Amategeko atanditswe​—Kuki yageze aho akandikwa?

KUKI Abayahudi benshi bo mu kinyejana cya mbere batemeye ko Yesu yari Mesiya? Umwe mu bantu bari bahibereye yagize ati “[Yesu] yinjiye mu rusengero, abatambyi bakuru n’abakuru b’ubwo bwoko baza aho ari yigisha, baramubaza bati ‘ufite butware ki bugutera gukora ibyo? Ni nde wabuguhaye?’ ” (Matayo 21:23). Uko bo babyibwiraga, Ishoborabyose yari yarahaye ishyanga ry’Abayahudi Torah (Amategeko), kandi ayo mategeko yahaga abantu bamwe na bamwe ubutware buturuka ku Mana. Mbese, Yesu yari afite bene ubwo butware?

Yesu yagaragaje ko yubahaga cyane Torah hamwe n’abo yemereraga kugira ubutware buzira amakemwa (Matayo 5:17-20; Luka 5:14; 17:14). Ariko kandi, ntiyahwemye kwamagana abantu barengaga ku mategeko y’Imana (Matayo 15:3-9; 23:2-28). Abo bantu bakurikizaga imigenzo yaje kwitwa amategeko atanditswe. Yesu yanze ubutware bwayaturukagaho. Ibyo byatumye abantu benshi banga kwemera ko ari we Mesiya. Bibwiraga ko umuntu wari kuba ashyigikiye imigenzo y’abari bafite ubutware muri bo, ari we wenyine washoboraga gushyigikirwa n’Imana.

Ayo mategeko atanditswe yakomotse he? Ni gute Abayahudi baje kubona ko yari afite ubutware bungana n’ubw’Amategeko yanditswe, aboneka mu Byanditswe? Kandi se, niba yari agenewe kuba imigenzo itanditswe, kuki amaherezo yashyizwe mu nyandiko?

Iyo Migenzo Yakomotse He?

Abisirayeli batangiye kugirana na Yehova Imana imishyikirano ishingiye ku isezerano mu mwaka wa 1513 M.I.C. ku Musozi Sinayi. Binyuriye kuri Mose, bahawe amategeko agenga iryo sezerano (Kuva 24:3). Gukurikiza ayo mategeko byari kuzatuma ‘baba abera, kuko [Uwiteka Imana yabo] ari uwera’ (Abalewi 11:44). Mu gihe cy’isezerano ry’Amategeko, gusenga Yehova byari bikubiyemo no gutanga ibitambo byatambwaga n’itsinda ry’abatambyi babigenewe. Hagombaga kubaho ahantu h’ihuriro ryo gusenga​—amaherezo hakaba haraje kuba mu rusengero rw’i Yerusalemu.​—Gutegeka 12:5-7; 2 Ngoma 6:4-6.

Amategeko ya Mose yatangaga gahunda yose uko yakabaye ishyanga ry’Abisirayeli ryagombaga gukurikiza mu kuyoboka Yehova. Icyakora, hari ibintu bimwe na bimwe bitavugwaga mu buryo busobanutse neza. Urugero, Amategeko yabuzanyaga gukora ku Isabato, ariko ntiyashyiraga itandukaniro rigaragara hagati y’umurimo runaka n’ibindi bikorwa bisanzwe.​—Kuva 20:10.

Iyo Yehova aza gusanga bikwiriye kubigenza atyo, yari gutanga amabwiriza arambuye kuri buri kintu cyose abantu bashoboraga kuba bakwibazaho. Ariko kandi, yaremanye abantu umutimanama, kandi abaha uburenganzira bwo kwihitiramo uburyo bubanogeye bwo kumukorera bahuje n’imimerere, ariko nanone batarenze ku mategeko yabahaye. Amategeko yateganyaga gahunda z’ukuntu imanza zagombaga gucibwa n’abatambyi, Abalewi n’abacamanza (Gutegeka 17:8-11). Uko imanza zaciwe zagendaga ziyongera, ni nako hashyirwagaho ibintu runaka byashoboraga kuzashingirwaho mu zizakurikiraho, kandi nta gushidikanya, bimwe muri ibyo bintu byakomezaga kugenda bimenyekanishwa, uko ab’igihe runaka bagendaga bashira hakaza abandi. Uburyo bwo kwita ku nshingano z’ubutambyi mu rusengero rwa Yehova, na bwo umubyeyi yaburagaga umwana we. Uko abagize iryo shyanga bose bagendaga barushaho kumenya ibintu byinshi, ni nako imigenzo yaryo yarushagaho kwiyongera.

Icyakora, Amategeko yanditswe yahawe Mose ni yo yakomeje kuba igice cy’ingenzi cyari kigize gahunda y’Abisirayeli yo kuyoboka Imana. Mu Kuva 24:3, 4, hagira hati “Mose araza, abwira abantu amagambo y’Uwiteka yose n’amategeko ye yose: abantu bose bamusubiriza icyarimwe bati ‘ibyo Uwiteka yavuze byose tuzabikora.’ Mose yandika amagambo y’Uwiteka yose.” Isezerano Imana yagiranye n’Abisirayeli, ryakozwe mu buryo buhuje n’ayo mategeko yanditswe. (Kuva 34:27 ayo magambo ari mu nyuguti ziberamye ni twe twayanditse dutyo.) Koko rero, nta na hamwe Ibyanditswe bivuga ko hariho n’amategeko atanditswe.

‘Ni Nde Waguhaye [Ubwo Butware]?’

Uko bigaragara, Amategeko ya Mose yahaga abatambyi, ni ukuvuga abakomokaga kuri Aroni, ubutware n’amabwiriza by’ibanze byo mu rwego rw’idini (Abalewi 10:8-​11; Gutegeka 24:8; 2 Ngoma 26:16-​20; Malaki 2:7). Ariko kandi, ibinyejana byinshi byagiye bihita, hari abatambyi bamwe na bamwe babaye abahemu kandi barononekara (1 Samweli 2:12-​17, 22-​29; Yeremiya 5:31; Malaki 2:8, 9). Mu gihe cy’ubutegetsi bw’Abagiriki, abatambyi benshi bagiye bateshuka mu bintu birebana n’idini. Mu kinyejana cya kabiri M.I.C., Abafarisayo​—bakaba bari bagize agatsiko gashya ko mu idini rya Kiyahudi katemeraga wa muryango w’abatambyi​—batangiye gushyiraho imigenzo umuntu usanzwe yashoboraga gukurikiza akaba yakumva ko ari uwera kimwe n’umutambyi. Iyo migenzo yashimishaga benshi, nyamara kandi, byari ibintu bitemewe byagendaga byongerwa ku Mategeko.​—Gutegeka 4:2; 13:1 (12:32 muri Biblia Yera.)

Abafarisayo ni bo bahindutse abahanga bashya mu by’Amategeko, bakora akazi bumvaga ko abatambyi batakoraga. Kubera ko Amategeko ya Mose atemeraga ubutware bwabo, bahimbye uburyo bushya bwo gusobanura Ibyanditswe binyuriye mu kwerekeza ku bintu bitumvikana, no mu bundi buryo bwasaga n’ubushyigikiye ibitekerezo byabo.a Kubera ko ari bo bari ab’ibanze mu kwita kuri iyo migenzo no kuyicengeza muri rubanda, bashyizeho urufatiro rushya rw’ubutware muri Isirayeli. Ahagana mu kinyejana cya mbere I.C., Abafarisayo bari baramaze kugira ijambo rikomeye mu idini rya Kiyahudi.

Igihe Abafarisayo bakusanyaga amategeko y’imigenzo atanditswe yari asanzweho kandi bagashakisha uko bayahuza n’Ibyanditswe kugira ngo babone uko bashyiraho andi menshi yabo bwite, basanze ari ngombwa kongerera umurimo wabo ubutware. Ubwo ni bwo hari havutse igitekerezo gishya ku bihereranye n’inkomoko y’iyo migenzo. Ba rabi batangiye kujya bigisha ngo “Mose yahawe Torah kuri Sinayi ayishyikiriza Yosuwa, Yosuwa ayishyikiriza abakuru, abakuru na bo bayishyikiriza abahanuzi. Abahanuzi na bo bayishyikirije abantu bo mu ikoraniro rinini.”​—Avot 1:1, muri Mishnah.

Mu kuvuga ngo “Mose yahawe Torah,” ba rabi ntiberekezaga ku mategeko yanditswe gusa, ahubwo berekezaga no ku migenzo yabo yose itari yanditswe. Bihandagazaga bavuga ko iyo migenzo​—yahimbwe kandi ikanonosorwa n’abantu​—Imana yayihereye Mose kuri Sinayi. Kandi bigishaga ko Imana itaretse ngo abantu babe ari bo buzuza ibyari bibuze, ahubwo ko yasobanuye ku munwa ibyo Amategeko yanditswe atari yaragize icyo avugaho. Dukurikije uko babivugaga, Mose yatanze ayo mategeko atanditswe binyuriye ku bantu b’ibihe byagiye bikurikirana, ntiyayaha abatambyi, ahubwo ayaha abandi bayobozi. Abafarisayo ubwabo bihandagazaga bavuga ko ari bo baragwa ba gakondo b’urwo ruhererekane rw’ubutware “rutigeze ruzamo icyuho.”

Amategeko Agera Aharindimuka​—Hashakwa Umuti

Yesu, wari ufite ubutware yahawe n’Imana bwakemangwaga n’abayobozi ba kidini b’Abayahudi, yari yarahanuye ibihereranye n’irimbuka ry’urusengero (Matayo 23:37–24:2). Abaroma bamaze gusenya urusengero mu mwaka wa 70 I.C., ibyasabwaga n’Amategeko ya Mose bihereranye n’ibitambo hamwe n’umurimo w’abatambyi, ntibyari bigishobora kubahirizwa. Imana yari yarashyizeho isezerano rishya rishingiye ku gitambo cy’incungu cya Yesu (Luka 22:20). Isezerano ry’Amategeko ya Mose ryari ryarakuweho.​—Abaheburayo 8:7-13.

Aho kugira ngo Abafarisayo babone ko ibyo bintu byari ibihamya bigaragaza ko Yesu ari we wari Mesiya, bashatse ukundi babigenza. Bari baramaze kwiha ubutware bw’abatambyi hafi ya bwose. Kubera ko urusengero rwari rwarasenywe, bateye indi ntambwe. Ishuri rya ba rabi ry’ahitwa Yavné ryabaye icyicaro cya Sanhedrin yavuguruwe​—ni ukuvuga urukiko rw’ikirenga rw’Abayahudi. Binyuriye ku buyobozi bw’uwitwa Yahanan ben Zakkai na Gamaliyeli II bakoreraga i Yavné, Idini rya Kiyahudi ryaravuguruwe mu buryo bwuzuye. Amateraniro yo mu isinagogi yabaga ayobowe na ba rabi, yasimbuye gahunda yo gusenga yo mu rusengero yabaga ihagarikiwe n’abatambyi. Amasengesho, cyane cyane ayavugwaga ku Munsi w’Impongano, yasimbuye ibitambo. Abafarisayo bumvaga ko amategeko atanditswe yahawe Mose kuri Sinayi, yari yarabonye mbere y’igihe ibyari kuzakenerwa muri iyo mimerere kandi akabiteganya.

Amashuri ya ba rabi yarushijeho kwamamara. Ibintu by’ingenzi yibandagaho byari ukujya impaka zimbitse ku mategeko atanditswe, kuyafata mu mutwe no kureba ukuntu yashyirwa mu bikorwa. Mbere y’aho, urufatiro rw’amategeko atanditswe rwari rwarahoze rufitanye isano ya bugufi n’uburyo bwo gusobanura Ibyanditswe​—ari bwo bwitwaga Midrash. Icyo gihe noneho ariko, imigenzo yahoraga yiyongera yari irimo yirundanya, yatangiye kwigishwa no gutegurwa neza buri mugenzo ukwawo. Buri tegeko ryo mu mategeko atanditswe ryashyirwaga mu nteruro ngufi zoroshye gufata mu mutwe, akenshi zigategurwa mu buryo bw’indirimbo.

Kuki Amategeko Atanditswe Yashyizwe mu Nyandiko?

Ubwinshi bw’amashuri ya ba rabi hamwe n’amategeko ya ba rabi yagendaga yiyongera, byateje ikindi kibazo. Intiti yitwa Adin Steinsaltz akaba na rabi, yagize ati “buri mwigisha yari afite uburyo bwe bwo kwigisha, kandi amategeko ye atanditswe yayashyiraga mu nteruro, akazikora mu buryo bwe yihariye. . . . Ntibyari bigihagije ko umuntu amenya inyigisho z’umwigisha we, kandi umwigishwa yagombaga kumenya ibikubiye mu bitabo by’izindi ntiti . . . Bityo, abigishwa bahatirwaga gufata mu mutwe inyigisho nyinshi bitewe n’uko ‘ubumenyi bwari bwaragwiriye cyane.’ ” Muri izo nyigisho z’urudaca zivurunganye, wasangaga abigishwa barataye umutwe.

Mu kinyejana cya kabiri I.C., ibikorwa by’Abayahudi byo kwigomeka ku Baroma byari biyobowe n’uwitwa Bar Kokhba, byatumye ba rabi b’intiti batotezwa mu buryo bukomeye. Uwitwa Akiba​—wari rabi ukomeye cyane wari warashyigikiye Bar Kokhba​—hamwe n’izindi ntiti nyinshi zari ku isonga, barishwe. Ba rabi batinye ko iryo totezwa rishya ryazashyira mu kaga amategeko yabo atanditswe. Bari barahoze bumva ko imigenzo yigishwaga neza kurushaho iyo umwigisha ayibwiye umwigishwa we ku munwa, ariko iryo hinduka ry’imimerere ryatumye hashyirwaho imihati y’inyongera kugira ngo bashyireho uburyo buri kuri gahunda bwo kurinda inyigisho z’abakuru, ari ugutinya ko zakwibagirana burundu.

Mu gihe cyakurikiyeho cy’agahenge hagati yabo n’Abaroma, rabi witwa Judah Ha-Nasi wari ku isonga mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya kabiri no mu ntangiriro z’ikinyajana cya gatatu I.C., yakoranyirije hamwe intiti nyinshi, maze yandika amategeko menshi y’imigenzo mu buryo buri kuri gahunda, bugizwe n’Ibyiciro bitandatu, buri cyiciro kikaba cyari kigabanyijemo ibice bito​—byose hamwe bikaba byari 63. Icyo gitabo cyiswe Mishnah. Uwitwa Ephraim Urbach, akaba ari intiti mu bihereranye n’amategeko atanditswe, yagize ati “Mishnah . . . yaremewe kandi ihabwa ubutware butari bwarigeze buhabwa ikindi gitabo icyo ari cyo cyose uretse Torah ubwayo.” Mesiya bari baramwanze, urusengero rwarabaye amatongo, ariko kubera ko amategeko atanditswe yari yararindiwe mu nyandiko mu buryo bwa Mishnah, idini rya Kiyahudi ryatangiye intera nshya.

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[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 26]

Kuki Abayahudi benshi banze ubutware bwa Yesu?