“Tuzarya iki?”

MU GIHE cy’umurimo wa Yesu, akenshi ibiganiro by’abantu byibandaga ku byokurya n’ibyokunywa. Igitangaza cya mbere Yesu yakoze, cyari uguhindura amazi divayi, kandi incuro ebyiri zose yagaburiye abantu benshi akoresheje imigati mike n’amafi make (Matayo 16:7-10; Yohana 2:3-11). Abantu bari bazi ko Yesu yasangiraga n’abakene, kandi agasangira n’abakire. N’ikimenyimenyi, abanzi be bamuregaga ko yari umunyandanini n’umusinzi (Matayo 11:18, 19). Birumvikana ariko ko Yesu atari umusinzi cyangwa umunyandanini. Icyakora, yari azi ko abantu bahangayikishwa n’ibyokurya n’ibyokunywa, kandi yakoresheje ingero zifitanye isano n’ibyokurya n’ibyokunywa abigiranye ubuhanga, kugira ngo yigishe abantu inyigisho z’ingenzi ku byerekeye Imana.—Luka 22:14-20; Yohana 6:35-40.

None se mu gihe cya Yesu, abantu bakundaga kurya iki? Ni gute abantu bateguraga amafunguro, kandi se kuyategura byabasabaga iki? Ibisubizo by’ibyo bibazo bizagufasha gusobanukirwa neza bimwe mu bintu byabayeho bivugwa mu Mavanjiri, kandi bigufashe gusobanukirwa zimwe mu mvugo zikoreshwamo.

Uduhe “ibyokurya by’uyu munsi”

Igihe Yesu yigishaga abigishwa be gusenga, yagaragaje ko bikwiriye ko dusenga dusaba Imana ibyo dukenera mu buzima, ni ukuvuga “ibyokurya by’uyu munsi” (Matayo 6:11). Mu rurimi rw’umwimerere, ijambo ryakoreshejwe muri uwo murongo ryerekeza ku “byokurya,” ni “umugati.” Mu gihe cya Yesu, umugati wari ibyokurya by’ingenzi, ku buryo mu Giheburayo no mu Kigiriki, imvugo ngo “gufata amafunguro” ihinduwe uko yakabaye, yasobanuraga “kurya umugati.” Ibinyampeke bakoreshaga bakora umugati, urugero nk’ingano zisanzwe, ingano za sayiri ndetse n’ibindi, urugero nka porici, uburo, hamwe n’ubundi bwoko bw’ingano bitaga kusemati, byabaga mu byokurya by’ingenzi Abayahudi bo mu kinyejana cya mbere baryaga. Abashakashatsi bavuga ko umuntu umwe yashoboraga kurya ibiro 200 by’impeke mu mwaka, umubiri we ukaba warabivanagamo kimwe cya kabiri cy’ibivumbikisho wabaga ukeneye.

Nubwo abantu bashoboraga kugura imigati ku isoko, imiryango myinshi yarayikoreraga, ariko byabasabaga gukora akazi kenshi. Hari igitabo cyasobanuye ko “kubera ko ifu itashoboraga kubikwa igihe kirekire, gusya byakorwaga buri munsi, kandi bigakorwa n’abagore” (Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls). Ako kazi katwaraga igihe kingana iki? Umwanditsi wa cya gitabo yavuze ko “umuntu wamaraga isaha imwe asya ku rusyo, yasyaga ingano zingana n’ikiro kimwe, akazivanamo ifu itarenze amagarama 800, kandi ntako atagize. Kubera ko umuntu umwe yashoboraga kurya inusu y’ingano ku munsi, kugira ngo umugore agaburire umuryango w’abantu batanu cyangwa batandatu, byamusabaga kumara amasaha atatu asya.”

Ngaho tekereza kuri Mariya nyina wa Yesu. Nubwo yari afite izindi nshingano z’urugo, yagombaga gukora imigati ihagije umugabo we, abana be batanu b’abahungu n’abakobwa be nibura bagera kuri babiri (Matayo 13:55, 56). Nta gushidikanya ko kimwe n’abandi Bayahudikazi, Mariya yiyuhaga akuya kugira ngo ategure ‘ibyokurya by’uwo munsi.’

“Muze musamure”

Igihe kimwe Yesu amaze kuzuka, yabonekeye bamwe mu bigishwa be mu gitondo cya kare. Abigishwa be bari bakesheje ijoro ryose baroba, ariko ntibagira icyo bafata. Yesu yahamagaye izo ncuti ze zari zananiwe, maze arazibwira ati “muze musamure.” Hanyuma yabahaye amafi, abaha n’imigati bararya (Yohana 21:9-13). Nubwo iyo ari yo nkuru yonyine yo mu Mavanjiri ivuga ibyo gusamura, byari bimenyerewe ko abantu bafata ifunguro rya mu gitondo. Iryo funguro ryabaga rigizwe n’umugati, imbuto zumye z’imizabibu cyangwa imbuto z’imyelayo, n’izindi mbuto zijya kumera nk’ubunyobwa.

Naho se saa sita baryaga iki? Ni ayahe mafunguro abakozi bakora imirimo y’amaboko bafataga? Hari igitabo cyavuze ko “amafunguro ya saa sita yabaga yoroheje, agizwe n’umugati, ibinyampeke, imbuto z’imyelayo n’iz’imitini.” Ayo ni yo mafunguro abigishwa bashobora kuba bari bafite igihe basangaga Yesu ku iriba ryari hafi y’umugi wa Sukara, avugana n’Umusamariyakazi. Icyo gihe hari “nko ku isaha ya gatandatu” cyangwa saa sita, kandi abigishwa be bari “bagiye mu mugi kugura ibyokurya.”—Yohana 4:5-8.

Nimugoroba, abagize umuryango basangiriraga hamwe ifunguro ry’ingenzi ry’uwo munsi. Hari igitabo cyavuze iby’iryo funguro kigira kiti “abantu benshi baryaga imigati cyangwa bakanywa igikoma cy’ingano za sayiri, bakarya ibinyampeke n’ibinyamisogwe bitandukanye, cyangwa rimwe na rimwe bakarya ingano zisanzwe. Akenshi iryo funguro baryongeragamo umunyu n’amavuta ya elayo cyangwa ay’ubundi bwoko, rimwe na rimwe bakongeraho isupu ifashe, ubuki n’umutobe w’imbuto” (Poverty and Charity in Roman Palestine, First Three Centuries C.E). Nanone, iryo funguro rishobora kuba ryari rigizwe n’amata, foromaje, imboga n’imbuto mbisi cyangwa zumye. Icyo gihe habonekaga ubwoko bugera kuri 30 bw’imboga, muri bwo hakabamo ibitunguru, tungurusumu, radi, karoti n’amashu. Usibye ibyo, ako karere keragamo ubwoko burenga 25 bw’imbuto, urugero, (1) imbuto z’imitini, (2) imikindo (3) n’amakomamanga.

Noneho, sa n’ureba bimwe muri ibyo byokurya biri ku meza, igihe Yesu yasangiraga ifunguro rya nimugoroba na Lazaro na bashiki be, ari bo Marita na Mariya. Ngaho tekereza impumuro yatamye mu nzu igihe Mariya yasigaga ibirenge bya Yesu “amavuta y’umwimerere y’agati kitwa Narada,” maze impumuro y’ibiryo ikivanga n’impumuro y’ayo mavuta yari ahenze cyane, kandi ahumura neza.—Yohana 12:1-3.

“Nutegura ibirori”

Ikindi gihe, ubwo Yesu yarimo afata ifunguro “mu nzu y’umwe mu batware b’Abafarisayo,” yigishije abari aho isomo ry’ingenzi. Yaravuze ati “nutegura ibirori, uzatumire abakene, ibimuga n’ibirema n’impumyi; ubwo ni bwo uzagira ibyishimo kuko nta cyo bafite cyo kukwitura. Ahubwo uziturwa mu gihe cy’umuzuko w’abakiranutsi” (Luka 14:1-14). Niba uwo Mufarisayo yarakurikije inama ya Yesu, ni ayahe mafunguro yashoboraga kugaburira abashyitsi mu birori nk’ibyo?

Umuntu w’umukire yashoboraga kugaburira abashyitsi imigati ikozwe mu buryo butandukanye, babaga bongeyemo ka divayi, ubuki, amata n’ibirungo kugira ngo irusheho kuryoha. Nanone habaga hari amavuta na foromaje. Ikindi kandi, habaga hari imbuto z’imyelayo zigisarurwa n’izimaze igihe, cyangwa amavuta ya elayo. Dukurikije ibyo igitabo kimwe cyavuze, “buri muntu yaryaga ibiro makumyabiri by’amavuta ya elayo mu mwaka. Nanone, abantu barayisigaga, kandi bakayacana mu itara” (Food in Antiquity).

Niba uwo Mufarisayo yarabaga hafi y’inyanja, we n’abashyitsi be bashoboraga kurya amafi bakimara kuroba. Ababaga kure y’inyanja baryaga amafi amaze igihe arobwe, yabaga yarashyizwe mu munyu kugira ngo atabora. Nanone, nyir’urugo yashoboraga kugaburira abashyitsi inyama, akaba ari gake cyane bakirizaga umushyitsi w’umukene ifunguro nk’iryo. Byari bimenyerewe nanone ko bateka amagi mu buryo runaka bwihariye (Luka 11:12). Kugira ngo ayo mafunguro aryohe, bongeragamo ibirungo, urugero nk’ibyitwa menta, aneto, kumino na sinapi (Matayo 13:31; 23:23; Luka 11:42). Iyo abashyitsi bamaraga kurya, bashoboraga kwikuza ingano zikaranze ziri kumwe n’imbuto z’umuluzi, ubuki n’ibirungo.

Birashoboka ko ababaga bari mu birori bahabwaga imizabibu, wenda bakabaha imbuto zayo mbisi, izumye cyangwa bakabaha divayi ikoze mu mizabibu. Havumbuwe inzengero zibarirwa mu bihumbi muri Palesitina, ibyo bikaba bigaragaza ko abantu benshi bakundaga kunywa divayi. Abahanga mu bushakashatsi bw’ibyataburuwe mu matongo, bavumbuye i Gibeyoni inzengero 63 zicukuwe mu rutare. Muri izo nzengero bashoboraga gutaramo litiro 100.000 za divayi.

“Ntimugahangayike”

Mu gihe usoma Amavanjiri, ujye uzirikana ukuntu Yesu yakundaga gukoresha ingero zifitanye isano n’ibyokurya cyangwa ibyokunywa, kandi uzirikane ukuntu yigishaga abantu amasomo y’ingenzi iyo yabaga afata amafunguro. Nta gushidikanya ko Yesu n’abigishwa be bishimiraga kurya no kunywa, cyane cyane igihe babaga bari kumwe n’incuti zabo. Icyakora, ntibigeze babona ko ibyo ari byo bagombaga gushyira mu mwanya wa mbere mu mibereho yabo.

Yesu yafashije abigishwa be gushyira mu gaciro bakirinda guhangayikishwa n’ibyokurya n’ibyokunywa, igihe yababwiraga ati “nuko ntimugahangayike mugira muti ‘tuzarya iki?’ cyangwa muti ‘tuzanywa iki?’ cyangwa muti ‘tuzambara iki?’ Kuko ibyo bintu byose ari byo abantu b’isi bamaranira. Kandi so wo mu ijuru azi ko mubikeneye byose” (Matayo 6:31, 32). Abigishwa be bashyize iyo nama mu bikorwa, kandi Imana yitaye ku byo bari bakeneye (2 Abakorinto 9:8). Ni iby’ukuri ko ibyo urya bishobora kuba bitandukanye n’ibyo abo mu kinyejana cya mbere baryaga. Ariko kandi, nushyira inyungu z’Imana mu mwanya wa mbere, ushobora kwizera ko izakwitaho.—Matayo 6:33, 34.