Girisi—Simba Renyika Guru Rechishanu

Kufanana neigwe inokurumidza kufamba, ine mapapiro, Alexander akabuda muGirisi kundokurira Asia Minor (Turkey yomuzuva razvino uno), Parestina, Egipita, uye umambo hweMedhia nePersia kusvikira kumuganhu weIndia. Iwe ungada kuziva zvakawanda here pamusoro pouyu mukuriri wechienzi neizvo Bhaibheri rakataura pamusoro pake?

PAZERA ramakore 20 bedzi, Alexander muduku akagara nhaka chigaro choumambo cheMacedon. Makore maviri gare gare, achitevera gadziriro yababa vake Philip, Alexander akatanga hondo yamatsive pavaPersia vane simba, vane umambo hwaiva kumabvazuva. Asati amira, Alexander akanga akurira nyika yezuva rake.

Iyi nyanzvi yokurwa duku inoshingaira yakapinda muAsia Minor, Siria, Parestina, Egipita, Bhabhironia, uye umambo hwose hweMedhia nePersia kusvikira pamavambo eIndia yakare! Achirangarirwa zvichida somutungamiriri wehondo mukurusa wenguva dzakare, iye anozivikanwa nhasi saAlexander Mukuru.

Munguva pfupi zvinoshamisa, Girisi yakanga yava rechishanu ramasimba enyika enhau yeBhaibheri—guru zvikuru kupfuura ripi neripi rakanga ratangira. Chinhu chakadaro chakaitika seiko? Icho chinei chokuita neShoko raMwari? Icho chinorevei kwauri?

Rakadeya Kutaurwa Muuporofita hweBhaibheri

Makore ane mazana maviri pamberi penguva yaAlexander, apo Bhabhironi raidzora uye vaMedhia navaPersia vakanga vasati vava simba renyika, muporofita waJehovha Dhanieri akapiwa zviono zvikuru zviviri zvouporofita izvo zvakaronga nhau yenyika yenguva yemberi. Ipapo, pashure pokunge Bhabhironi rawa, iye akagamuchira uporofita hwechitatu pamusoro pezvinhu zvaizoitika kare kare pashure penguva yake. Dhanieri akazvinyora. Mauporofita iwawa, ayo asina kuvamba zadziko kutozosvikira mazana amakore maviri pashure paizvozvo, ane mashoko akananga pamusoro pezvinhu zvaizoitika kuna Alexander nokuumambo hwake.

Chiiko chakaziviswa kuna Dhanieri? Iwe unogona kuwana mauporofita acho ari mubhuku reBhaibheri raDhanieri, rakanyorwa munenge mugore ra 536 P.N.V. Mukupfupikisa, izvi ndizvo zvinhu izvo akaona sezvazvaiva nechokuita nesimba renyika rechishanu, Girisi:

Muchiono chokutanga chouporofita, Girisi yakamirirwa seigwe yakashongedzerwa kukurumidza kufamba. “Yakanga ina mapapiro mana pamusana wayo akafanana neeshiri. . . . Ikapiwa simba.”—Dhanieri 7:6.

Muchiono chechipiri chouporofita, nhongo yakaonwa “ichibva kumavirazuva [madokero] ichifamba panyika pose,” ichifamba nokukurumidza kwakadaro zvokuti yakanga “isingatsiki pasi.” Yakasvika kugondohwe raiva nenyanga mbiri iro ngirozi yakati “ndiwo madzimambo avaMedhia navaPersia.” Nhongo ikatunga gondohwe, ikavhuna nyanga dzaro mbiri.” Dhanieri akaudzwa, kuti: “Nhongo ine mvere ndiye mambo weGirisi.”—Dhanieri 8:5-8, 20, 21.

Muchinoitika chechitatu, Dhanieri akaudzwa kuti mambo we“Persia . . . uchamutsa vamwe vose kuzorwa noushe hweGirisi. Zvino mambo une simba uchamuka, uchabata ushe nesimba guru, achiita sezvaanoda.”—Dhanieri 11:2, 3.

Chii chakareva izvi zviratidzo? Ko izvi zvinhu zvakaitika nenzira iyo Dhanieri akanga audzwa kuti zvaizoitika nayo here? Ngationei.

Mauporofita Anozadzikwa

Muchirimo chegore ra 334 P.N.V., Alexander akapinda muAsia napaDardanelles (Hellespont yakare) ane varwi vanofamba netsoka 30 000 uye varwi vanotasva mabhiza vane 5 000. Nokumhanya kweigwe ine mapapiro mana yokufananidzira kana kuti kwembudzi iyo yakaratidzika kuva isingatsiki pasi, iye akapfuura nomumaumambo oumambo hwePersia—hwakakura naka 50 kupfuura ukuru hwoumambo hwake amene! Ko iye aizo“bata ushe nesimba guru, achiita sezvaanoda” here? Nhau inopindura.

PaRwizi rwaGranicus mukona rokuchamhembe kwakadziva kumadokera kweAsia Minor (Turkey yazvino uno) Alexander akakunda hondo yake yokutanga yokurwisana navaPersia. Nguva yechando iyoyo iye akakurira Asia Minor yokumadokero. Munakamwe wakatevera paIssus mukona rokumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumabvazuva kweAsia Minor, iye akakurira chose chose hondo yePersia inofungidzirwa kuva yaiva varume vane hafu yemirioni, uye mambo mukuru, Dhariusi III wePersia, akatiza, achisiya mhuri yake iri musimba raAlexander.

Panzvimbo pokuronda vaPersia vanotiza, Alexander akafamba akananga kumaodzanyemba nomumhenderekedzo yeMediterranean, achikurira misasa yaishandiswa neuto rine simba rePersia. Guta rapachitsuwa reTire rakadzivisa kwemwedzi minomwe. Pakupedzisira, achishandisa mabwe akapwanyika eguta rekare rapanyika iro Nebhukadnezari akanga aparadza, Alexander akagadzira mugwagwa unoenda kuguta rapachitsuwa. Zvisaririra zvomugwagwa iwoyo zvinooneka nhasi, zvichitsigira zadziko youporofita hwaEzekieri hwokuti guruva reTire raizokandirwa mugungwa.—Ezekieri 26:4, 12.

Achiregera Jerusarema, iro rakatera kwaari, Alexander akadzika kumaodzanyemba, achikurira Gaza uye achikudza “ushe” hwake uye achiita “sezvaanoda” muEgipita, umo akakwaziswa somusununguri. PaMemphis iye akabaira chibairo kuhandira yeApis, nokudaro achifadza vaprista veEgipita. Iye akatangawo guta reAlexander, iro gare gare rakakwikwidza Athens senzvimbo yokudzidza uye iro richine zita rake.

Madonzo ose egadziriro dzaPhilip akanga asvitswa ndokupfuurwa, asi Alexander akanga asati ambopedza. Kufanana nenhongo inokurumidza kufamba, iye akadzokera akananga kuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva, nomuParestina uye achipfuurira akananga kuRwizi rwaTigirisi. Ikoko, mugore ra 331 P.N.V., iye akarwa navaPersia paGaugamela, kusiri kure namatongo anokoromoka eraichimbova dzimbahwe reAsiria, Ninevhe. Varume 47 000 vaAlexander vakakurira hondo yePersia yakarongwa patsva yavane 1 000 000. Dhariusi III akatiza uye gare gare akapondwa navanhu vake amene.

Afadzwa norukundo, Alexander akatendeukira kumaodzanyemba ndokutora dzimbahwe renguva yechando rePersia, Bhabhironi. Iye akatapawo madzimbahwe aiva paSusa nePersepolis, achibata chivigiro chemari chihombe chePersia nokupisa dzimbahwe guru raXerxes. Pakupedzisira, dzimbahwe rapaEcbatana rakawira kwaari. Uyu mukuriri anokurumidza kufamba ipapo akakurira rutivi rwasara rwoumambo hwePersia, achisvika kumabvazuva sokuRwizi rwaIndus muPakistan yomuzuva razvino uno. Nenzira isingapanikirwi, Girisi yakanga yava rechishanu ramasimba makuru enyika munhau yeBhaibheri.

Rukundo rwaAlexander rwakaparadzirawo mutauro wechiGiriki nepepuko muumambo ihwohwu hukuru. Izvo makoroni eGirisi akanga atangwa munyika dzakakurirwa, Koine yechiGiriki inozivikanwa navose yakava mutauro wamarudzi ose wezuva iroro. Wakanga uri mutauro gare gare wakashandiswa kunyora Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki eBhaibheri.

Umambo hwaAlexander Hunokamuraniswa

Alexander aida kuvakazve Bhabhironi sedzimbahwe roumambo hwake. Asi ikoku kwaisafanira kuitika. Mauporofita akanga arondedzera nhongo ine mvere seine runyanga rumwe rukuru, nezvayo Dhanieri akanga audzwa, kuti:

“Nhongo ikazvikudza zvikuru kwazvo; zvino yakati yasimba, runyanga rukuru ndokuvhunika, nyanga huru ina dzikabuda panzvimbo yarwo, dzakatarira kumhepo ina dzokudenga. . . . Uye nhongo ine mvere ndiye mambo weGirisi; runyanga rukuru ruri pakati pameso ayo ndiye mambo wokutanga. Kana ruri runyanga rwakavhunika, dzimwe ina dzikabuda panzvimbo yarwo, hushe huna huchabuda parudzi urwo, asi hahungavi nesimba raro.”—Dhanieri 8:8, 21, 22.

“Kana amuka, ushe hwake huchaputswa, ndokuparadzirwa kumhepo ina dzokudenga, asi hahungaendi kuvazukuru vake, uye hahungaenzani nesimba raakabata naro iye, nokuti ushe hwake huchadzurwa, ndokupiwa vamwe kunze kwaivavo.”—Dhanieri 11:4.

Sezvakadeya kutaura Bhaibheri, farikanyo yaAlexander yokutonga nyika yaiva pfupi. Pakakwirira pamene pebasa rake rokukurira, pazera ramakore 32 bedzi, rukundo rwoutsinye rwaAlexander rwakasvika pamugumo. Arohwa nemararia, iye akapfuurira kudya madyo kusvikira paudhakwa uye akafa kamwe kamwe muBhabhironi muna 323 P.N.V. Muviri wake wakaendeswa kuEgipita ndokuvigwa muAlexandria. “Runyanga rukuru” urwo “runomirira mambo wokutanga” rwakanga rwavhunika. Chii ipapoka chakaitika kuumambo hwake?

Uporofita hwakanga hwataura kuti umambo hwake hwaizokamuraniswa “asi hahungaendi kuvazukuru vake.” Munun’una asingakwanisi waAlexander Philip Arrhidaeus akatonga kwenhambo pfupi asi akaurawa. Ndozvakaitwawo mwanakomana wapamutemo waAlexander Alexander (Allou) nomwanakomana wake asiri wapamutemo Heracles (Hercules). Nokudaro mutsara waAlexander Mukuru, muteuri mukuru weropa, wakapera.

Kwakadeya kutaurwawo kwaiva kuti “ushe huna huchabuda parudzi urwu, asi hahungavi nesimba rarwo” uye kuti umambo hwake hwaizo“putswa, ndokuparadzirwa kumhepo ina dzokudenga, asi . . . hahungaenzani nesimba raakabata naro iye.” Ikoku kwakaitika here?

Mukufambira mberi kwenguva, umambo hukuru hwaAlexander hwakakamuraniswa pakati pavana vavatungamiriri vake vehondo. (1) Mutungamiriri wehondo Cassander—Macedonia neGirisi. (2) Mutungamiriri wehondo Lysimachus—Asia Minor neEuropean Thrace. (3) Mutungamiriri wehondo Seleucus Nicator—Bhabhironia, Medhia, Siria, Persia uye maruwa okumabvazuva kusvikira kuRwizi rwaIndus. (4) Mutungamiriri wehondo Ptolemy Lagus—Egipita, Libya, uye Parestina. Sezvakaporofitwa, muumambo humwe hukuru hwaAlexander makabva umambo huna hweHellenic, kana kuti hwakaitwa hwechiGiriki.a

Hwakagarisa hwaiwawa hwakanga huri umambo hwaPtolemy muEgipita. Ihwo hwakawira kuRoma muna 30 P.N.V., apo Roma yakatsiva Girisi ndokuva rechitanhatu ramasimba makuru enyika.

Kariro Dzakajeka Zvikuru Dziri Mberi Nokuda Kworudzi Rwomunhu

Ko masimba enyika anodzvinyirira aifanira kupfuurira munhevedzano kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi here? Aiwa, nokuti Bhaibheri rinotiudza kuti tiri kurarama pedyo nomugumo werokupedzisira rawo.—Zvakazarurwa 17:10.

Pashure pokuona idzi hurumende dzavanhu dzakafanana nezvikara, Dhanieri akaona chimwe chinhu chakasiana. Iye akapiwa chiono chakatanhamara chomumatenga amene, umo iye akaona “Wakakwegura Pamazuva,” Mwari amene, achipa Umambo, kwete kumutungamiriri wohunhu womunguva yemberi, asi mumwe munhu akaita soMwanakomana womunhu”—kuna Jesu Kristu akamutswa, wokudenga!—Dhanieri 7:9, 10, 13.

Musiano wakadini! Umambo hwokudenga ihwohwo nokutonga kwahwo hwaizova hwakasiana sei nouhwo hwamadzimambo avanhu anorwa hondo apasi ekare. Dhanieri akati nezvouyu “mwanakomana womunhu” anokudzwa wokudenga: “Akapiwa simba, nokubwinya, noushe, kuti vanhu vose namarudzi ose namarimi ose vamushumire; simba rake roushe isimba risingaperi, risingazopfuuri, uye ushe hwake hahungazoparadzwi.” (Dhanieri 7:14) Hwaifanira kuva umambo hworugare nokururama.—Isaya 9:6, 7.

Sezvatinotarira shure pakutonga kune makaro nokwamasimba masimba kwavanhu, tinogona kuva vanofara sei kuziva kuti uhwu Umambo hwokudenga hwakatogadzwa uye kuti kutonga kwahwo kwakarurama pasi pose kwava pedyo!—Zvakazarurwa 12:10, 12.

“Nokuti zvakaratidzwa izvi ndezvenguva yakatarwa, zvovavarira kuguma, hazvingarevi nhema; kunyange zvikanonoka, uzvimirire, nokuti zvichauya zvirokwazvo, hazvingaiti nguva huru.”—Habhakuki 2:3.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Mepu iri papeji 23]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Ukuru hwoumambo hwaAlexander

Pella

Sardis

Issus

Damascus

Tyre

Jerusalem

Alexandria

Memphis

Thebes

Euphrates River

Tigris River

Gaugamela

Babylon

Ecbatana

Shushan

Persepolis

Alexandria Eschate

Taxila

Indus River

[Mepu iri papeji 25]

(Kana uchida mashoko azere, ona bhuku racho)

Kupunzika kwoumambo hwaAlexander

Great Sea

CASSANDER

Pella

LYSIMACHUS

Lysimachia

PTOLEMY LAGUS

Alexandria

SELEUCUS NICATOR

Antioch

Selucia

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 24]

Mhenderekedzo yegungwa pedyo neAlexandria yomuzuva razvino uno

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Pictorial Archive (Near Eastern History) Est.