hari ibibanza bicaramwo canke intebe ndende abumviriza bicarako, bikaba bishoboka ko hariho n’ahantu hari hagenewe abakenyezi. Bisa n’uko iyo isinagogi yaraba, vyabonwa ko bihambaye. Haragirwa akigoro kugira abahasengera barabe i Yeruzalemu.​—Gereranya na Daniyeli 6:10.

Porogarama y’ugusenga

Isinagogi hari ahantu hatangirwa inyigisho, ntihari aho gutangira ibimazi. Ibimazi vyatangirwa gusa ku rusengero. Biboneka ko ivyagirirwa kw’isinagogi vyari bigizwe n’ibi bikurikira: ugushemeza, ugutura isengesho, ugusubiramwo imirongo y’Ivyanditswe yafashwe ku mutwe, ugusoma Ivyanditswe, hamwe n’ugushikiriza ibiganiro, ugutanga inkeburo be n’ukuvuga ubutumwa bwiza. Mu gushemeza bavuga Amazaburi. Amasengesho, naho hari ukuntu yakurwa mu Vyanditswe, yahavuye aba maremare kandi akaza aragirwa mu buryo bw’umugenzo, kenshi na kenshi akaba yasubirwamwo mu buryo bw’ukwiyerekana.​—Mariko 12:40; Luka 20:47.

Kimwe mu bintu bijanye n’ugusenga vyagirwa mw’isinagogi kwari ugusubiramwo ku mutwe icitwa Shema, ku Bayuda ubwo bukaba bwari nk’uburyo bwo kwatura ukwizera. Iryo zina ryavuye kw’ijambo ryatangura icanditswe ca mbere cakoreshwa kigira ngo: “Ni mwumve [Shema‛ʹ], yemwe Bisirayeli: Uhoraho Imana yacu ni we Uhoraho wenyene” (Gusubira mu vyagezwe 6:4). Icari gihambaye kuruta ibintu vyose mu vyagirwa, kwari ugusoma Itorati ari yo Pentateki, bikaba vyagirwa buri wa mbere, buri wa kane no kw’Isabato. Mu masinagogi menshi, haba hari urutonde rwo gusoma Ivyagezwe vyose mu mwaka umwe, mu yandi na ho mu myaka itatu. Ugushimika ku bijanye n’ugusoma Itorati ni kwo kwatumye wa mwigishwa Yakobo abwira abari bagize inama nyobozi y’i Yeruzalemu ati: “Uhereye kera hose Mose afise mu bisagara vyose abigisha ivyiwe, bisomwa mu masinagogi ukw isabato itashe” (Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 15:21). Igitabu c’Abayuda citwa Mishina (Megila 4:1, 2), na co nyene kiravuga ko mw’isinagogi bakunda gusoma ibice vyo mu vyanditswe n’abahanuzi ivyitwa haphtaroth, igice kimwekimwe cose kikaba caca gisigurwa. Igihe Yezu yinjira mw’isinagogi yo mu gisagara ciwe c’amavukiro ari co Nazareti, baramuhaye umwe mu mizingo yarimwo ibice vyo mu vyanditswe n’abahanuzi vyari bitegekanijwe gusomwa, amaze gusoma uwo muzingo akaba yaciye agira ico awuvuzeko, nk’uko vyari bisanzwe bigirwa.​—Luka 4:17-21.

Itorati be n’ibice vyo mu vyanditswe n’abahanuzi bihejeje gusomwa no gusigurwa, haca hakurikira ukuvuga ubutumwa bwiza canke ugukebura. Dusoma yuko Yezu yigishirije mu masinagogi y’i Galilaya yongera arahavugira ubutumwa bwiza. Muri ubwo buryo nyene, Luka yanditse yuko “isomwa ry’ivyagezwe n’ivy’abāvugishwa n’Imana riheze” ari ho Paulo na Barunaba bahawe ijambo, ngo bashikirize ubutumwa bwiza.​—Matayo 4:23; Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 13:15, 16.

Amasano yari hagati y’isinagogi n’ishengero rya gikirisu

Abakirisu ba mbere b’Abayuda ntivyabagoye kugira amakoraniro arimwo urutonde kandi yigisha ajanye no kwiga Bibiliya, kuko bari bafise icitegererezo c’ishimikiro bafatiye ku vyagirwa mu masinagogi, ayo bari bamenyereye. Hari ibintu vyinshi amasinagogi yari ahurijeko n’ishengero rya gikirisu. Mw’isinagogi y’Abayuda, cokimwe no mw’ishengero rya gikirisu, nta baherezi canke abakuru b’idini bari barashizwe ku ruhande basa n’abihariza ijambo. Mw’isinagogi, Umuyuda wese w’umunyamwete yarashobora kugira uruhara mu vy’ugusoma n’ugusigura. Mw’ishengero rya gikirisu, abari barigize bose bategerezwa kwatura icese no kuvyuriranira ishaka ryo gukundana n’iry’ibikorwa vyiza, mugabo bakabigira mu buryo burimwo urutonde (Abaheburayo 10:23-25). Mw’isinagogi y’Abayuda, abagore ntibigisha canke ngo bagire ubukuru ku bagabo; eka no mw’ikoraniro rya gikirisu kwari ukwo. Mu B’i Korinto ba mbere ikigabane ca 14 haravuga ukuntu amakoraniro y’ishengero rya gikirisu yategerezwa kurongorwa, kandi umuntu abiravye arashobora kubona ko vyasa cane n’uko vyagirwa mw’isinagogi.​—1 Ab’i Korinto 14:31-35; 1 Timoteyo 2:11, 12.

Amasinagogi yari afise abakuru bayahagarikiye be n’abacungezi, ukwo akaba ari ko vyari no mu mashengero ya gikirisu yo mu ntango (Mariko 5:22; Luka 13:14; Ivyakozwe n’intumwa 20:28; Abaroma 12:8). Amasinagogi yari afise abasuku canke abafasha, kandi ni ko vyari biri mu gusenga kw’abakirisu. Hariho uwitwa intumwa y’isinagogi. Naho mu nkuru ivuga ivy’ishengero rya gikirisu ryo mu ntango iryo zina ata ho riboneka, irifise insobanuro imwe na ryo, ari ryo “umumarayika”, riraboneka mu butumwa Yezu Kristu yarungikiye ya mashengero indwi yo muri Aziya Ntoya.​—Luka 4:20; 1 Timoteyo 3:8-10; Ivyahishuriwe 2:1, 8, 12, 18; 3:1, 7, 14.

Hariho n’iyindi mice aho usanga isinagogi ryarabereye icitegererezo amakoraniro ya gikirisu, na yo ikaba ari iyi: Amasinagogi yo mu karere kanaka yaremera icese ubukuru bw’Ikombe, iryari i Yeruzalemu, nk’uko amashengero y’abakirisu yemera icese ubukuru bw’inama nyobozi, yari i Yeruzalemu, nk’uko mu Vyakozwe n’intumwa ikigabane ca 15 havyerekana neza. Haba mw’isinagogi canke mw’ishengero rya gikirisu, nta vy’ugutoza amahera vyagirwa, yamara aho hompi hari intunganyo yo gutanga intererano zigenewe ikoraniro n’abafasha muri ryo hamwe n’abakene.​—2 Ab’i Korinto 9:1-5.

Isinagogi be n’ishengero rya gikirisu vyompi vyaranakora bwa sentare. Mw’isinagogi ni ho imanza ntonto zerekeye Abayuda zumviririzwa zikongera zigacirirwa. Muri ubwo buryo nyene, intumwa Paulo avuga ko abakirisu bari bakwiye kureka abagabo bahumuye bo mw’ishengero bagaca imanza zijanye n’ingorane abakirisu bafitaniye, aho kuja muri sentare zo mw’isi ngo zibe ari zo zibuzuriza (1 Ab’i Korinto 6:1-3). Naho mw’isinagogi hariho intunganyo ijanye no gukubita umuntu ibimoko, mw’ishengero rya gikirisu ico gihano cagarukira ku guhabwa ibikangiro. Nk’uko intunganyo yerekeye Abayuda yari imeze mw’isinagogi, ingingo ruhasha yashobora gufatirwa uwiyita ngo ni umukirisu, yari iyo kumwirukana mw’ishengero rya gikirisu, ari kwo kumuca muri ryo.​—1 Ab’i Korinto 5:1-8, 11-13.

Yezu yari yaravuze ko abayoboke biwe botonaguriwe mu masinagogi (Matayo 10:17; 23:34; Mariko 13:9) be n’uko boyirukanywemwo (Yohana 16:2). Bamwebamwe mu bakuru bo mu Bayuda baremera Yezu yamara ntibavyature, ku bwo gutinya kwirukanwa mw’ishengero ry’Abayuda (Yohana 12:42). Hari umugabo umwe yari yavutse ari impumyi yakijijwe na Yezu. Uwo mugabo yaraciwe n’Abayuda bamuhoye ko yashingiye intahe Yezu.​—Yohana 9:1, 34.