Talmud Chii?

“Pasina mubvunzo Talmud ndiro rimwe remabhuku akatanhamara zvikurusa renguva yose.”—The Universal Jewish Encyclopedia.”

“[Talmud ndiyo] chimwe chezviitwa zvikurusa zvoungwaru zverudzi rwomunhu, gwaro rakaoma kwazvo, rakapfuma kwazvo, rakaoma kunzwisisa kwazvo zvokuti rakabatikanisa ndangariro dzakaisvonaka kwemakore anopfuura chiuru nehafu.”—Jacob Neusner, nyanzvi yechiJudha uye munyori.

“Talmud ndiyo mbiru huru [yechiJudha] inotsigira chivako chose chomudzimu uye choungwaru choupenyu hwechiJudha.”—Adin Steinsaltz, nyanzvi yeTalmud uye rabhi.

PASINA mubvunzo Talmud yakava nepesvedzero huru pavanhu vechiJudha kwemazana emakore. Mukupesana nokunokorwa mashoko kwokurumbidza kuri pamusoro apa, zvisinei, Talmud yakadukupiswa uye yakadanwa kuti “gungwa revhiringidziko nokusajeka.” Yakatukwa sebasa rokuzvidza raDhiyabhorosi. Nokurayira kwapapa, yakanzverwa yanzverwazve, kubvutwa, uye kunyange kupiswa munhamba huru munzvimbo dzavose dzeEurope.

Chaizvoizvo chii chiri bhuku iri rakanyandura gakava guru kwazvo? Chii chinoita kuti Talmud ive yechienzi pakati pezvinyorwa zvechiJudha? Yakanyorerwei? Yakasvika sei pakupesvedzera chiJudha zvakadaro? Ine chainoreva here kuvanhu vasiri vaJudha?

Mumakore 150 pashure pekuparadzwa kwetemberi muJerusarema muna 70 C.E., zvikoro zvavanarabhi vakachenjera muIsraeri yose nokukurumidza zvakatsvaka hwaro hutsva hwokupfuudzira nahwo miitiro yechiJudha. Vakakakavadzana uye vakabatanidza magamuchidzanwa akasiyana-siyana emutemo wavo unotaurwa. Vachivakira pafandesheni iyi, vakagadza ganhuriro itsva nezvinodikanwa zvechiJudha, vachipa nhungamiro yezuva nezuva youpenyu hutsvene pasina temberi. Iyi gadziriro yomudzimu itsva yakaratidzwa muMishnah, yakaunganidzwa naJudha ha-Nasi pakutanga kwezana remakore rechitatu C.E.a

Mishnah yakanga yakazvimirira, isingatsvaki kururamiswa maererano nenongedzero dzeBhaibheri. Mutoo wayo wokukurukura uye kunyange manyorerwo echiHebheru chayo zvakanga zviri zvechienzi, zvakasiyana norugwaro rweBhaibheri. Zvisarudzo zvavanarabhi zvainokorwa mashoko muMishnah zvaizotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwevaJudha kwose kwose. Zvirokwazvo, Jacob Neusner anotsinhira kuti: “Mishnah yakagovera bumbiro remutemo raIsraeri. . . . Yairayira kubvumira uye kuwirirana nemitemo yaro.”

Asi zvakadini kana vamwe vaisavimba kuti chiremera chevazivi vainokorwa mashoko muMishnah chaizvoizvo chakanga chakaenzana noRugwaro rwakaratidzwa? Vanarabhi vaizofanira kuratidza kuti dzidziso dzevaTannaim (vadzidzisi vemutemo unotaurwa) dzaiwanwa muMishnah dzakanga dzichitsinhirana zvakakwana neMagwaro echiHebheru. Imwe tsinhiro yakava madikanwa. Vakafunga kuti pakanga pane kudikanwa kwekutsanangura nokururamisa Mishnah uye kubvumikisa kuti yakanga yavamba neMutemo wakapiwa Mosesi paSinai. Vanarabhi vakanzwa vachigombedzerwa kubvumikisa kuti mutemo unotaurwa uye mutemo wakanyorwa zvinoreva zvakafanana uye kuti zvine chinangwa chimwe. Panzvimbo pokuva tsinhiro yokupedzisira pachiJudha, panguva iyoyo, Mishnah yakava fandesheni itsva yekurukurirano yorudzidziso negakava.

Kuitwa kweTalmud

Vanarabhi vakagamuchira denho iyi itsva vaizivikanwa savaAmoraim—“vadudziri,” kana kuti “vatsananguri,” veMishnah. Chikoro chimwe nechimwe chakanga chakavakirwa pana rabhi akakurumbira. Boka duku renyanzvi nevadzidzi raikurukura gore rose. Asi misangano yaikosha zvikurusa yaiitwa kaviri pagore, mumwedzi waAdar naElul, apo basa rekurima rakanga rakaderera uye mazana kana kuti kunyange zviuru zvaigona kuvapo.

Adin Steinsaltz anotsanangura kuti: “Mukuru wechikoro aitungamirira, akagara pachigaro kana kuti pameti chaidzo. Mumitsara yemberi yakatarisana naye paigara nyanzvi dzinokosha, kubatanidza shamwari dzake kana kuti vadzidzi vakatanhamara, uye shure kwavo kwaiva nedzimwe nyanzvi dzose. . . . Marongero okugara akanga akavakirwa paukuru hwainyatsorondedzerwa [maererano noukoshi].” Chikamu cheMishnah chairaviwa. Ipapo ichi chaienzaniswa nemashoko anoenderana kana kuti okuwedzera aiunganidzwa navaTannaim asi asingabatanidzwi muMishnah. Kunzvera kwaitanga. Mibvunzo yaibvunzwa, uye kupokanidzana kwainzverwa kuti bvumirano pakati pedzidziso iwanikwe. Magwaro anotsigira aibva muMagwaro echiHebheru aitsvakwa kuti atsigire dzidziso dzavanarabhi.

Kunyange zvazvo dzairongwa nokungwarira, kurukurirano idzi dzakanga dzakakomba, kunyange kutorwisanisa. Mumwe muzivi anonokorwa muTalmud akataura nezve“pfarivari dzemoto” dzaibuda pakati pemiromo yavanarabhi mukati merimwe gakava. (Hullin 137b, Talmud yeBhabhironi) Steinsaltz anotaura izvi nezvekurukurirano dzacho: “Mukuru wechikoro, kana kuti muzivi aidzidzisa, aipa tsananguro yake pachake yezvinetso. Nyanzvi dzaiva muvateereri kazhinji dzaimututira mibvunzo yakavakirwa pazvimwe zvinyorwa, mirangariro yevamwe vatsinhiri, kana kuti mhedziso dzavo pachavo dzine mufungo. Dzimwe nguva gakava racho raiva pfupi zvikuru uye raiganhurirwa kumhinduro yakajeka uye inopwisa kumubvunzo wakati. Muzvimwe zviitiko dzimwe nyanzvi dzaipa dzimwe mhinduro uye gakava guru raitanga.” Vose vaivapo vakanga vakasununguka kutora rutivi. Nhau dzaijekeswa mumisangano yacho dzaitumirwa kuzvimwe zvikoro kuti dzimwe nyanzvi dzihwirudzure.

Asi, misangano iyi yakanga isati ichingova magakava asingagumi ezvemutemo. Nhau dzemitemo dzaiva nechokuita nemirayiro youpenyu hworudzidziso hwechiJudha dzinonzi Halakah. Shoko iri rinobva mudzitsi rechiHebheru rokuti “kuenda” uye rinoratidzira ‘nzira youpenyu inofanira kushandiswa nemunhu.’ Dzimwe nhau dzose—nyaya dzavanarabhi nevanhu vemuBhaibheri, zvirevo zvokuchenjera, mifungo yezvinodavirwa uye uzivi—dzinonzi Haggadah, kubva mudzitsi rechiHebheru rokuti “kuudza.” Halakah neHaggadah dzaisanganiswa mumagakava avanarabhi.

Mubhuku rake rinonzi The World of Talmud, Morris Adler anotsinhira kuti: “Mudzidzisi akachenjera aidzongonyedza nharo refu uye dzakaoma dzemutemo netsananguro isina kuoma zvikuru uye inovaka zvikuru. . . . Nokudaro tinowana ngano nenhau, sayenzi yenguva iyoyo nengano, kutsanangurwa kweBhaibheri uye upenyu hwevanhu, mharidzo nenhau dzorudzidziso dzakasanganiswa dzaizoratidzika kuva, kumunhu asina kurovedzana nenzira dzezvikoro zvacho, kuda kuziva kuri mumashoko asina kurongwa.” Kunyanzvi dzaiva pazvikoro zvacho, tsananguro dzose dzakadaro dzakanga dzine chinangwa uye dzakabatana nemufungo waikurukurwa. Halakah neHaggadah dzaiva zvitinha zvokuvakisa chivako chitsva chaivakwa muzvikoro zvavanarabhi.

Kuitwa kwemaTalmud Maviri

Pakupedzisira, nzvimbo huru yavanarabhi muPalestine yakatamira kuTiberias. Zvimwe zvikoro zvaikosha zvakanga zviri paSepphoris, Caesarea, uye Lydda. Asi mamiriro ezvemari airamba achiipa, kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika kwenguva dzose, uye pakupedzisira dzvinyiriro uye kutambudzwa nechiKristu chakaramba kutenda zvakatungamirira kukutamira kukuru kuimwe nzvimbo huru yezvizvarwa zvechiJudha kuMabvazuva—Bhabhironi.

Kwemazana emakore, vadzidzi vakanga vadirana vachibva kuBhabhironi vachienda kuPalestine kuti vanofunda pasi pavanarabhi vakuru pazvikoro. Mumwe mudzidzi akadaro akanga ari Abba ben Ibo, anonziwo Abba Arika—Abba murefu—asi gare gare akazozivikanwa bedzi saRab. Akadzoka kuBhabhironi munenge muna 219 C.E. pashure pokufunda pasi paJudha ha-Nasi, uye izvi zvakareva kuchinja kukuru mukukosha kwomudzimu kwenzanga yevaJudha yeBhabhironi. Rab akatanga chikoro paSura, nzvimbo yakanga ine vaJudha vakawanda asi isina nyanzvi dzakawanda. Mukurumbira wake wakakwezvera vadzidzi 1 200 venguva dzose kuchikoro chake, nezviuru zvevamwe vaipinda mumwedzi yechiJudha yaAdar naElul. Mumwe akakurumbira wenguva yaRab, Samuel, akatanga chikoro muNehardea. Zvimwe zvikoro zvinokosha zvakatangwa paPumbeditha neMehoza.

Zvino pakanga pasisina kudikanwa kwekufamba kuenda kuPalestine, nokuti munhu aigona kudzidza pasi penyanzvi huru muBhabhironi. Kuumbwa kweMishnah serugwaro rwakaparadzana kwakakura nzira yekuzvimirira kuzere kubva pazvikoro zveBhabhironi. Kunyange zvazvo mitoo yakasiyana-siyana yokufunda zvino yakatanga muPalestine neBhabhironi, kukurukura kwenguva dzose nokuchinjana vadzidzisi kwakachengetedza kubatana kwezvikoro zvacho.

Pakusvika pamugumo wezana remakore rechina uye kuvamba kwezana remakore rechishanu C.E., zvinhu zvakava zvakaoma zvikurukuru kuvaJudha muPalestine. Ganhuriro nechitambudzo pasi pechiremera chaikura chechiKristudhomu chakaramba kutenda zvakatungamirira kuchiitiko chisingafadzi chokupedzisira chokuparadza zvose zviri zviviri Sanihedrini uye nzvimbo yaNasi (utateguru) munenge muna 425 C.E. Naizvozvo vaAmoraim vePalestine vakavamba kubatanidza kuti rive bhuku rimwe rinotsinhiranisa pfupiso dzemagakava emuzvikoro kuti vave nechokwadi chokuchengeteka kwawo. Bhuku iri, rakabatanidzwa nechimbichimbi murutivi rwepashure rwechina C.E., rakazivikanwa muchiPalestine seTalmud.b

Nepo zvikoro zvemuPalestine zvakanga zvichiderera, vaAmoraim veBhabhironi vakanga vava kusvika pamwero wakakwirira zvikurusa wemano avo. Abaye naRaba vakatanga kakavadzano dzakaoma kunzwisisa uye dzisina kujeka idzo gare gare dzakava muenzaniso wekunzverwa kweTalmud. Pashure pezvo, Ashi, mukuru wechikoro chepaSura, akavamba kubatanidza uye kunyora zvaitaurwa pamagakava. Maererano naSteinsaltz, akaita saizvozvo “achityira kuti, isina kurongwa sezvayakanga yakaita, mazhinjisa emashoko aitaurwa akanga ari mungozi yekukanganwika pashoma nepashoma.”

Uyu murwi mukuru wemashoko wakanga wakakura zvokusagona kurongwa nemunhu mumwe kana kuti kunyange nechizvarwa chimwe. Nhambo yevaAmoraim yakaguma muBhabhironi muzana remakore rechishanu C.E., asi basa rokunyorwa kwokupedzisira kweTalmud yeBhabhironi rakapfuudzirwa muzana remakore rechitanhatu C.E. neboka rainzi vaSaboraim, shoko rechiAramaic rinoreva kuti “vatsananguri,” kana kuti “vane murangariro.” Ava vanyori vokupedzisira vakabatanidza zviuru zvemitemo yakanga isina kupedzwa uye mazana emakore emagakava avanarabhi, vachiisa munyorero nechimiro kuTalmud yeBhabhironi zvakaisiyanisa nezvimwe zvinyorwa zvose zvekare zvechiJudha.

Talmud Yakaitei?

Vanarabhi veTalmud vakaronga kubvumikisa kuti Mishnah yakanga yabva kumwe chete kwakabva Magwaro echiHebheru. Asi nei? Jacob Neusner anotsinhira kuti: “Nhau yakaziviswa yakanga iri nzvimbo yeMishnah. Asi mufungo unokosha unoratidzika kuva wakanga uri pachiremera chemuzivi pachake.” Kuti chiremera ichi chisimbiswe, mutsetse mumwe nomumwe weMishnah, dzimwe nguva shoko rimwe nerimwe, wainzverwa, kupokanidzwa, kutsanangurwa, uye kutsinhiraniswa munzira yakati. Neusner anotsinhira kuti nenzira iyi vanarabhi “vakachinja chinangwa chikuru cheMishnah kubva pane chimwe vachiendesa kune chimwe.” Kunyange zvazvo yakanga yaitwa sebhuku rakakwana pachayo, Mishnah zvino yakanga yakamuraniswa. Mukuita izvi, yakanga yaitwazve, yachinjwa.

Iri bhuku idzva—Talmud—rakaita chinangwa chavanarabhi. Vakagadza mitemo yokunzvera, uye naizvozvo rakadzidzisa vanhu kufunga savanarabhi. Vanarabhi vaidavira kuti mutoo wavo wokufunda nokunzvera wairatidzira ndangariro yaMwari. Kufunda Talmud pachako kwakava chinangwa, chimiro chakati chokunamata—sezvinofungidzirwa kushandiswa kwendangariro mukutevedzera Mwari. Kwezvizvarwa zvaizouya, Talmud pachayo yaizonzverwa nemutoo uyu mumwe chete. Mugumisiro wacho? Wezvenhau Cecil Roth anonyora kuti: “Talmud . . . yakapa [vaJudha] murangariro usingadzimiki wakavasiyanisa nevamwe, pamwe chete nesimba ravo rakatanhamara rokudzivisa uye kubatanidzwa. Kutaura kwayo kwakarodza pfungwa dzavo uye kwakavapa ungwaru hwendangariro. . . . Talmud yakapa vaJudha vaitambudzwa veMiddle Ages imwe nyika yavaigona kutizira kwairi . . . Yakavapa nyika yamadzitateguru, yavaigona kufamba-famba nayo apo nyika yavo chaiyo yakanga yarasika.”

Kupfurikidza nokudzidzisa vamwe kufunga kwavanarabhi, zvirokwazvo Talmud yakava nesimba. Asi mubvunzo wavose—vaJudha navasiri vaJudha—ndouyu, Talmud inoratidzira zvirokwazvo ndangariro yaMwari here?—1 VaKorinte 2:11-16.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 31]

TALMUD MBIRI—DZAKASIYANA SEI?

Shoko rechiHebheru “Talmud” rinoreva kuti “kufunda” kana kuti “kudzidza.” VaAmoraim vePalestine neBhabhironi vakanga varonga kufunda, kana kuti kunzvera, Mishnah. Talmud dzose dziri mbiri (yechiPalestine neyechiBhabhironi) dzinoita izvi, asi dzakasiyana sei? Jacob Neusner anonyora kuti: “Talmud yokutanga inonzvera ufakazi, yechipiri inonzvera chimiro; yokutanga inorambira chose chose mumiganhu yechinangwa chayo, yechipiri inoipfuura zvikuru.”

Kunyora kwakawanda uye kwakadzama kwakaitwa kuTalmud yeBhabhironi hakuna kungoiita kuti ive yakakura zvikuru asi yakadzamawo uye inodzika zvikuru mumifungo yayo uye kunzvera. Apo shoko rokuti “Talmud” rinodudzwa, kakawanda iTalmud yeBhabhironi inenge ichirehwa. Iyi ndiyo Talmud yave ichifundwa zvikurusa uye yakatsinhirwa nezvayo mumazana emakore. Mumurangariro waNeusner, Talmud yePalestine “ibasa remukwanisi,” uye Talmud yeBhabhironi “ibasa renyanzvi.”