Zvaenga Zvekare Zvinopupurira Bhaibheri

BHAIBHERI iShoko raMwari rakafuridzirwa. (2 Timoti 3:16) Zvarinotaura nezvevanhu, nzvimbo, zvechitendero uye zvematongerwo enyika zvaiitika kare zvakarurama. Hazvirevi hazvo kuti zvinowanikwa pakuchera matongo ndizvo zvinoratidza kuti Magwaro ndeechokwadi, kunyange zvazvo zvingapupurira kana kuti kubatsira kunzwisisa kwatinoita Bhaibheri.

Zvaenga, kana kuti zvimedu zvehari ndizvo zvinhu zvinonyanya kuwanikwa nevanochera matongo panzvimbo dzekare. Munzvimbo dzakawanda dzokuMiddle East, dzaisanganisira Egypt neMesopotamia, zvimedu zvehari ndizvo zvinhu zvaisadhura zvaishandiswa kunyorera. Zvaenga zvaishandiswa kunyorera zvibvumirano, nyaya dzemari, kutengeserana, nezvimwewo, sezvinongoitwawo mapepa nhasi. Mashoko aiwanzonyorwa pazvaenga neingi, pamwe richingova shoko rimwe kana ndima dzakawanda.

Pakacherwa matongo okuIsraeri pakawanikwa zvaenga zvakawanda zvomunguva dzakanyorwa Bhaibheri. Tinonyanya kufarira zvaenga zvakawanikwa munzvimbo nhatu zvaishandiswa mumazana emakore echinomwe neechisere B.C.E nokuti zvinopupurira mashoko akasiyana-siyana anowanikwa muBhaibheri. Zvakawanikwa paiva neSamariya, Aradhi uye Rakishi. Ngatimboongororai zvaenga izvi.

Zvaenga zvokuSamariya

Samariya ndiro raiva guta guru roumambo hwaIsraeri hwemadzinza gumi hwokuchamhembe kusvikira rakundwa nevaAsiriya muna 740 B.C.E. Richitaura nezvokutanga kwakaita Samariya, bhuku ra1 Madzimambo 16:23, 24 rinoti: “Mugore rechimakumi matatu nerimwe chete [947 B.C.E.], raAsa mambo waJudha, Omri akava mambo waIsraeri . . . Akatenga gomo reSamariya kuna Shemeri nematarenda maviri esirivha, akatanga kuvaka pagomo racho ndokutumidza guta racho raakanga avaka kuti Samariya.” Guta racho rakanga richiripo panguva dzevaRoma, parakachinjwa rikanzi Sebaste. Rakazotsakatika muzana remakore rechitanhatu C.E.

Paicherwa matongo eSamariya rekare muna 1910, boka revanochera matongo rakawana zvaenga zvakawanda, zvavakati zvaiva zvomuzana remakore rechisere B.C.E. Pazvaenga zvacho paiva nemashoko airatidza uwandu hweoiri newaini yaiuya muSamariya ichibva munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzaiva pedyo. Richitaura nezvezvakawanikwa izvi, bhuku rinonzi Ancient Inscriptions—Voices From the Biblical World rinoti: “Zvakakodzera kutaura kuti zvimedu 63 zvakawanikwa muna 1910 . . . ndizvo zvinokosha pazvinhu zvose zvakanyorwa zvakawanikwa zvaishandiswa muIsraeri yekare. Kukosha kwezvimedu zvokuSamariya hakubvi panyaya dzakanyorwa pazviri . . . asi pakuwana kwatinoita mazita evaIsraeri, emadzinza avo uye enzvimbo dzavo.” Mazita aya anopupurira sei mashoko ari muBhaibheri?

VaIsraeri pavakagovana Nyika Yakapikirwa vapinda mairi, nzvimbo yakazova neSamariya yaiva munharaunda yedzinza raManase. Maererano naJoshua 17:1-6, mhuri gumi dzedzinza raManase dzokumuzukuru wake Giriyedhi dzakapiwa zvikamu zvenyika munharaunda iyi. Vaiva Abhiezeri, Hereki, Asrieri, Shekemu uye Shemidha. Munhurume wechitanhatu ainzi Heferi akanga asina vazukurukomana asi aiva nevazukurusikana vashanu vaiti Mahra, Noa, Hogra, Mirika uye Tiza, uye vose vakapiwa chikamu chenyika.—Numeri 27:1-7.

Zvaenga zvokuSamariya zvine mazita aya manomwe, mazita ose mashanu evanakomana vaGiriyedhi uye maviri evazukurusikana vaHeferi vaiti Hogra naNoa. Bhuku rinonzi NIV Archaeological Study Bible rinoti: “Mazita emhuri ari pazvaenga zvokuSamariya anoita kuti tive nohumwe uchapupu husiri muBhaibheri hwokubatana kwemhuri yaManase nenharaunda inonzi neBhaibheri ndiyo yavakanogara.” Saka nhoroondo yokutangisisa yemadzinza aIsraeri inorondedzerwa muBhaibheri inopupurirwa nezvaenga izvi.

Zvaenga zvokuSamariya zvinoitawo sezvinopupurira mamiriro ezvechitendero evaIsraeri anorondedzerwa muBhaibheri. Panguva yakanyorwa zvaenga zvokuSamariya, vaIsraeri vaibatanidza kunamata Jehovha nokunamata mwari wevaKenani ainzi Bhaari. Uprofita hwaHosiya, hwakanyorwawo muzana remakore rechisere B.C.E., hwakafanotaura nezvenguva apo vaIsraeri vaizopfidza vodana Jehovha kuti “murume Wangu,” vasingachamudani kuti ‘bhaari wangu,’ kana kuti “tenzi Wangu.” (Hosiya 2:16, 17) Mamwe mazita aiva pazvaenga zvokuSamariya aireva kuti “Bhaari ndibaba vangu,” “Bhaari anoimba,” “Bhaari akasimba,” “Bhaari anoyeuka,” nezvimwewo. Pamazita 11 oga oga ane zita rokuti Jehovha, pane manomwe ane rokuti “Bhaari.”

Zvaenga zvokuAradhi

Aradhi raiva guta rekare raiva munharaunda inonaya mvura shomanana yainzi Negebhu, nechokumaodzanyemba kweJerusarema. Kucherwa kwakaitwa matongo kuAradhi kwakaratidza kuti pakavakwa masvingo katanhatu nevaIsraeri, kubvira panguva yaitonga Soromoni (1037-998 B.C.E.) kusvikira pakaparadzwa Jerusarema neBhabhironi muna 607 B.C.E. KuAradhi ndiko kwakawanikwa zvaenga zvakawanda kupfuura zvose zvepanguva yakanyorwa Bhaibheri. Zvinosanganisira zvinopfuura 200 zvakanyorwa nechiHebheru, chiAramaic nemimwewo mitauro.

Zvimwe zvaenga zvokuAradhi zvinopupurira zvinotaurwa neBhaibheri nezvemhuri dzevapristi. Somuenzaniso, chimwe chacho chinotaura nezve“vanakomana vaKora,” vanotaurwa nezvavo pana Eksodho 6:24 uye Numeri 26:11. Mashoko epamusoro eMapisarema 42, 44-49, 84, 85, 87, uye Pis 88 anotaura zvakananga kuti mapisarema aya ndee“vanakomana vaKora.” Dzimwe mhuri dzevapristi dzakanyorwa pazvaenga zvokuAradhi ndedzaPashuri naMeremoti.—1 Makoronike 9:12; Ezra 8:33.

Ngatikurukurei mumwe muenzaniso. Vaichera vakawana chaenga chakanga chakanyorerwa mutungamiriri wemauto aiva mune rimwe guta rinonzi nderepanguva yakanga yava kuda kuparadzwa Jerusarema neBhabhironi. Bhuku rinonzi The Context of Scripture rinoti chaenga chacho chine pachinoti: “Kuna ishe wangu Eriyashibhi. Yahweh [Jehovha] ngaave nemi. . . . Pane zvamakati ndiite: zvinhu zvose zvava kufamba zvakanaka: ari kugara mutemberi yaYahweh.” Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti temberi iri kurehwa itemberi yaiva muJerusarema, yakatanga kuvakwa munguva yaSoromoni.

Zvaenga zvokuRakishi

Guta rekare reRakishi raiva rakachengetedzwa nemauto raiva makiromita anenge 43 kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweJerusarema. Pavaichera muna 1930, vakawana zvaenga zvakawanda, uye pa12 zvacho pakanga paine tsamba dzainzi “dzinokosha zvikuru . . . pakutsanangura mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika uye pfumvu zvakavapo Judha payaigadzirira kudenha kwa[Mambo weBhabhironi] Nebhukadhinezari.”

Tsamba dzinonyanya kukosha ndedzokunyorerana kwaiita Yaosh, uyo angave aive mukuru wemauto kuRakishi, nomumwe muuto aiva pasi pake. Mutauro wakashandiswa mutsamba dzacho wakafanana newomuprofita wepanguva iyoyo, Jeremiya. Ngatimbokurukurai kuti mbiri dzacho dzinotsigira sei kurondedzera kunoita Bhaibheri nguva iyoyo yakanga yakaoma.

Pana Jeremiya 34:7, muprofita wacho anorondedzera nguva “mauto ehondo amambo weBhabhironi paakanga achirwisa Jerusarema nemaguta ose aJudha akasiyiwa, neRakishi neAzeka; nokuti iwo, maguta akanga akavakirirwa, ndiwo akanga asara pamaguta aJudha.” Munyori weimwe tsamba yokuRakishi anoita seanorondedzera zviitiko izvozvo. Anoti: “Takatarira zviratidzo [zvomoto] zvokuRakishi . . . , nokuti hatikwanisi kuona Azeqah.” Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti izvi zvinoratidza kuti Azeqah, kana kuti Azeka, rakanga rakundwa nevaBhabhironi uye kuti vakanga vava kuda kukunda Rakishi. Chinofadza apa kutaurwa kwe“zviratidzo zvomoto.” Jeremiya 6:1 inotaurawo nezvokushandiswa kwezviratidzo zvomoto pakufambisa mashoko.

Imwe tsamba yokuRakishi inonzi inotsigira zvinotaurwa nomuprofita Jeremiya uye muprofita Ezekieri pamusoro pezvakaitwa namambo weJudha kuti abatsirwe neIjipiti paakapandukira Bhabhironi. (Jeremiya 37:5-8; 46:25, 26; Ezekieri 17:15-17) Tsamba iyi inoti: “Iye zvino mushandi wenyu audzwa mashoko anotevera: Mukuru mukuru Konyahu mwanakomana waErinatani aenda nechokumaodzanyemba kuti apinde muIjipiti.” Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinoti mashoko aya akanyorwa pavaiedza kuwana rubatsiro rwemauto okuIjipiti.

Zvaenga zvokuRakishi zvinotaurawo mazita akawanda ari mubhuku raJeremiya. Anoti Neriya, Jaazaniya, Gemariya, Erinatani, uye Hoshaya. (Jeremiya 32:12; 35:3; 36:10, 12; 42:1) Hazvinyatsozivikanwi kuti mazita aya anoreva vanhu vamwe chete here. Zvisinei, sezvo Jeremiya akararama panguva iyoyo, kufanana kwakaita mazita iwaya kunofadza.

Kufanana Kwacho

Zvaenga zvokuSamariya, Aradhi, uye Rakishi zvinopupurira zvinhu zvakati kuti zvakanyorwa muBhaibheri. Izvi zvinosanganisira mazita emhuri, nzvimbo, uye zvimwe zvine chokuita nechitendero uye zvematongerwo enyika zvepanguva yacho. Zvisinei, pane chimwe chinhu chinokosha chinowanika pazvaenga zvose zviri zvitatu.

Tsamba dzakawanikwa pazvaenga zveAradhi neRakishi dzine mashoko akaita seokuti “Jehovha ngaaite kuti uve norugare.” Zita raMwari rinotaurwa ka11 mutsamba nomwe dzokuRakishi. Uyezve, mazita akawanda echiHebheru ari pazvaenga zvose zvakawanikwa munzvimbo idzi nhatu ane zita raJehovha rakadimburirwa. Saka zvaenga izvi zvinopupurira kuti zita raMwari raigara richishandiswa nevaIsraeri vepanguva iyoyo.

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Chaenga chakawanikwa mumatongo eAradhi chakanyorerwa murume ainzi Eriyashibhi

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Photograph © Israel Museum, Jerusalem; courtesy of Israel Antiquities Authority

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Tsamba yokuRakishi ine zita raMwari

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Photograph taken by courtesy of the British Museum