Umambo Hwakarasika Uhwo Hwakakwenudza Vatsoropodzi veBhaibheri
“Kare nhau youmambo hweAsiria rakanga riri rimwe ramaganhuro asina kujeka zvikurusa muzvinyorwa zvenyika.” “Zvose zvaizivikanwa nezveNinevhe yekare zvakanga zvakaumbwa munongedzero dzakapararira nouporofita hunonongedzera kwairi muBhaibheri, uye zviziviso zvapanhambo nenhambo nezvisina kukwana zvenhau yeAsiria muna Diodorus Siculus . . . uye vamwe.”—Cyclopædia of Biblical Literature, Mavhoriyamu 1 ne 3, 1862.
WEZVENHAU wechiGiriki Diodorus Siculus akararama makore 2 000 apfuura. Ninevhe, iye akati, rakanga riri guta rina mativi mana rakakombwa nezvivako; mativi mana acho akaita hwerengedzo yamastadhia 480 muurefu. Ikoko makiromita 96 kupoteredza! Bhaibheri rinopa mufananidzo wakafanana, richirondedzera Ninevhe seguta guru “rwendo rwamazuva matatu kurupoteredza.”—Jona 3:3.
Vatsoropodzi veBhaibheri vezana ramakore rechi 19 vakaramba kudavira kuti guta risingazivikanwi renyika yekare raigona kuva rakakura kudaro. Ivo vakataurawo kuti kana Ninevhe yakambovapo, inofanira kuva yaiva rutivi rweshambidziko yekare iyo yakatangira Bhabhironi.
Uyu murangariro wakanga wakasiana naGenesi ganhuro 10, iyo inotaura kuti muzukuru chibvi waNoa, Nimirodhi, akatanga hurumende yezvamatongerwe enyika yokutanga munharaunda Bhabheri, kana kuti Bhabhironi. “Akabuda kunyika iyo,” Bhaibheri rinopfuurira kudaro, “akaenda Siria, akavaka Ninevhi, neRohobhoti-Iri neKara, neReseni, pakati peNinevhi neKara (iri iguta guru).” (Genesi 10:8-12) Cherechedza, rugwaro rwacho runorondedzera maguta mana eAsiria matsva saari “guta guru” rimwe.
Muna 1843 wezvoruzivo rwokuchera matongo weFrance, Paul-Émile Botta, akawana matongo eimba yamambo ayo akabvumikisa kuva rutivi rweguta reAsiria. Apo mashoko ouku kuwana akasvika kunyika iri kunze, akaparira mufaro mukuru. “Fariro yavose yakakwira zvikuru,” anotsanangura kudaro Alan Millard mubhuku rake Treasures From Bible Times, “apo kwakabvumikiswa kuti imba yamambo yaiva yaSargoni, mambo weAsiria anodudzwa muna Isaya 20:1, ane kuvapo kwakanga kwapanikirwa nemhaka yokuti zvimwe akanga asingazivikanwi.”
Munguvayo, mumwe wezvoruzivo rwokuchera matongo, Austen Henry Layard, akatanga kuchera matongo panzvimbo inonzi Nimrud anenge makiromita 42 kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweKhorsabad. Matongo acho akabvumikisa kuva Kara—rimwe ramaguta mana eAsiria anodudzwa pana Genesi 10:11. Ipapo, muna 1849, Layard akafukura matongo eimba huru yamambo panzvimbo inonzi Kuyunjik, pakati peKara neKhorsabad. Imba yacho yamambo yakabvumikisa kuva rutivi rweNinevhe. Pakati peKhorsabad neKara pane matongo edzimwe nzvimbo dzaigarwa, kubatanidza chikomo chinonzi Karamles. “Kana tikatora zvikomo zvikuru zvina zveNimrúd [Kara], Koyunjik [Ninevhe], Khorsabad, uye Karamles, samakona enzvimbo ina mativi mana akaenzana,” akadaro Layard, “kuchawanwa kuti mativi ayo mana anowirirana zvakarurama zvikuru namastadhia 480 kana kuti mamaira 60 omugariro wapasi, uko kunoumba rwendo rwamazuva matatu omuporofita [Jona].”
Sezviri pachena, ipapoka, Jona akabatanidza idzi nzvimbo dzose dzokugara se“guta guru” rimwe, achidzidana nezita reguta rakatanga kurongwa pana Genesi 10:11, ndiko kuti, Ninevhe. Zvimwe chetezvo zvinoitwa nhasi. Somuenzaniso, pane musiano pakati peguta rapakuvamba reLondon nenzvimbo dzaro dzakaripoteredza, idzo dzinoumba icho pane dzimwe nguva chinonzi “Greater London.”
Mambo Anozvitutumadza weAsiria
Imba yamambo paNinevhe yaiva namakamuri anopfuura 70, achiva naanodokusvika makiromita matatu amasvingo. Paaya masvingo paiva nezvisaririra zvakapiswa zvemifananidzo inoyeuchidza rukundo rwehondo nezvimwe zviitwa. Mizhinjisa yakakuvadzwa zvakashata. Nechokumugumo wokugara kwake, zvisinei, Layard akawana kamuri rimwe riri mumugariro unoshamisa wokuchengetedzwa. Pamasvingo pakanga pane mufananidzo unoratidza kutapwa kweguta rakanga rakasanosimbiswa, nhapwa dzichifambiswa pamberi pamambo anovhozhokera, uyo akanga akagara pachigaro choumambo kunze kweguta. Pamusoro pamambo pane runyoro urwo nyanzvi murunyoro rweAsiria dzinoshandura sezvinotevera: “Sanheribhi, mambo wenyika, mambo weAsiria, akagara pachigaro choumambo chenimedu ndokupfuura achiongorora zvakapambwa (zvakatorwa) kuRakishi (La-ki-su).”
Nhasi uyu mufananidzo norunyoro zvinogona kuonwa muBritish Museum. Unobvumirana nechinoitika chenhau chakanyorwa muBhaibheri pana 2 Madzimambo 18:13, 14: “Zvino negore regumi namana ramambo Hezekia, Sanheribhi mambo weAsiria akandorwa namaguta ose aJudha akakombwa namasvingo, akaakunda. Zvino Hezekia mambo waJudha akatuma shoko kuna mambo weAsiria paRakishi, akati: ‘Ndatadza, dzokai henyu mubve kwandiri; zvose zvamunoreva kwandiri ndichazviripa.’ Ipapo mambo weAsiria akaripisa Hezekia mambo waJudha matarenda matatu esirivheri namatarenda ana makumi matatu endarama.”
Mamwe manyoro akawanwa pakati pamatongo eNinevhe anopa udzame hwokuwedzera hwokuvhozhokera Judha kwaSanheribhi nomuripo wakabhadharwa naHezekia. “Zvichida kumwe kwokuitika panguva imwe cheteyo kunoshamisa zvikurusa kwechipupuriro chenhau chakanyorwa, chitsama chepfuma mundarama chakatorwa kuna Hezekia, matarenda ane makumi matatu, chinobvumirana munhauro mbiri dzakazvimirira zvakakwana,” akanyora kudaro Layard. Sir Henry Rawlinson, uyo akabetsera kuwana revo yorunyoro rweAsiria, akazivisa kuti urwu runyoro rwa“kaiswa pasingarambwi zivikanwo munhau [yaSanheribhi].” Kupfuurirazve, Layard anobvunza mubhuku rake Nineveh and Babylon, kuti: “Ndiani angadai akakudavira kuva kunobvira kana kuti kungabvira, uku kuwana kusati kwaitwa, kuti pasi pomurwi wapasi netsvina izvo zvakaratidzira nzvimbo yeNinevhe, kwaizowanwa nhau yehondo pakati paHezekia naSanheribhi, yakanyorwa panguva imene apo idzo dzakaitika kupfurikidza naSanheribhi amene, uye kusimbisa kunyange muudzame hudukusa chinyorwa cheBhaibheri?”
Chokwadika, humwe udzame hwechinyorwa chaSanheribhi hahubvumirani neBhaibheri. Somuenzaniso, wezvoruzivo rwokuchera matongo Alan Millard anoti: “Idi rinoshamisa zvikurusa rinosvika pamugumo [wechinyorwa chaSanheribhi]. Hezekia akatumira nhume yake, uye muripo wose, kuna Sanheribhi, ‘gare gare, kuNinevhe’. Hondo yeAsiria haina kuzviendesa kumusha murukundo munzira yenguva dzose.” Bhaibheri rinotaura kuti muripo wakabhadharwa mambo weAsiria asati adzokera kuNinevhe. (2 Madzimambo 18:15-17) Neiko pane musiano wacho? Uye neiko Sanheribhi asina kukwanisa kuganza pamusoro pokukunda dzimbahwe reJudhea, Jerusarema, munzira yaakagadza nayo nezvorukundo rwake rwenhare yeJudhea Rakishi? Vanyori vatatu veBhaibheri vanopa mhinduro. Mumwe wavo, chapupu chakaona, akanyora kuti: “Zvino mutumwa waJehovha akabuda, akauraya vanhu vane zviuru zvine zana namakumi masere nezvishanu pamisasa yavaAsiria; zvino vanhu vakati vachimuka mangwanani, vakawana zvava zvitunha zvose. Naizvozvo Sanheribhi mambo weAsiria akabva, akaenda, akadzokera kwakare, akandogara Ninevhe.”—Isaya 37:36, 37; 2 Madzimambo 19:35; 2 Makoronike 32:21.
Mubhuku rake Treasures From Bible Times, Millard anogumisa, kuti: “Hapana chikonzero chakanaka chokupanikira uyu mushumo . . . Nenzira inonzwisisika, Sanheribhi haasati aizonyora ngwavaira yakadaro kuti vatsivi vake varave, nokuti kungadai kwakamuzvidzisa.” Panzvimbo pezvo, Sanheribhi akaedza kuparira murangariro wokuti kuvhozhokera kwake Judhea kwakanga kwave kuri budiriro uye kuti Hezekia akapfuurira ari pasi, achitumira muripo kuNinevhe.
Mavambo eAsiria Anosimbiswa
Dzimba dzamabhuku dzine makumi ezviuru amahwendefa omunyakwe dzakawanwawo muNinevhe. Izvi zvinyorwa zvinobvumikisa kuti Umambo hweAsiria hwakava namavambo ahwo kumaodzanyemba muBhabhironi, seizvo chaizvo Genesi 10:11 inoratidzira. Vachitevera iyi nhungamiro, vezvoruzivo rwokuchera matongo vakavamba kunangidzira nhamburiko dzavo kure kumaodzanyemba. Encyclopædia Biblica inotsanangura, kuti: “VaAsiria muzvose zvavakasiya shure kwavo zvinoratidzira mavambo avo eBhabhironi. Mutauro wavo nomutoo wokunyora, mabhuku avo, rudzidziso rwavo, uye sayenzi yavo zvakatorwa zvichibva kuvavakidzani vavo vokumaodzanyemba nevandudziko duku duku.”
Kuwana kwakadai sokuri pamusoro apa kwakamanikidzira vatsoropodzi veBhaibheri kupfavisa mirangariro yavo. Zvamazvirokwazvo, kuongororwa kwapachokwadi kweBhaibheri kunozivisa kuti rakanyorwa navanyori vanongwarira, vakatendeseka. Aichimbova mutongi mukuru weUnited States Supreme Court, Salmon P. Chase, akati pashure pokuongorora kwake Bhaibheri: “Yakanga iri fundo refu, yakakomba, huru: uye ndichishandisa nheyo dzimwe chetedzo dzoufakazi muiyi nhau yorudzidziso sezvandinoita nguva dzose muzvinoitika zvenyika, ndasvika pachisarudzo chokuti Bhaibheri ibhuku rechienzi, kuti rakabva kuna Mwari.”—The Book of Books: An Introduction.
Zvamazvirokwazvo, Bhaibheri rinopfuura zvikuru nhau yakarurama. Iro iShoko rakafuridzirwa raMwari, chipo nokuda kwokubetserwa kworudzi rwomunhu. (2 Timotio 3:16) Chibvumikiso chaikoku chinogona kuonwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera mugariro wapasi weBhaibheri. Ikoku kuchakurukurwa muchinyorwa chinotevera.
[Mifananidzo iri papeji 6, 7]
Pamusoro: Udzame hutatu hwakatorwa mumufananidzo waparusvingo
Pasi: Mufananidzo worusvingo rweAsiria unoratidzira kukombwa kweRakishi
[Kwazvakatorwa]
(Courtesy of The British Museum)
(Wakabva muThe Bible in the British Museum, rakabudiswa neBritish Museum Press)
[Vakatipa Mufananidzo uri papeji 4]
Courtesy of the Trustees of The British Museum