Yobu Yarihanganye​—Natwe Twabishobora!

“Mwibuke yuko abihanganye tubita abanyehirwe.”​—YAKOBO 5:11.

1. Ni iki Umukristo umwe wari ugeze mu za bukuru yavuze ku bihereranye n’ibigeragezo bye?

‘UMWANZI arangeretse! Ndumva meze nka Yobu!’ Ni muri ayo magambo A. H. Macmillan yagaragarije incuti ye magara ibyiyumvo bye, bari ku cyicaro gikuru cy’Abahamya ba Yehova. Umuvandimwe Macmillan yarangije ubuzima bwe bwo ku isi ku itariki ya 26 Kanama 1966, afite imyaka 89. Yari azi ko ingororano y’umurimo wizerwa w’Abakristo basizwe nka we, yagombaga ‘kujyana na bo ibakurikiye’ (Ibyahishuwe 14:13). Koko rero, bagombaga gukomeza gukora umurimo wa Yehova binyuriye ku kuzukira ubuzima budapfa mu ijuru. Incuti z’Umuvandimwe Macmillan zishimiye ko yahawe iyo ngororano. Nyamara ariko, mu marembera y’ubuzima bwe bwo ku isi, yibasiwe n’ibigeragezo bitandukanye, bikubiyemo n’ibibazo by’ubuzima byatumye amenya imihati Satani akoresha mu gushaka guhungabanya ugushikama kwe ku Mana.

2, 3. Yobu yari muntu ki?

² Igihe Umuvandimwe Macmillan yavugaga ko yumvaga ameze nka Yobu, yebrekezaga ku mugabo wari warihanganiye ibigeragezo bikomeye byageze ku kwizera kwe. Yobu yari atuye “mu gihugu cya Usi,” gishobora kuba cyari giherereye mu majyaruguru ya Arabiya. Yakomokaga ku muhungu wa Nowa ari we Shemu, kandi yasengaga Yehova. Uko bigaragara, ibigeragezo byageze kuri Yobu byabayeho mu gihe kiri hagati y’urupfu rwa Yozefu n’igihe Mose yagaragajemo ugukiranuka. Muri icyo gihe, nta muntu n’umwe ku isi wari umeze nka Yobu mu kwitangira Imana. Yehova yabonaga ko Yobu yari umuntu w’inyangamugayo, ukiranuka, kandi utinya Imana.​—Yobu 1:1, 8.

³ Yobu, ‘umuntu wari ukomeye kuruta abantu bose b’iburasirazuba,’ yari afite abagaragu benshi, n’amatungo agera ku 11.500. Ariko kandi, ubukungu bwo mu by’umwuka ni bwo bwari bufite agaciro kanini kuri we. Kimwe n’ababyeyi batinya Imana muri iki gihe, nta gushidikanya ko Yobu yigishije abahungu be barindwi n’abakobwa batatu ibyerekeye Yehova. Ndetse n’igihe babaga batakiri mu rugo rwe, yakoraga nk’umutambyi w’umuryango abatambira, mu gihe bashoboraga kuba barakoze icyaha.​—Yobu 1:2-5.

4. (a) Kuki Abakristo batotezwa bagombye kuzirikana Yobu? (b) Ku byerekeye Yobu, ni ibihe bibazo tuzasuzuma?

⁴ Yobu ni umuntu Abakristo bahanganye n’ibitotezo bagomba kuzirikana kugira ngo bashobore kubona imbaraga zo gukomeza kwihangana. Umwigishwa Yakobo yanditse agira ati “mwibuke yuko abihanganye tubita abanyehirwe. Mwumvise ibyo kwihangana kwa Yobu, kandi muzi ibyo Umwami Imana yaherutse kumugirira, kuko ifite imbabazi nyinshi n’impuhwe” (Yakobo 5:11). Kimwe na Yobu, abigishwa ba Yesu basizwe hamwe n’abagize “[imbaga y’]abantu benshi” bo muri iki gihe, bakeneye kwihangana kugira ngo bashobore guhangana n’ibigeragezo bigera ku kwizera kwabo (Ibyahishuwe 7:1-9). Ariko se, ni ibihe bigeragezo Yobu yihanganiye? Kuki byamugezeho? Kandi se ni gute dushobora kungukirwa n’ibyamubayeho?

Ikibazo cy’Ingorabahizi

5. Ni iki cyarimo kibera mu ijuru Yobu yari atazi?

⁵ Icyo Yobu yari atazi, ni uko hari ikibazo gikomeye cyari kigiye kuvuka mu ijuru. Umunsi umwe, “abana b’Imana baje bashengereye Uwiteka” (Yobu 1:6). Umwana w’Imana w’ikinege, ari we Jambo, yari ahari (Yohana 1:1-3). Abamarayika bakiranuka hamwe n’‘abana b’Imana’ b’abamarayika bigometse, na bo bari bahari (Itangiriro 6:1-3). Satani yari ahari, kuko atari kwirukanwa mu ijuru kugeza ubwo Ubwami bwari kuba bumaze gushyirwaho mu mwaka wa 1914 (Ibyahishuwe 12:1-12). Mu gihe cya Yobu, Satani yari agiye kuzamura ikibazo cy’ingorabahizi. Yari agiye gushidikanya uburenganzira bw’ikirenga Yehova afite bwo gutegeka ibiremwa Bye byose.

6. Ni iki Satani yari arimo agerageza gukora, kandi ni gute yasebeje Yehova?

⁶ Yehova yarabajije ati “uturutse he?” Satani asubiza agira ati “mvuye gutambagira isi no kuyizereramo” (Yobu 1:7). Yari arimo ashakisha uwo yaconshomera (1 Petero 5:8, 9). Mu guhungabanya ugushikama kw’abantu bakorera Yehova, Satani yashakaga kugerageza kugaragaza ko nta muntu n’umwe washoboraga kumvira Imana mu buryo bwuzuye abitewe n’urukundo. Mu gushaka kugaruka kuri icyo kibazo, Yehova yabajije Satani ati “mbese witegereje umugaragu wanjye Yobu, yuko ari nta wuhwanye na we mu isi, ko ari umukiranutsi utunganye, wubaha Imana kandi akirinda ibibi?” (Yobu 1:8). Yobu yakurikizaga amahame y’Imana, amahame yazirikanaga ukudatungana kwe (Zaburi 103:10-14). Ariko Satani amusubiza agira ati “ariko se, ugira ngo Yobu yubahira Imana ubusa? Ntiwagiye umurinda we n’inzu ye n’ibyo atunze byose? Wahiriye umurimo w’amaboko ye, n’amatungo ye agwiriye mu gihugu” (Yobu 1:9, 10). Bityo, Umwanzi yasebeje Yehova agaragaza ko nta muntu n’umwe umukunda cyangwa umusenga abitewe n’imiterere ye, ahubwo ko ari ukubera ko agurira ibiremwa bye kugira ngo bimukorere. Satani yihandagaje avuga ko Yobu yakoreraga Imana kubera inyungu ze z’ubwikunde, aho kuba urukundo.

Satani Agaba Igitero!

7. Ni mu buhe buryo Umwanzi yashotoye Imana, kandi Yehova yabyifashemo ate?

⁷ Satani yaravuze ati “ariko rambura ukuboko kwawe, ukore ku byo atunze byose, na we azakwihakana ari imbere yawe.” Ni gute Imana yari gusubiza igitutsi nk’icyo cy’ubushotoranyi? Yehova yaravuze ati “dore, ibyo atunze byose biri mu maboko yawe; keretse we ubwe we kumuramburaho ukuboko kwawe.” Umwanzi yari yavuze ko ibyo Yobu yari atunze byose byahawe umugisha, biriyongera kandi birarindwa. Imana yari igiye kureka ngo Yobu ababare, n’ubwo umubiri we utari gukorwaho. Satani ava mu iteraniro, agambiriye gukora ibibi.​—Yobu 1:11, 12.

8. (a) Ni ibihe bintu Yobu yatakaje? (b) Ukuri guhereranye n’“umuriro w’Imana” kwari ukuhe?

⁸ Bidatinze, igitero cya Satani kiratangira. Umwe mu bagaragu ba Yobu yamuzaniye inkuru mbi igira iti “amapfizi yahingaga, n’indogobe zarishaga iruhande rwayo; maze Abasheba babyisukamo barabinyaga; ndetse bicishije abagaragu inkota” (Yobu 1:13-15). Uruzitiro rwarindaga ibintu bya Yobu rwari rwakuweho. Hafi ako kanya, imbaraga za kidayimoni zakoze mu buryo butaziguye, kuko undi mugaragu yazanye inkuru igira iti “umuriro w’Imana wavuye mu ijuru, utwika intama n’abagaragu, birakongoka” (Yobu 1:16). Mbega ukuntu cyari igikorwa cya kidayimoni, gushaka kugaragaza ko Imana ari yo iteza ayo makuba ndetse no ku bagaragu bayo! Kubera ko inkuba ituruka mu ijuru, Yehova yari kujyaho umugayo mu buryo bworoshye, ariko mu by’ukuri umuriro wari ufite isoko ya kidayimoni.

9. Ni gute gutakaza ubukungu byagize ingaruka ku mishyikirano Yobu yari afitanye n’Imana?

⁹ Ubwo Satani yakomezaga kugaba igitero, undi mugaragu yazanye inkuru avuga ko Abakaludaya bari banyaze ingamiya za Yobu kandi ko n’abandi bagaragu bose babishe (Yobu 1:17). N’ubwo Yobu yari yatakaje ubukungu bwe bwose, ibyo ntibyahungabanyije imishyikirano yari afitanye n’Imana. Mbese, washoboraga kwihanganira gutakaza ibintu byinshi bene ako kageni ari na ko ukomeza gushikama kuri Yehova?

Akaga Gakomeye Kurushaho Karatera

10, 11. (a) Ni iki cyageze ku bana cumi ba Yobu? (b) Nyuma y’urupfu rubabaje rw’abana ba Yobu, ni gute yabonaga Yehova?

¹⁰ Umwanzi yari atararangiza gutera Yobu. Nanone, undi mugaragu yazanye inkuru igira iti “abahungu bawe n’abakobwa bawe basangiraga banywera vino mu nzu ya mukuru wabo; nuko haza inkubi y’umuyaga iturutse mu butayu, ihitana imfuruka enye z’inzu; maze inzu igwira abo basore, barapfa; ni jye warokotse jyenyine wo kubikubikira” (Yobu 1:18, 19). Umuntu utabisobanukiwe neza, ashobora kuvuga ko uko kurimbura kwatewe n’uwo muyaga kwari ‘igikorwa cy’Imana.’ Nyamara, imbaraga za dayimoni zari zakoze Yobu mu nda mu buryo bwihariye.

¹¹ Kubera agahinda kenshi, Yobu ‘yashishimuye umwitero we, arimoza, yikubita hasi, arasenga.’ Ariko kandi, iyumvire amagambo ye. “Uwiteka ni we wabimpaye, kandi Uwiteka ni we ubintwaye; izina ry’Uwiteka rishimwe.” Inkuru irakomeza igira iti “muri ibyo byose Yobu ntiyakoze icyaha, haba no kubiherereza ku Mana” (Yobu 1:20-22). Aha nanone Satani yaratsinzwe. Byagenda bite twebwe abagaragu b’Imana tubaye tugezweho n’ibyago byo gupfusha n’agahinda? Kwitangira Yehova nta bwikunde no kumwiringira, bishobora kudufasha kwihangana dukomeza gushikama, nk’uko Yobu yabigenje. Nta gushidikanya ko abasizwe hamwe na bagenzi babo bafite ibyiringiro byo kuzaba ku isi, bashobora kuvana ihumure n’imbaraga muri iyo nkuru yo kwihangana kwa Yobu.

Ikibazo Kirushaho Gukara

12, 13. Igihe cy’irindi teraniro ryabereye mu ijuru, ni iki Satani yasabye, kandi Imana yabyifashemo ate?

¹² Bidatinze, Yehova yongeye guhamagaza irindi teraniro mu ngoro ye yo mu ijuru. Yobu yari asigaye aho nta mwana, ari umuntu w’umukene, uko bigaragara, bikaba byarasaga nk’aho ari Imana yabimuteje, ariko yakomeje gushikama. Birumvikana ko Satani atashoboraga kwemera ko ibyo yari yashinje Imana na Yobu byari ibinyoma. Noneho, ‘abana b’Imana’ bari bagiye kumva amagambo y’ibirego n’ayo kwiregura mu gihe Yehova yaburabuzaga Umwanzi kugira ngo abone uko akemura ikibazo burundu.

¹³ Nuko Yehova ahamagara Satani kugira ngo yisobanure amubaza ati “uturutse he?” Igisubizo cyabaye ikihe? “Mvuye gutambagira isi no kuyizereramo.” Yehova yongeye kwerekeza ku mugaragu we Yobu wari inyangamugayo, ukiranuka kandi utinya Imana, wari wakomeje ugushikama kwe. Umwanzi yarasubije ati “umubiri uhorerwa umubiri; ndetse ibyo umuntu atunze byose yabitanga ngo abicunguze ubugingo bwe. Ariko noneho, rambura ukuboko kwawe, ukore ku magufwa ye no ku mubiri we, azakwihakana ari imbere yawe.” Nuko Imana iravuga iti “dore, ari mu maboko yawe, keretse ubugingo bwe gusa, ube ari bwo wirinda” (Yobu 2:2-6). Mu kugaragaza ko Yehova atari yaretse kurinda Yobu, Satani yasabye ko umubiri n’amagufwa bya Yobu byakorwaho bikababazwa. Umwanzi ntiyari kwemererwa kwica Yobu; ariko Satani yari azi ko indwara y’umubiri yari kumubabaza, bityo bikagaragara ko yari arimo agerwaho n’igihano giturutse ku Mana bitewe n’ibyaha yakoze rwihishwa.

14. Ni iki Satani yateje Yobu, kandi kuki nta muntu n’umwe washoboraga kumworohereza ububabare?

¹⁴ Amaze kuva muri iryo teraniro, Satani yadukanye ubugome bwa kidayimoni. Yateje Yobu “ibishyute bibi bihera mu bworo bw’ibirenge bigeza mu gitwariro.” Mbega ibyago Yobu yihanganiye ubwo yicaraga mu ivu maze agatangira kwishimisha urujyo (Yobu 2:7, 8)! Nta muganga n’umwe wa kimuntu washoboraga kumworohereza ubwo bubabare bukabije, buteye ishozi, kandi buteye isoni, kuko bwari butewe n’imbaraga za Satani. Yehova wenyine ni we washoboraga gukiza Yobu. Niba uri umugaragu w’Imana uhorana ibibazo bw’ubuzima, ntuzibagirwe na rimwe ko Imana ishobora kugufasha kugira ngo wihangane, kandi ko ishobora kuzaguha ubuzima mu isi nshya itazarangwamo indwara.​—Zaburi 41:2-4 (umurongo wa 1-3 muri Biblia Yera); Yesaya 33:24.

15. Umugore wa Yobu yamuteye inkunga yo gukora iki, kandi Yobu yabyitabiriye ate?

¹⁵ Hanyuma, umugore wa Yobu yaravuze ati “mbese n’ubu uracyakomeje gukiranuka [“ugushikama,” NW] kwawe? Ihakane Imana, wipfire.” “Ugushikama” kugaragaza ukwitanga kutarangwaho umugayo; bityo wenda akaba yaravuganye agasuzuguro kugira ngo atume Yobu avuma Imana. Ariko yaramusubije ati “uvuze nk’umwe wo mu bagore b’abapfapfa. Mbese ye, twahabwa ibyiza mu kuboko kw’Imana, tukanga guhabwa ibibi?” Ndetse n’uwo mugambi mubisha wa Satani nta cyo wagezeho, kuko tubwirwa ngo “muri ibyo byose nta cyaha Yobu yacumurishije ururimi rwe” (Yobu 2:9, 10). Reka tuvuge ko abo mu muryango baturwanya baba batubwiye ko kwigora dukurikira Ubukristo ari ubusazi, maze bakadusaba kwihakana Yehova Imana. Kimwe na Yobu, dushobora kwihanganira ikigeragezo nk’icyo, kubera ko dukunda Yehova kandi tukaba twifuza gusingiza izina rye ryera.​—Zaburi 145:1, 2; Abaheburayo 13:15.

Abirasi Batatu b’Abariganya

16. Ni ba nde baje basa nk’aho baje guhumuriza Yobu, ariko ni gute Satani yabakoresheje?

¹⁶ Mu cyaje kugaragara ko ari undi mugambi mubisha wa Satani, “incuti” eshatu zaraje, zisa n’aho zije guhumuriza Yobu. Umwe yari Elifazi, uwo akaba ashobora kuba yarakomokaga kuri Aburahamu binyuriye kuri Esawu. Nta gushidikanya ko Elifazi ari we wari mukuru kuri abo bose bitewe n’uko ari we wahawe ijambo mbere y’abandi. Undi wari uhari ni Biludadi, wakomokaga kuri Shuwa, wari umwe mu bahungu Aburahamu yabyaranye na Ketura. Uwa gatatu yari Zofari, witwaga Umunāmati, iryo zina rikaba ryaragaragazaga umuryango we cyangwa aho yari atuye, hashobora kuba hari mu majyaruguru y’iburengerazuba bw’Arabiya (Yobu 2:11; Itangiriro 25:1, 2; 36:4, 11). Kimwe n’abagerageza gutuma Abahamya ba Yehova bihakana Imana muri iki gihe, ayo mashumi atatu yakoreshwaga na Satani agerageza gutuma Yobu yemera ibicumuro by’ibinyoma yamushinjaga, bityo agahungabanya ugushikama kwe.

17. Ni iki amashumi atatu yaje gusura yakoze, kandi ni iki batakoze mu minsi irindwi n’amajoro arindwi?

¹⁷ Ayo mashumi atatu yakoze ikinamico rikomeye ryo kugaragaza ko yifatanije na we arira, ashishimura imyenda yayo, yitera umukungugu ku mitwe. Ariko kandi, icyo gihe yicaranye na Yobu iminsi irindwi n’amajoro arindwi nta jambo na rimwe ryo guhumuriza avuga (Yobu 2:12, 13; Luka 18:10-14)! Abo birasi batatu b’abariganya bari ibigwari mu buryo bw’umwuka, ku buryo batashoboye kugira icyo bavuga gihumuriza ku bihereranye na Yehova n’ibyo yasezeranyije. Nyamara, barimo bafata imyanzuro ikocamye kandi biteguye kuyiherereza kuri Yobu mu gihe bari kuba barangije umuhango w’akababaro rusange. Igishimishije ni uko mbere yuko ya minsi irindwi yo guceceka irangira, umusore Elihu yicaye ahitaruye, ariko akaba yari aho yashoboraga kumva ibyo bavugaga.

18. Kuki Yobu yifuje gupfa kugira ngo abone kugira amahoro?

¹⁸ Amaherezo Yobu yaje kuvuga. Kubera ko ari nta humure yashoboye kuvana ku mashumi atatu yari yamusuye, yavumye umunsi yavutseho kandi yibaza impamvu ubuzima bwe bwuzuyemo akaga bwakomezaga. Yifuje gupfa kugira ngo abone kugira amahoro, ntiyanatekereza ko yashoboraga kongera kugira ibyishimo nyakuri mbere yo gupfa, cyane cyane ko yari amaze kunyagwa ari umukene, ari mu cyunamo, kandi arwaye bikomeye. Ariko kandi, nta bwo Imana yashoboraga kureka Yobu ababazwa kugeza ubwo apfa.​—Yobu 3:1-26.

Abashinja ba Yobu Bavuga

19. Ni ibihe binyoma Elifazi yashinje Yobu?

¹⁹ Elifazi ni we wabanzaga kuvuga mu bice bitatu by’impaka na byo byaje kugerageza ugushikama kwa Yobu. Mu kiganiro cye cya mbere, Elifazi yarabajije ati “hari ubwo umukiranutsi yaciriwe ho iteka?” Yafashe umwanzuro agaragaza ko Yobu agomba kuba yarakoze ikintu kibi, bityo iyo ikaba ari yo mpamvu yahawe igihano cy’Imana (Yobu, igice cya 4, n’icya 5). Mu kiganiro cye cya kabiri, Elifazi yasuzuguye ubwenge bwa Yobu maze arabaza ati “ibyo uzi tutazi ni ibiki?” Elifazi yumvikanishije ko Yobu yari arimo agerageza kwiyerekana nk’aho asumba Ishoborabyose. Mu kurangiza igitero cye cy’amagambo yavuze ubwa kabiri, yerekanye ko Yobu ashinjwa ubuhakanyi, kurya ruswa, n’uburiganya (Yobu, igice cya 15). Mu kiganiro cye cya nyuma, Elifazi yashinje Yobu ibinyoma amurega kuba yarakoze ibyaha byinshi​—kunyaga, kwima umugati n’amazi abakene, no kugirira nabi abapfakazi n’imfubyi.​—Yobu, igice cya 22.

20. Ibitero bya Biludadi kuri Yobu byari biteye bite?

²⁰ Incuro nyinshi, Biludadi wafataga ijambo ku mwanya wa kabiri ku ncuro eshatu zose z’impaka bagize, yakurikizaga umutwe wabaga watanzwe na Elifazi. Ibiganiro bya Biludadi byari bigufi kurushaho, ariko kandi birushaho gusesereza. Ndetse yashinje abana ba Yobu ko bakoze ibyaha, bityo bakaba bari bakwiriye gupfa. Kubera ibitekerezo bifutamye, yakoresheje urugero rukurikira: kimwe n’uko urufunzo n’urukangaga byuma kandi bigapfa bitewe no kubura amazi, ni ko “inzira z’abibagirwa Imana bose zimeze.” Icyo gitekerezo ni ukuri, ariko nta bwo cyashoboraga kwerekezwa kuri Yobu (Yobu, igice cya 8). Biludadi yitiranyije ibyago bya Yobu n’ibindi byose bigera ku banyabyaha (Yobu, igice cya 18). Mu kiganiro cye cya gatatu kigufi, Biludadi yavuze ko umuntu ari “inyo” n’“umunyorogoto,” ku bw’ibyo akaba yanduye imbere y’Imana.​—Yobu, igice cya 25.

21. Ni iki Zofari yashinje Yobu?

²¹ Zofari ni we wabaye uwa gatatu mu kuvuga ajya impaka na Yobu. Muri rusange, ibitekerezo bye byari bihuje n’ibya Elifazi na Biludadi. Zofari yashinje Yobu ko yari mubi, maze amugira inama yo kureka ibikorwa bye by’ibyaha (Yobu, igice cya 11, n’icya 20). Amaze kuvuga incuro ebyiri, Zofari yaracecetse. Nta kintu yari afite cyo kongeraho ku ncuro ya gatatu. Nyamara ariko mu gihe cyose cy’impaka, Yobu yasubije abamushinjaga abigiranye ubutwari. Urugero, igihe kimwe yagize ati “mwese ko muri abahumuriza baruhanya. Mbese amagambo y’ubusa ntabwo azashira?”​—Yobu 16:2, 3.

Dushobora Kwihangana

22, 23. (a) Kimwe n’uko byagendekeye Yobu, ni gute Umwanzi ashobora kugerageza guhungabanya ugushikama kwacu kuri Yehova Imana? (b) N’ubwo Yobu yakomeje kwihanganira ibigeragezo binyuranye, ni iki twagombye kwibaza ku bihereranye n’imyifatire ye?

²² Kimwe na Yobu, dushobora guhangana n’ibigeragezo birenze kimwe icya rimwe, kandi Satani ashobora gukoresha ugucika intege cyangwa izindi mpamvu mu mihati ye yo guhungabanya ugushikama kwacu. Ashobora kugerageza gutuma dutera Yehova umugongo mu gihe twaba dufite ibibazo by’ubukungu. Mu gihe dupfushije uwo dukunda, cyangwa tugahura n’uburwayi, Satani ashobora gushaka ukuntu yatuma tubigereka ku Mana. Kimwe n’incuti za Yobu, hari ubwo ndetse umuntu ashobora kudushinja aturega ibinyoma. Nk’uko Umuvandimwe Macmillan yabigaragaje, Satani ashobora ‘kutugereka,’ ariko dushobora kwihangana.

²³ Nk’uko tumaze kubibona, Yobu yihanganiye ibigeragezo bye binyuranye. Ariko se, kwari ugupfa kwihangana gusa? Mbese koko, yari afite umutima umenetse? Nimucyo turebe niba koko Yobu yari yatakaje ibyiringiro rwose.

Ni Gute Wasubiza?

◻ Ni ikihe kibazo gikomeye Satani yabyukije mu gihe cya Yobu?

◻ Ni mu buhe buryo Yobu yageragejwe birengeje urugero?

◻ Ni iki “incuti” eshatu za Yobu zamushinje?

◻ Kimwe n’uko byagendekeye Yobu, ni gute Satani ashobora kugerageza guhungabanya ugushikama kwacu kuri Yehova?

[Ifoto yo ku ipaji ya 9]

A. H. Macmillan