Igice cya 11
Ubuhakanyi bwazitiye inzira ijya ku Mana
1, 2. (a) Kuki imyaka 400 ya mbere y’amadini yiyita aya gikristo ari ingenzi? (b) Ni ukuhe kuri ku byerekeye amahitamo Yesu yavuze?
KUKI amateka y’imyaka 400 ya mbere y’amadini yiyita aya gikristo ari ingenzi? Ni kimwe n’uko imyaka ya mbere y’ubuzima bw’umwana iba ari ingenzi; kubera ko muri iyo myaka ari ho umwana ahabwa uburere buzaba urufatiro rw’imibereho azagira amaze kuba mukuru. Ibinyejana bya mbere by’amadini yiyita aya gikristo bigaragaza iki?
2 Mbere y’uko dusubiza icyo kibazo, nimucyo tubanze twibuke ukuri Yesu Kristo yavuze, agira ati “nimwinjirire mu irembo rifunganye, kuko inzira ijyana abantu kurimbuka ari ngari kandi ari nini, n’abayinyuramo bakaba ari benshi. Ariko irembo rifunganye n’inzira ijyana abantu ku buzima ni nto cyane, kandi abayibona ni bake.” Inzira yo gukora ibinogeye umuntu ni ngari, naho inzira yo gukurikira amahame aboneye irafunganye.—Matayo 7:13, 14.
3. Ni izihe nzira ebyiri abantu bashoboraga guhitamo kuva Ubukristo bwatangira?
3 Kuva Ubukristo bwatangira hari inzira ebyiri abifuzaga kuyoboka iryo dini rishya ritari rikunzwe bashoboraga guhitamo: bashoboraga kwizirika ku nyigisho n’amahame ya Kristo n’Ibyanditswe nta guteshuka, cyangwa bakanyura mu nzira yagutse kandi yoroshye yo guteshuka bakayoboka isi yariho icyo gihe. Nk’uko tuzabibona, amateka y’imyaka 400 ya mbere yerekana inzira amaherezo abantu benshi baje guhitamo.
Bareshywa na filozofiya
4. Nk’uko umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Durant yabivuze, abapagani b’Abaroma bagize izihe ngaruka kuri kiliziya ya mbere?
4 Umuhanga mu by’amateka witwa Will Durant yasobanuye ko “Kiliziya yayobotse imigenzo n’imigenzereze y’idini yari yiganje mu Baroma [b’abapagani] ba mbere y’Ubukristo, hakubiyemo kwambara ibishura n’indi myambaro y’abatambyi b’abapagani, gukoresha umubavu n’amazi y’umugisha mu mihango yo kwiyeza, gucana za buji n’urumuri rutajya ruzima ruhora kuri alitari, gusenga abatagatifu n’imyubakire y’insengero, kuba amategeko y’Abaroma ari yo yabaye ishingiro ry’amategeko ya Kiliziya, izina ry’icyubahiro ry’umukuru w’abatambyi b’Abaroma Pontifex Maximus rihabwa Papa, kandi mu kinyejana cya kane batangiye gukoresha ururimi rw’ikilatini . . . Bidatinze abasenyeri basimbuye abaperefe b’Abaroma, bakaba ari bo batanga amabwiriza bakagira n’ububasha bwose mu migi; abasenyeri, cyangwa ba arikiyepisikopi, bashyigikiraga ba guverineri b’intara byarimba bakabazungura; kandi inama nkuru y’abasenyeri yasimbuye inama njyanama y’intara. Kiliziya y’i Roma yageraga ikirenge mu cya leta y’Abaroma.”—The Story of Civilization: Part III—Caesar and Christ.
5. Ni mu buhe buryo imyifatire ya kiliziya yo guteshuka ikayoboka imigenzo y’Abaroma b’abapagani itandukanye cyane n’inyandiko z’Abakristo ba mbere?
5 Iyo myifatire ya kiliziya yo guteshuka ikayoboka imigenzo y’Abaroma itandukanye cyane n’inyigisho za Kristo n’intumwa ze. (Reba agasanduku kari ku ipaji ya 262.) Intumwa Petero yatanze inama agira ati “bakundwa, . . . ndakangura ubushobozi bwanyu bwo gutekereza neza, mbibutsa ko mukwiriye kwibuka amagambo yavuzwe kera n’abahanuzi bera hamwe n’itegeko Umwami n’Umukiza wacu yatanze binyuze ku ntumwa zabatumweho. Ariko mwebweho bakundwa, ubwo mumenye ibyo hakiri kare, mwirinde kugira ngo mutayoba mukajyana na bo, muyobejwe n’ikinyoma cy’abantu basuzugura amategeko, maze mukareka gushikama kwanyu.” Pawulo na we yatanze inama yumvikana neza avuga ati “ntimukifatanye n’abatizera kuko mudahuje. Gukiranuka n’ubwicamategeko bifitanye sano ki? Cyangwa umucyo n’umwijima bihuriye he? . . . ‘“Nuko rero muve hagati yabo kandi mwitandukanye na bo,” ni ko Yehova avuga, kandi “ntimukongere gukora ku kintu gihumanye”’; ‘“nanjye nzabakira.”’”—2 Petero 3:1, 2, 17; 2 Abakorinto 6:14-17; Ibyahishuwe 18:2-5.
6, 7. (a) Ni mu buhe buryo filozofiya y’Abagiriki yagize ingaruka ku “babyeyi” ba kiliziya ba mbere? (b) Ni mu zihe nyigisho filozofiya y’Abagiriki yigaragarijemo cyane? (c) Ni uwuhe muburo werekeye filozofiya Pawulo yari yaratanze?
6 Nubwo Abakristo b’abahakanyi bo mu kinyejana cya kabiri bari barahawe uwo muburo usobanutse neza, baguye mu mutego w’idini ry’Abaroma b’Abapagani. Batandukiriye inkomoko yabo itanduye ya Bibiliya biyambika umwambaro w’idini ry’Abaroma b’abapagani n’amazina yabo y’ibyubahiro, kandi basaya muri filozofiya y’Abagiriki. Umwarimu wo muri kaminuza ya Harvard witwa Wolfson yasobanuye ko mu kinyejana cya kabiri hari “abanyamahanga bari baraminuje muri filozofiya” bayobotse Ubukristo ari benshi (The Crucible of Christianity). Abo bantu bakundaga cyane ubwenge bw’Abagiriki kandi batekerezaga ko babonye ibintu filozofiya y’Abagiriki yari ihuriyeho n’inyigisho z’Ibyanditswe. Wolfson akomeza agira ati “babivugaga mu buryo butandukanye, bakavuga ko filozofiya ari impano yihariye Imana yahaye Abagiriki binyuze ku bushobozi bw’abantu bwo gutekereza, nk’uko Ibyanditswe ari impano yahaye Abayahudi ibibahishuriye mu buryo butaziguye.” Yongeyeho ati “Ababyeyi ba Kiliziya . . . batangiye gahunda inonosoye yo kwerekana ukuntu mu rurimi rworoheje Ibyanditswe bikunda gukoresha hihishemo inyigisho z’abahanga mu bya filozofiya, bagasobanura izo nyigisho bakoresheje amagambo atumvikana neza bacuriye mu mashuri yabo no mu bigo byabo [byaberagamo impaka za filozofiya].”
7 Iyo myifatire yatumye filozofiya y’Abagiriki n’amagambo yakoreshwaga muri iyo filozofiya bicengera mu nyigisho z’amadini yiyita aya gikristo, cyane cyane mu birebana n’inyigisho y’Ubutatu n’imyizerere y’ukudapfa k’ubugingo. Wolfson avuga ko “Ababyeyi ba [kiliziya] batangiye gushakisha mu magambo yakoreshwaga muri filozofiya, bashakamo amagambo abiri meza bakoresha, rimwe bakarikoresha basobanura abaperisona batandukanye bagize ubutatu, irindi bakarikoresha basobanura ubumwe abo baperisona bafitanye.” Icyakora bahatiwe kwemera ko “igitekerezo cy’Imana y’ubutatu ari iyobera ubwenge bw’umuntu budashobora kwiyumvisha.” Nyamara Pawulo yari yaragaragaje neza akaga kashoboraga guterwa n’uko kononekara no “kugoreka ubutumwa bwiza” igihe yandikiraga Abakristo b’Abagalatiya n’Abakolosayi ati “mwirinde kugira ngo hatagira umuntu ubagusha mu mutego, yifashishije filozofiya [mu kigiriki, phi·lo·so·phiʹas] n’ibitekerezo by’ubushukanyi bidafite ishingiro, bishingiye ku migenzo y’abantu kandi bikurikiza ibintu by’ibanze by’isi aho gukurikiza Kristo.”—Abagalatiya 1:7-9; Abakolosayi 2:8; 1 Abakorinto 1:22, 23.
Umuzuko uhindurwa ubusa
8. Umuntu yakomeje guhatana ashaka gusobanukirwa ikihe kibazo cyamubereye urujijo, kandi se amadini menshi yagerageje kuvanaho urwo rujijo ate?
8 Nk’uko twabibonye muri iki gitabo, umuntu yakomeje guhatana ashaka gusobanukirwa ikibazo cyamubereye urujijo yaterwaga n’uko ubuzima bumara igihe gito bukarangizwa no gupfa. Umwanditsi w’Umudage Gerhard Herm yabisobanuye mu gitabo cye agira ati “idini ni kimwe mu bintu bifasha abantu kwemera igitekerezo cy’uko umunsi umwe bazapfa. Ribasezeranya ubuzima bwiza nyuma yo gupfa, kongera kuvuka, cyangwa rikabibasezeranya byombi” (The Celts—The People Who Came Out of the Darkness). Amadini hafi ya yose yizera ko umuntu afite ubugingo budapfa, kandi ko iyo apfuye bujya mu yindi si cyangwa bukimukira mu kindi kiremwa.
9. Intiti yo muri Esipanye yitwa Miguel de Unamuno yavuze ko Yesu yizeraga iki ku birebana n’umuzuko?
9 Amadini yiyita aya gikristo hafi ya yose muri iki gihe na yo afite iyo myizerere. Intiti ikomeye yo muri Esipanye yo mu kinyejana cya 20 yitwa Miguel de Unamuno, yanditse ibyerekeye Yesu agira ati “yizeraga umuzuko w’umubiri [nk’uko byagenze kuri Lazaro (reba ipaji ya 249-252)], nk’uko Abayahudi babyizeraga, ntiyizeraga ubugingo budapfa nk’uko [Abagiriki] babyizeraga bakurikije filozofiya ya Platon. . . . Dushobora kubona gihamya y’ibyo mu gitabo icyo ari cyo cyose gisobanura inyigisho ze kitabogamye.” Yanzuye agira ati “inyigisho y’uko ubugingo budapfa . . . ni inyigisho y’abapagani ishingiye kuri filozofiya” (La Agonía Del Cristianismo [Uko Ubukristo bwahenebereye]). Iyo “nyigisho y’abapagani ishingiye kuri filozofiya” yacengeye mu nyigisho z’amadini yiyita aya gikristo, nubwo Kristo atigeze agira igitekerezo nk’icyo.—Matayo 10:28; Yohana 5:28, 29; 11:23, 24.
10. Zimwe mu ngaruka zatewe n’imyizerere y’uko ubugingo budapfa ni izihe?
10 Ingaruka zififitse za filozofiya y’Abagiriki ni zo ahanini zazanye ubuhakanyi nyuma y’urupfu rw’intumwa. Inyigisho y’Abagiriki y’uko ubugingo budapfa yumvikanisha ko ubugingo bufite ahantu hatandukanye bujya, haba mu ijuru, mu muriro w’ikuzimu, muri purugatori, no mu irimbi.a Abatambyi bifashishije izo nyigisho baheza abayoboke babo mu bubata no gutinya ubuzima bwa nyuma y’urupfu, babona uko bazajya babaka impano n’amaturo bitabagoye. Ibyo bituma twibaza ikindi kibazo: itsinda ry’abayobozi b’idini batandukanye n’abandi bayoboke mu madini yiyita aya gikristo ryatangiye rite?—Yohana 8:44; 1 Timoteyo 4:1, 2.
Uko itsinda ry’abayobozi b’idini ryatangiye
11, 12. (a) Ni ikihe kintu kindi cyagaragaje ko ubuhakanyi bwatangiye? (b) Intumwa n’abasaza bari i Yerusalemu bagize uruhe ruhare?
11 Ikindi kintu cyagaragaje ko ubuhakanyi bwatangiye ni uko baretse umurimo wo kubwiriza wari warahawe Abakristo bose, nk’uko Yesu n’intumwa ze bari barabyigishije, ugaharirwa gusa abayobozi b’idini mu nzego zabo zinyuranye zaje kuvuka mu madini yiyita aya gikristo (Matayo 5:14-16; Abaroma 10:13-15; 1 Petero 3:15). Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Yesu mu kinyejana cya mbere, intumwa ze hamwe n’abandi basaza b’Abakristo bari bakuze mu buryo b’umwuka bari i Yerusalemu ni bo batangaga inama n’ubuyobozi mu itorero rya gikristo. Nta n’umwe muri bo warutaga abandi.—Abagalatiya 2:9.
12 Mu mwaka wa 49 N.Y., byabaye ngombwa ko bahurira i Yerusalemu kugira ngo bakemure ibibazo byarebaga Abakristo bose muri rusange. Inkuru ya Bibiliya itubwira uko byagenze bamaze kujya impaka mu bwisanzure, igira iti “intumwa n’abasaza [pre·sbyʹte·roi] n’itorero ryose bashima kohereza muri Antiyokiya abagabo batoranyijwe bo muri bo ngo bajyane na Pawulo na Barinaba; . . . nuko bandikisha ukuboko kwabo bati ‘intumwa n’abasaza n’abavandimwe, turabandikiye mwebwe bavandimwe bo muri Antiyokiya n’i Siriya n’i Kilikiya mukomoka mu banyamahanga: turabatashya!’” Uko bigaragara intumwa n’abasaza ni bo bari bagize urwego rwayoboraga amatorero y’Abakristo yari hirya no hino.—Ibyakozwe 15:22, 23.
13. (a) Ni iyihe gahunda y’ubuyobozi yari muri buri torero rya gikristo ryo mu kinyejana cya mbere? (b) Ni ibihe bintu byagaragazaga ko abasaza b’itorero bujuje ibisabwa?
13 None se ko iryo tsinda ry’i Yerusalemu ryayoboraga Abakristo ba mbere bose muri rusange, muri buri torero bayoborwaga bate? Urwandiko Pawulo yandikiye Timoteyo rugaragaza neza ko amatorero yari afite abagenzuzi (mu kigiriki ni e·piʹsko·pos, ari na ho hakomoka ijambo “abepisikopi”) bari abasaza bakuze mu buryo bw’umwuka (pre·sbyʹte·roi), abagabo bagaragazaga binyuze ku myifatire yabo n’imico yabo yo mu buryo bw’umwuka ko bujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo bigishe bagenzi babo b’Abakristo (1 Timoteyo 3:1-7; 5:17). Mu kinyejana cya mbere, abo bagabo ntibari bagize itsinda ry’abayobozi b’idini batandukanye n’abandi bayoboke. Ntibambaraga imyambaro yabatandukanyaga n’abandi. Imico yabo yo mu buryo bw’umwuka ni yo yabatandukanyaga n’abandi. Koko rero, buri torero ryari rifite inteko y’abasaza (abagenzuzi), ntiryategekwaga n’umuntu umwe wasumbaga abandi.—Ibyakozwe 20:17; Abafilipi 1:1.
14. (a) Ni mu buhe buryo abagenzuzi b’Abakristo amaherezo baje gusimbuzwa abasenyeri bo mu madini yiyita aya gikristo? (b) Ni nde wahataniye kugira umwanya w’ikirenga mu basenyeri?
14 Nyuma y’igihe ijambo e·piʹsko·posb (umugenzuzi) ryaje guhinduka “musenyeri,” risobanura umutambyi wabaga ari umukuru w’abandi bayobozi b’idini bo muri diyosezi ye. Umuyezuwiti wo muri Esipanye witwa Bernardino Llorca asobanura ko “mu mizo ya mbere, nta tandukaniro rigaragara ryashyirwaga hagati y’abasenyeri n’abakuru ba kiliziya, kandi icyo bibandagaho cyane ni ibisobanuro by’ijambo. Musenyeri risobanura umugenzuzi; n’umukuru risobanura umusaza. . . . Ariko buhoro buhoro itandukaniro ryaje kugaragara, izina musenyeri rigahabwa abagenzuzi bafite agaciro kuruta abandi, babaga bafite ububasha buruta ubw’abandi n’ubushobozi bwo kurambika ibiganza ku bandi bakaba abatambyi” (Historia de la Iglesia Católica [Amateka ya Kiliziya Gatolika]). Koko rero, abasenyeri batangiye gukorera muri gahunda ifite abayobozi barutanwa mu nzego, cyane cyane guhera mu kinyejana cya kane. Hashyizweho urwego rw’abayobozi b’idini barutanwa, kandi nyuma y’igihe runaka musenyeri w’i Roma wavugaga ko ari we musimbura wa Petero, yemewe na benshi ko ari we musenyeri w’ikirenga cyangwa papa.
15. Ni irihe tandukaniro rinini riri hagati y’ubuyobozi bwari mu Bakristo ba mbere n’ubuyobozi bwo mu madini yiyita aya gikristo?
15 Muri iki gihe, umwanya wa musenyeri mu madini yiyita aya gikristo ni umwanya w’icyubahiro n’ububasha, ubusanzwe abari muri uwo mwanya baba bahembwa neza kandi incuro nyinshi babonwa ko ari bamwe mu bayobozi bakomeye b’igihugu. Ariko iyo urebye ukuntu babaho mu iraha bagahabwa n’icyubahiro, ukabigereranya na gahunda yoroheje yariho mu gihe cya Kristo n’abasaza cyangwa abagenzuzi bo mu matorero y’Abakristo ba mbere, ubona hari itandukaniro rinini. Kandi se twavuga iki ku birebana n’itandukaniro rinini riri hagati ya Petero n’abiyita ko ari abasimbura be, bategekeye mu iraha ryinshi i Vatikani?—Luka 9:58; 1 Petero 5:1-3.
Ububasha n’icyubahiro bya papa
16, 17. (a) Tubwirwa n’iki ko itorero rya mbere ry’i Roma ritayoborwaga na musenyeri cyangwa papa? (b) Gukoresha izina ry’icyubahiro “papa” byaje bite?
16 Mu matorero ya mbere yemeraga ubuyobozi bw’intumwa n’abasaza b’i Yerusalemu harimo itorero ry’i Roma, aho ukuri kwa gikristo gushobora kuba kwarageze nyuma ya Pentekote yo mu mwaka wa 33 N.Y. (Ibyakozwe 2:10). Kimwe n’andi matorero ya gikristo yo muri icyo gihe, ryari rifite abasaza bakoreraga mu nteko y’abasaza nta n’umwe wumva ko aruta abandi. Mu by’ukuri nta n’umwe muri abo bagenzuzi ba mbere bo mu itorero ry’i Roma wigeze abonwa na bagenzi be ko yari musenyeri cyangwa papa, kubera ko gahunda y’abepisikopi barutanwa mu nzego yari itarabaho i Roma. Biragoye kumenya igihe iyo gahunda y’abepisikopi barutanwa mu nzego bafite umwepisikopi umwe uruta abandi yatangiriye. Icyakora hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko ishobora kuba yaratangiye mu kinyejana cya kabiri.—Abaroma 16:3-16; Abafilipi 1:1.
17 Izina ry’icyubahiro “papa” (rikomoka ku ijambo ry’ikigiriki paʹpas, data) ntiryakoreshwaga mu binyejana bibiri bya mbere. Michael Walsh wahoze ari Umuyezuwiti yabisobanuye agira ati “bisa n’aho mu kinyejana cya gatatu ari bwo Musenyeri w’i Roma yiswe ‘Papa’ ku ncuro ya mbere, kandi iryo zina ry’icyubahiro ryahawe Papa Callistus . . . Kugeza mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya gatanu, ijambo ‘Papa’ ryasobanuraga Musenyeri w’i Roma kandi nta wundi witwaga atyo. Icyakora mu kinyejana cya cumi na kimwe, ni bwo Papa yategetse ko ari we wenyine witwa iryo zina.”—An Illustrated History of the Popes.
18. (a) Umwe mu basenyeri ba mbere b’i Roma washimangiye ububasha bwe ni nde? (b) Igitekerezo cy’uko ba papa bari mu mwanya w’ikirenga gishingiye ku ki? (c) Amagambo aboneka muri Matayo 16:18, 19 twagombye kuyumva dute?
18 Umwe mu basenyeri ba mbere b’i Roma washimangiye ububasha bwe ni Papa Leo I (yabaye papa mu mwaka wa 440-461). Michael Walsh akomeza asobanura ati “Leo yafashe izina ry’icyubahiro Pontifex Maximus ryahoze ari iry’abapagani, rigikoreshwa na ba papa muri iki gihe, kandi kugeza mu mpera z’ikinyejana cya kane ryakoreshwaga n’abami b’abami b’Abaroma.” Leo I yashingiraga ibikorwa bye ku buryo Abagatolika basobanura amagambo ya Yesu aboneka muri Matayo 16:18, 19. (Reba agasanduku kari ku ipaji ya 268.) “Yatangaje ko kiliziya ya Mutagatifu Petero igomba guhabwa icyubahiro kiruta icy’izindi kiliziya kubera ko Mutagatifu Petero yari uwa mbere mu ntumwa” (Man’s Religions). Bityo Leo I yari agaragaje neza ko umwami w’abami yari afite ububasha mu bintu by’isi i Konsitantinopule mu Burasirazuba, na we akagira ububasha bwo mu buryo bw’umwuka mu Burengerazuba. Ubwo bubasha bwigaragaje neza igihe Papa Leo III yimikaga Charlemagne akaba umwami w’abami w’Ubwami Butagatifu bwa Roma mu mwaka wa 800 N.Y.
19, 20. (a) Papa abonwa ate muri iki gihe? (b) Papa afite ayahe mazina y’icyubahiro? (c) Ni iri tandukaniro dushobora kubona hagati y’imyitwarire ya ba papa n’iya Petero?
19 Kuva mu mwaka wa 1929 abayobozi ba za leta zo mu isi babona ko papa w’i Roma ari umuyobozi wa leta yigenga y’umugi wa Vatikani. Ni yo mpamvu Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma ari ryo dini ryonyine rishobora kohereza abahagarariye papa muri za leta zo hirya no hino ku isi (Yohana 18:36). Papa afite amazina menshi y’icyubahiro, amwe muri ayo akaba ari Igisonga cya Yesu Kristo, Umusimbura w’Umutware w’Intumwa, Umuyobozi w’Ikirenga wa Kiliziya yo ku Isi Hose, Umukurambere w’i Burengerazuba, Umutambyi Mukuru w’u Butaliyani n’Umwami w’Ikirenga wa Leta y’Umugi wa Vatikani. Akoresherezwa ibirori n’iminsi mikuru by’akataraboneka. Ahabwa icyubahiro kigenewe umukuru w’igihugu. Mu buryo bunyuranye n’ubwo, zirikana uko Petero, bavuga ko ari we papa wa mbere na musenyeri w’i Roma, yifashe igihe Koruneliyo umutware w’ingabo z’Abaroma yikubitaga imbere y’ibirenge bye kugira ngo amuramye: ‘Petero yaramuhagurukije aramubwira ati “haguruka; nanjye ndi umuntu.”’—Ibyakozwe 10:25, 26; Matayo 23:8-12.
20 Ikibazo kivuka ni iki: byagenze bite kugira ngo kiliziya y’ubuhakanyi yo mu binyejana bya mbere igire imbaraga nyinshi n’icyubahiro? Ni mu buhe buryo umuco wo kwicisha bugufi no kwiyoroshya wagaragajwe na Yesu n’Abakristo ba mbere wasimbuwe n’ubwibone n’iraha byo mu madini yiyita aya gikristo?
Urufatiro rw’amadini yiyita aya gikristo
21, 22. Ni irihe hinduka rikomeye bavuga ko ryabaye mu mibereho ya Konsitantino, kandi se yarikoresheje ate?
21 Ihinduka rikomeye ryabaye muri iryo dini rishya mu Bwami bw’Abaroma, ryabaye mu mwaka wa 313 N.Y., ari na bwo bavuga ko umwami w’abami Konsitantino yahindukiriye “Ubukristo.” Byagenze bite kugira ngo ahinduke? Mu mwaka wa 306, Konsitantino yasimbuye se, hanyuma amaherezo ategeka ubwami bw’Abaroma afatanyije na Licinius. Yahindutse bitewe n’uko yiringiraga ko Imana yashoboraga kumurinda na nyina akaba yari yariyeguriye Ubukristo. Mbere y’uko ajya ku rugamba rwabereye ku kiraro cyitwa Milvian hafi y’i Roma mu mwaka wa 312, yavuze ko yari yabwiwe mu nzozi kwandika ku ngabo z’abasirikare be inyuguti ziranga “Umukristo,” ni ukuvuga inyuguti z’ikigiriki khi na rho, akaba ari inyuguti ebyiri zitangira izina rya Kristo mu kigiriki.c Ingabo za Konsitantino zatsinze umwanzi wazo Maxentius zifashishije icyo kimenyetso cyabonwaga nk’‘impigi zera.’
22 Nyuma gato y’aho Konsitantino atsindiye urugamba, yavuze ko yizeye nubwo yabatijwe hashize imyaka 24 nyuma yaho ubwo yari agiye gupfa. Yashyigikiwe n’abantu biyitaga Abakristo bo mu bwami bwe bitewe n’uko “yafashe [inyuguti z’ikigiriki] Chi-Rho [Artwork—Greek characters] akazigira ikimenyetso cye . . . Icyakora abapagani n’Abakristo bari basanzwe bakoresha izo nyuguti Chi-Rho zifatanye.”—The Crucible of Christianity, cyanditswe na Arnold Toynbee.
23. (a) Dukurikije uko umwanditsi umwe abivuga, ni ryari amadini yiyita aya gikristo yatangiye? (b) Kuki dushobora kuvuga ko Kristo atigeze atangiza amadini yiyita aya gikristo?
23 Nguko uko urufatiro rw’amadini yiyita aya gikristo rwashyizweho. Umwanditsi w’Umwongereza witwa Malcolm Muggeridge yanditse mu gitabo cye ati “amadini yiyita aya gikristo yatangiranye n’umwami w’abami Konsitantino” (The End of Christendom). Icyakora nanone yatanze ibisobanuro byumvikana neza agira ati “ushobora kuvuga ko Kristo ubwe yarimbuye amadini yiyita aya gikristo na mbere y’uko abaho igihe yavugaga ko ubwami bwe butari ubw’iyi si; ayo akaba ari amwe mu magambo akomeye kandi afite ibisobanuro byimbitse kuruta andi magambo yose yavuze.” Kandi ayo magambo ni yo abayobozi b’amadini yiyita aya gikristo n’abayobozi b’abanyapolitiki birengagiza cyane kuruta andi yose.—Yohana 18:36.
24. Konsitantino amaze “guhinduka” Umukristo, habaye irihe hinduka muri kiliziya?
24 Kubera ko Konsitantino yari ashyigikiye amadini yiyita aya gikristo, yayahinduye idini ryemewe rya leta ya Roma. Umwarimu wo muri kaminuza wigisha iby’iyobokamana witwa Elaine Pagels, asobanura ko “abasenyeri b’Abakristo bari barahoze bafatwa, bakababazwa urubozo kandi bakicwa, noneho basonewe imisoro, bagahabwa impano zivuye mu bubiko bw’umwami w’abami, bahabwa icyubahiro kandi bagira ijambo ibwami; kandi kiliziya zabo zatangiye kugira ubutunzi n’imbaraga, zirakomera.” Babaye incuti z’umwami w’abami, baba incuti z’isi y’Abaroma.—Yakobo 4:4.
Konsitantino, kutavuga rumwe na kiliziya, inyigisho zemewe
25. (a) Ni izihe mpaka za tewolojiya zari zikaze mu gihe cya Konsitantino? (b) Mbere y’ikinyejana cya kane byari byifashe bite mu birebana n’uko abantu bumvaga isano iri hagati ya Kristo na Se?
25 Kuki “guhinduka” kwa Konsitantino kwari ikintu gikomeye? Kubera ko yari umwami w’abami, yari afite ububasha muri kiliziya ya “gikristo” yari yaracitsemo ibice bishingiye ku nyigisho, kandi yifuzaga ubumwe mu bwami bwe. Hari igitabo kivuga ko muri icyo gihe hari impaka zikomeye hagati y’abasenyeri bavugaga ikigiriki n’abavugaga ikilatini ku byerekeye “isano iri hagati ya ‘Jambo’ cyangwa ‘Umwana’ w’‘Imana’ wavutse ari Yesu n’‘Imana’ ubwayo, icyo gihe yari isigaye yitwa ‘Data’ kuko izina ryayo, ari ryo Yahweh, muri rusange ryari ryaribagiranye” (The Columbia History of the World). Hari bamwe bari bashyigikiye igitekerezo cya Bibiliya kivuga ko Kristo, Loʹgos, yari yararemwe kandi akaba yararutwaga na Se (Matayo 24:36; Yohana 14:28; 1 Abakorinto 15:25-28). Muri abo harimo Arius, wari umutambyi wo muri Alegizandiriya, muri Egiputa. Umwarimu wo muri kaminuza wigisha iby’iyobokamana witwa R. P. C. Hanson yaravuze ati “mbere y’uko havuka impaka za Arius [zavutse mu kinyejana cya kane], muri kiliziya y’Iburasirazuba cyangwa Iburengerazuba ntihigeze habaho umuhanga mu bya tewolojiya, utarabonaga ko Umwana arutwa na Se.”—The Search for the Christian Doctrine of God.
26. Mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya kane byari byifashe bite ku birebana n’inyigisho y’Ubutatu?
26 Abandi bo bumvaga ko kubona ko Yesu arutwa n’Imana ari ubuhakanyi, kandi batangiye gusenga Yesu bavuga ko ari “Imana yigize umuntu.” Nyamara kandi, Hanson yavuze ko icyo gihe (mu kinyejana cya kane) “kitari igihe cyo gushyigikira inyigisho yemewe kandi ihamye [y’Ubutatu] yari yugarijwe n’ubuhakanyi bweruye [bwa Arius]. Ingingo yagibwagaho impaka icyo gihe yari itaraba inyigisho yemewe.” Yakomeje agira ati “impande zose zibwiraga ko zari zishyigikiwe n’Ibyanditswe. Buri ruhande rwashinjaga urundi gutandukira inyigisho zemewe no kudakurikiza imigenzo yemewe n’Ibyanditswe.” Abayobozi b’idini bari baracitsemo ibice bapfa icyo kibazo cya tewolojiya.—Yohana 20:17.
27. (a) Ni iki Konsitantino yakoze agerageza gukemura impaka zagibwaga ku byerekeye Yesu? (b) Kiliziya yari ihagarariwe mu rugero rungana iki mu nama y’i Nicée? (c) Ese Iteka ry’i Nicée ryakemuye impaka zagibwaga ku byerekeye inyigisho y’Ubutatu?
27 Konsitantino yifuzaga ubumwe mu bwami bwe, maze mu mwaka wa 325 atumiza inama y’abasenyeri, ibera i Nicée mu karere k’iburasirazuba bw’ubwami bwe kavugwagamo ikigiriki hakurya ya Bosporus uvuye mu mugi mushya wa Konsitantinopule. Bavuga ko abasenyeri bari hagati ya 250 na 318 bitabiriye iyo nama, abo bakaba ari bake cyane ugereranyije n’umubare w’abasenyeri bose bariho icyo gihe, kandi n’abaje hafi ya bose bari baturutse mu karere kavugwagamo ikigiriki. Ndetse na Papa Sylvestre I ntiyari ahari.d Nyuma y’impaka zikaze, muri iyo nama itari ihagarariwe n’impande zose, havuyemo Iteka ry’i Nicée ryari ribogamiye cyane ku bitekerezo by’abemeraga Ubutatu. Ariko ntiyashoboye gukemura impaka zagibwaga kuri iyo nyigisho. Ntiyasobanuye uruhare rw’umwuka wera w’Imana mu nyigisho y’Ubutatu. Impaka zikaze zarakomeje zimara imyaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, kandi byabaye ngombwa ko hatumizwa izindi nama nyinshi, hakoreshwa n’igitugu cy’abami b’abami banyuranye no guhindura abantu ibicibwa kugira ngo amaherezo hazagerweho inyigisho abantu bose bemera. Abanyatewolojiya bari batsinze, ariko abari bashyigikiye Ibyanditswe bo bari batsinzwe.—Abaroma 3:3, 4.
28. (a) Ni izihe ngaruka zimwe na zimwe zatewe n’inyigisho y’Ubutatu? (b) Kuki nta hantu na hamwe muri Bibiliya umuntu yashingira asenga Mariya nka “Nyina w’Imana”?
28 Mu binyejana byinshi byakurikiyeho, imwe mu ngaruka z’inyigisho y’Ubutatu ni uko Imana y’ukuri Yehova yarengewe n’isayo ya tewolojiya y’Imana Kristo yo mu madini yiyita aya gikristo.e Indi ngaruka iyo tewolojiya yagize ni uko niba koko Yesu yari Imana yigize umuntu, ni ukuvuga ko Mariya nyina wa Yesu yari “Nyina w’Imana.” Ibyo byatumye nyuma y’imyaka myinshi batangira gusenga Mariya mu buryo butandukanye, nubwo ntaho Bibiliya ivuga ko Mariya yaba yari afite umwanya ukomeye, uretse gusa ko bivuga ko yari nyina wa Yesu (Luka 1:26-38, 46-56).f Uko ibinyejana byagiye bihita, Kiliziya Gatolika y’i Roma yahimbye inyigisho ya Nyina w’Imana irayinonosora, bituma Abagatolika benshi basenga Mariya babigiranye ishyaka ryinshi kuruta uko basenga Imana.
Amadini yiyita aya gikristo acikamo ibice
29. Pawulo yatanze umuburo w’uko hari kuzabaho iki?
29 Ikindi kintu cyaranze ubuhakanyi ni uko bwatumye habaho amacakubiri no kwirema ibice. Intumwa Pawulo yarahanuye ati “nzi ko nimara kugenda amasega y’inkazi azabinjiramo, kandi ntazagirira umukumbi impuhwe. Muri mwe ubwanyu hazaduka abantu bagoreka ukuri kugira ngo bireherezeho abigishwa.” Pawulo yari yaragiriye Abakorinto inama yumvikana neza igihe yavugaga ati “nuko rero bavandimwe, ndabingingira mu izina ry’Umwami wacu Yesu Kristo, ngo mwese mujye muvuga rumwe, kandi muri mwe he kubaho kwicamo ibice, ahubwo mwunge ubumwe rwose mu bitekerezo kandi mugire imyumvire imwe.” Nubwo Pawulo yari yarabagiriye iyo nama, ubuhakanyi no gucikamo ibice ntibyatinze gushinga imizi.—Ibyakozwe 20:29, 30; 1 Abakorinto 1:10.
30. Ni iyihe mimerere yahise igaragara muri kiliziya ya mbere?
30 Hashize imyaka mike nyuma y’urupfu rw’intumwa, mu Bakristo hatangiye kugaragaramo ibice. Will Durant yaravuze ati “ [umwanzi w’Ubukristo wo mu kinyejana cya kabiri witwaga] Celsus, yavuze amagambo aninura agaragaza ko Abakristo bari ‘baracitsemo ibice byinshi, buri wese ashaka kugira abayoboke be bwite.’ Ahagana mu mwaka wa 187, Irénée yakoze urutonde rw’ibice binyuranye makumyabiri by’Ubukristo; ahagana mu mwaka wa 384, Epiphane we yakoze urutonde rw’ibice mirongo inani by’Ubukristo.”—The Story of Civilization: Part III—Caesar and Christ.
31. Byagenze bite kugira ngo Kiliziya Gatolika icikemo icyuho gikomeye?
31 Konsitantino yari ashyigikiye abo mu ruhande rw’iburasirazuba bavugaga ikigiriki, abigaragaza yubaka umurwa mukuru mushya munini muri Turukiya y’ubu. Yawise Konsitantinopule (Istanbul y’ubu). Ibyo byatumye mu binyejana byakurikiyeho Kiliziya Gatolika icikamo icyuho gikomeye gishingiye ku rurimi n’akarere, yigabanyamo abavugaga ikilatini b’i Roma mu Burengerazuba, bari bahanganye n’abavugaga ikigiriki b’i Konsitantinopule mu Burasirazuba.
32, 33. (a) Ni izihe mpamvu zindi zatumye amadini yiyita aya gikristo akomeza gucikamo ibice? (b) Ni iki Bibiliya ivuga ku birebana no gukoresha amashusho mu gusenga?
32 Amadini yiyita aya gikristo yakomeje gucikamo ibice bitewe n’impaka zagibwaga ku byerekeye inyigisho y’Ubutatu yari itarahama. Indi nama yabereye i Chalcedon mu mwaka wa 451, yari igamije gusobanura “kamere” za Kristo. Kiliziya z’iburengerazuba zemeye iteka ryavuye muri iyo nama, ariko kiliziya z’iburasirazuba zo zararyanze, bituma hashingwa kiliziya y’Abakobute bo muri Egiputa na Abisiniya, na kiliziya z’“Abayakobo” bo muri Siriya no muri Arumeniya. Ubumwe bwa Kiliziya Gatolika bwahoraga busumbirijwe, bitewe n’amacakubiri yaterwaga n’impaka za tewolojiya, cyane cyane ku birebana no gusobanura inyigisho y’Ubutatu.
33 Indi mpamvu yatumye amadini yiyita aya gikristo acikamo ibice ni ugusenga amashusho. Mu kinyejana cya munani, abasenyeri b’iburasirazuba bigometse kuri icyo gikorwa cyo gusenga amashusho, maze binjira mu gihe cyiswe igihe cyo gusenya amashusho. Icyakora nyuma yaho bongeye gukoresha amashusho.—Kuva 20:4-6; Yesaya 44:14-18.
34. (a) Ni iki cyatumye muri Kiliziya Gatolika habamo ubwumvikane buke? (b) Ubwo bwumvikane buke bwatumye habaho iki?
34 Ikindi kigeragezo gikomeye cyaje igihe kiliziya y’Iburengerazuba yongeraga ku Iteka ry’i Nicée ijambo ry’ikilatini filioque (“uva no ku Mwana”), kugira ngo igaragaze ko Umwuka Wera uva kuri Data no ku Mwana. Icyo gikorwa cyabaye mu kinyejana cya gatandatu cyatumye muri kiliziya habamo ubwumvikane buke igihe “mu mwaka wa 876 habagaho inama [y’abasenyeri] yabereye i Konsitantinopule ikamagana papa kubera ibikorwa bye bya politiki, no kubera ko atakosoye igitekerezo cya filioque cyarimo ubuhakanyi. Icyo gikorwa cyagaragaje rwose ko kiliziya z’iburasirazuba zanze kwemera ko papa afite ububasha kuri kiliziya zose zo ku isi” (Man’s Religions). Mu mwaka wa 1054, intumwa ya papa yirukanye umukuru wa kiliziya y’i Konsitantinopule, na we avuma papa. Ayo macakubiri yatumye amaherezo havuka Kiliziya z’Aborutodogisi z’Iburasirazuba, zigizwe n’u Bugiriki, u Burusiya, Rumaniya, Polonye, Bulugariya, Seribiya n’izindi kiliziya zigenga.
35. Abavoduwa bari bantu ki, kandi se imyizerere yabo yari itandukaniye he n’iya Kiliziya Gatolika?
35 Hari irindi tsinda ryatangiye guteza akaduruvayo muri kiliziya. Mu kinyejana cya 12, Pierre Waldo, wakomokaga i Lyon mu Bufaransa, “yakoranyije intiti kugira ngo zihindure Bibiliya mu rurimi rwavugwaga mu majyepfo y’u Bufaransa. Yize ubwo buhinduzi ashyizeho umwete, maze agera ku mwanzuro w’uko Abakristo bagombye kubaho nk’uko intumwa zabagaho, nta wufite ibye” (The Age of Faith, cyanditswe na Will Durant). Yatangije itsinda ryabwirizaga ryaje kwitwa Abavoduwa. Ntibemeraga abapadiri bo muri Kiliziya Gatolika, indulugensiya na purugatori. Nanone ntibemeraga ko umugati na divayi bihinduka mu buryo bw’igitangaza umubiri n’amaraso bya Kristo hamwe n’indi migenzo n’imyizerere ya Kiliziya Gatolika. Bageze no mu bindi bihugu. Mu mwaka wa 1229 inama y’i Toulouse yagerageje kubakumira, ishyiraho itegeko ryabuzanyaga gutunga ibitabo by’Ibyanditswe. Ibitabo byari byemewe ni ibya liturujiya byonyine kandi na byo byari mu rurimi rwari rutagikoreshwa rw’ikilatini. Ariko kandi, gucikamo ibice n’ibitotezo ni bwo byari bigitangira.
Abalubijuwa batotezwa
36, 37. (a) Abalubijuwa bari bantu ki, kandi se bizeraga iki? (b) Abalubijuwa bacecekeshejwe bate?
36 Hari irindi tsinda ryatangiye mu kinyejana cya 12 ritangirira mu majyepfo y’u Bufaransa, iryo tsinda ni iry’Abalubijuwa (nanone bitwa Abakatari). Iryo zina barikomoye ku mugi wa Albi, bari bafitemo abayoboke benshi. Bari bafite abayobozi b’abaseribateri, bumvaga ko bagomba gusuhuzwa mu cyubahiro. Bizeraga ko igihe Yesu yafataga umugati mu ifunguro rye rya nyuma rya nimugoroba akavuga ati “uyu ni umubiri wanjye,” yabivuze mu buryo bw’ikigereranyo (Matayo 26:26, NAB). Baretse inyigisho y’Ubutatu, kubyarwa n’isugi, umuriro w’ikuzimu na purugatori. Bityo batangiye gushidikanya cyane ku nyigisho z’i Roma. Papa Innocent wa III yatanze amabwiriza yo gutoteza Abalubijuwa. Yaravuze ati “nibiba ngombwa mubacecekeshe mukoresheje inkota.”
37 Kiliziya Gatolika yatangije intambara y’abanyamisaraba yo kurwanya “abahakanyi,” maze ingabo zayo zica abantu 20.000 barimo abagabo, abagore n’abana mu karere ka Béziers mu Bufaransa. Amahoro yabonetse mu mwaka wa 1229 Abalubijuwa bamaze gutsindwa, nyuma yo kumena amaraso menshi. Inama yabereye i Narbonne “yasohoye itegeko ryavugaga ko nta muntu wo muri rubanda wagombaga gutunga igice icyo ari cyo cyose cya Bibiliya.” Uko bigaragara, ikibazo gikomeye Kiliziya Gatolika yari ifite ni uko Bibiliya yari imaze kuboneka mu rurimi rwa rubanda.
38. Urukiko rwa Kiliziya ni iki, kandi se rwakoraga rute?
38 Indi ntambwe kiliziya yateye yari iyo gushyiraho Urukiko rwa Kiliziya rwagombaga gukuraho burundu abataravugaga rumwe na yo. Umwuka wo kutoroherana wari wamaze gucengera mu bantu bari barabaswe n’imiziririzo, kandi bari biteguye kwica “abataravugaga rumwe na kiliziya” bakabatsemba. Uko ibintu byari byifashe mu kinyejana cya 13 ni byo byatumye kiliziya ikoresha nabi ububasha bwayo. Icyakora, “abataravugaga rumwe na kiliziya, yarabakatiraga, hanyuma ikabashyira mu ‘maboko y’abayobozi ba politiki,’ hanyuma bakicwa batwitswe” (The Age of Faith). Iyo kiliziya yashyikirizaga abayobozi ba politiki abo yabaga yaciriye urwo gupfa, yibwiraga ko yikuyeho umwenda w’amaraso. Urukiko rwa Kiliziya rwatangije igihe cy’itotezwa rishingiye ku idini, bituma abantu babarirwa mu bihumbi bahirahiraga kwemera ibinyuranye n’inyigisho za kiliziya bahohoterwa, bashinjwa ibinyoma, bakaregwa batazi ubarega, bakicwa, bakamburwa, bakababazwa urubozo kandi bakicwa urw’agashinyaguro. Umudendezo wo kuvuga ibyo umuntu atekereza mu by’idini waburijwemo. Ese hari hakiri ibyiringiro ibyo ari byo byose ku bantu bashakishaga Imana y’ukuri? Igice cya 13 kizasubiza icyo kibazo.
39. Ni irihe tsinda ry’idini ryatangiye mu kinyejana cya karindwi, kandi se ryatangiye rite?
39 Mu gihe ibyo byose byabaga mu madini yiyita aya gikristo, hari Umwarabu wo mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati wiyemeje guhagurukira ikibazo cy’abantu bo mu bwoko bwe batitaga ku by’idini kandi basengaga ibigirwamana. Yatangije idini mu kinyejana cya karindwi, ubu rikaba rifite abayoboke bagera hafi kuri miriyari baryumvira kandi bakarigandukira. Iryo dini ni irya Isilamu. Igice gikurikira kizasuzuma amateka y’umuhanuzi warishinze kandi kizasobanura zimwe mu nyigisho ze n’aho zakomotse.
[Ibisobanuro ahagana hasi ku ipaji]
a Amagambo “ubugingo budapfa,” “umuriro w’ikuzimu,” “purugatori” n’“irimbi” ntagaragara mu mwandiko w’umwimerere wa Bibiliya w’igiheburayo n’ikigiriki. Nyamara ijambo ry’ikigiriki (a·naʹsta·sis) risobanura “umuzuko,” ribonekamo incuro 42 zose.
b Ijambo ry’ikigiriki e·piʹsko·pos rifashwe uko ryakabaye risobanura ‘umuntu ugenzura.’ Mu kilatini ryabaye episcopus, kandi mu cyongereza cya kera riba “biscop” ari na ho havuye ijambo “bishop” risobanura musenyeri.
c Inkuru izwi cyane ivuga ko Konsitantino yabonye umusaraba mu iyerekwa n’amagambo y’ikilatini “In hoc signo vinces” (Tsindira muri iki kimenyetso). Hari abahanga mu by’amateka bavuga ko ayo magambo ashobora kuba yari mu kigiriki “En toutoi nika” (Tsindira muri iki). Hari intiti zishidikanya ku kuri kw’iyo nkuru kubera ko irimo ibintu bidahuza n’igihe bavuga ko byabereye.
d Hari igitabo cyavuze ibya Sylvestre I kigira kiti “nubwo yabaye papa mu myaka igera hafi kuri makumyabiri n’ibiri ku ngoma ya Konsitantino Mukuru (306-337), ibyo bikaba byari ibihe bikomereye kiliziya, bisa naho atigeze agira uruhare rugaragara mu bintu bikomeye byabagaho icyo gihe. . . . Hari abandi basenyeri Konsitantino yagize inkoramutima ze akajya abagisha inama ku birebana na politiki ye y’iby’idini; ariko [Sylvestre] ntiyari muri abo.”—The Oxford Dictionary of Popes.
e Niba wifuza ibindi bisobanuro ku byerekeye impaka zagiwe ku birebana n’inyigisho y’Ubutatu, reba agatabo k’amapaji 32 gafite umutwe uvuga ngo Mbese Birakwiriye Kwemera Ubutatu?, kanditswe n’Abahamya ba Yehova.
f Mariya, nyina wa Yesu, avugwa mu izina cyangwa yitwa nyina wa Yesu incuro 24 mu mirongo itandukanye yo mu Mavanjiri, n’incuro imwe mu Byakozwe. Nta na hamwe avugwa mu nzandiko zanditswe n’intumwa.
[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 262]
Abakristo ba mbere na Roma y’abapagani
“Ubukristo bumaze kugera mu bwami bw’Abaroma, bwatumye abapagani bahindukiriye Ubukristo bahindura imyitwarire yabo n’imyifatire yabo. Abapagani benshi bari barakuze bigishwa ko ishyingiranwa ari uburyo buhuza imiryango cyangwa bugamije inyungu z’ubukungu, ko umugabo wese agomba kuba yararyamanye n’undi mugabo, ko uburaya bw’abagore n’ubw’abagabo ari ibintu bisanzwe kandi byemewe n’amategeko, kandi ko gutana kw’abashakanye, gukuramo inda, kuringaniza imbyaro no kwica impinja zitifuzwa ari ikibazo kireba umuntu ku giti cye, bemeye ubutumwa bwa gikristo buciraho iteka ibyo bikorwa, kandi byatangaje cyane imiryango yabo.”—Adam, Eve, and the Serpent, cyanditswe na Elaine Pagels.
[Amagambo yatsindagirijwe yo ku ipaji ya 266]
Ubukristo butandukanye n’amadini yiyita aya gikristo
Umuhanga mu bya filozofiya wo mu kinyejana cya gatatu witwaga Porphyry wakomokaga i Tiro, akaba yararwanyaga Ubukristo, yibajije “niba abigishwa ba Yesu atari bo batangije idini ry’Abakristo iri tubona, aho kuba Yesu ubwe. Porphyry (na Jules [umwami w’abami w’Abaroma wo mu kinyejana cya kane, na we akaba yararwanyaga Ubukristo]) bifashishije Isezerano Rishya, bagaragaza ko Yesu atigeze yiyita Imana kandi ko iyo yigishaga atiheshaga icyubahiro, ahubwo yigishaga ibyerekeye Imana imwe, ari na yo Mana y’abantu bose. Abigishwa be ni bo batandukiriye inyigisho ze batangiza uburyo bwabo bushya bwo gusenga, bagasenga Yesu (aho gusenga Imana imwe). . . . [Porphyry] yabajije iki kibazo kibuza amahwemo buri Mukristo wese utekereza: ese ukwizera kwa gikristo gushingiye ku nyigisho za Yesu cyangwa ni ku bitekerezo byahimbwe n’abigishwa be babayeho mu binyejana byakurikiye urupfu rwe?”—The Christians as the Romans Saw Them.
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Petero na ba papa
Muri Matayo 16:18, Yesu yabwiye intumwa Petero ati “kandi ndakubwira ko uri Petero [mu kigiriki ni Peʹtros], kandi kuri uru rutare [mu kigiriki ni peʹtra] nzubakaho kiliziya, kandi imbaraga z’urupfu ntizizayiganza” (RS). Kiliziya Gatolika ishingiye kuri ayo magambo, yemeza ko Yesu yubatse kiliziya ye kuri Petero, bavuga ko ari we wabaye uwa mbere mu murongo udacika w’abasenyeri ba Roma, ari na bo basimbuye Petero.
Ni nde rutare Yesu yavugaga muri Matayo 16:18, ni Petero cyangwa ni Yesu? Imirongo ikikije uwo igaragaza ko baganiraga ku biranga Yesu, ni ukuvuga “Kristo, Umwana w’Imana nzima,” nk’uko Petero ubwe yabyivugiye (Matayo 16:16, RS). Ku bw’ibyo rero, bihuje n’ubwenge kuvuga ko Yesu ubwe ari we wagombaga kuba urwo rutare rukomeye kiliziya yubatseho, ntabwo ari Petero wari kuzihakana Kristo incuro eshatu.—Matayo 26:33-35, 69-75.
Twakwemezwa n’iki ko Kristo ari we buye ry’urufatiro? Twabyemezwa n’ubuhamya Petero yitangiye, igihe yandikaga ati “nimumusange we buye rizima. Ni iby’ukuri ko abantu baryanze, ariko Imana yararitoranyije, kandi ibona ko ari iry’agaciro kenshi . . . Ibyanditswe biravuga ngo ‘dore ngiye gushyira i Siyoni ibuye ryatoranyijwe, ibuye ry’urufatiro rikomeza imfuruka, ry’agaciro kenshi; kandi nta wuryizera uzamanjirwa.’” Pawulo na we yaravuze ati “mwubatswe ku rufatiro rw’intumwa n’abahanuzi, Kristo Yesu ubwe akaba ari we buye ry’urufatiro rikomeza imfuruka.”—1 Petero 2:4-8; Abefeso 2:20.
Nta gihamya cyo mu Byanditswe cyangwa mu mateka kigaragaza ko Petero yarushaga icyubahiro bagenzi be. Ibyo ntiyigeze abivuga mu mabaruwa ye, kandi n’andi Mavanjiri atatu, hakubiyemo iya Mariko (uko bigaragara ikaba ari inkuru Petero yabwiye Mariko), ntagaragaza ayo magambo Yesu yabwiye Petero.—Luka 22:24-26; Ibyakozwe 15:6-22; Abagalatiya 2:11-14.
Yewe nta na gihamya ntakuka igaragaza ko Petero yigeze agera i Roma (1 Petero 5:13). Igihe Pawulo yajyaga i Yerusalemu, “Yakobo na Kefa [Petero] na Yohana, ari na bo babonwaga ko ari inkingi,” baramushyigikiye. Bityo, muri icyo gihe Petero yari umwe nibura mu bantu batatu bari inkingi mu itorero. Ntiyari “papa,” nta n’ubwo bamwitaga batyo cyangwa ngo abe yari “musenyeri” w’ikirenga i Yerusalemu.—Abagalatiya 2:7-9; Ibyakozwe 28:16, 30, 31.
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Mpandeshatu y’Iyobera ry’Ubutatu bwo mu madini yiyita aya gikristo
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Vatikani (ibendera ryayo ryagaragajwe hasi) yohereza abayihagarariye muri za leta zo ku isi
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Inama y’i Nicée ishyiraho urufatiro rw’inyigisho yari kuzavamo Ubutatu
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Gusenga Mariya n’umwana, hagati, byibutsa cyane gahunda ya kera yo gusenga imanakazi z’abapagani—ibumoso, Isisi na Horusi za Egiputa; iburyo, Materi Matuta y’Abaroma
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Kiliziya z’Aborutodogisi z’iburasirazuba—Sveti Nikolaj, i Sofia muri Bulugariya, no hasi, St. Vladimir, i New Jersey, Muri U.S.A.
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“Abakristo” b’abanyamisaraba ntibari bagamije kwirukana Isilamu muri Yerusalemu gusa, ahubwo nanone bagombaga kwica ‘abataravugaga rumwe na kiliziya,’ urugero nk’Abavoduwa n’Abakatari
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Tomás de Torquemada, uwihaye Imana w’Umudominikani, wayoboye Urukiko rwa Kiliziya rwo muri Esipanye rwarangwaga n’ubugome, rwababazaga abantu urubozo kugira ngo bemere icyaha