Ganhuro 5
“Testamente Itsva”——Inhau Here Kana Kuti Ingano?
“Testamente Itsva inogona kurondedzerwa nhasi sebhuku rakanzverwa zvikurusa munyika yamabhuku.” Akadaro Hans Küng mubhuku rake rinonzi “On Being a Christian.” Uye akanga akarurama. Kwamakore 300 akapfuura, Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki akanzverwa zvikuru kwazvo. Iwo akakamuraniswa zvikuru kwazvo uye akanzverwa zvikuru kwazvo muudzame kupinda rimwe bhuku ripi neripi.
1, 2. (Batanidza sumo.) (a) Ko Magwaro echiGiriki echiKristu ave achibatwa zvakadini kwamakore 300 akapfuura? (b) Kutaurai kwechienzi kwakasvikwa navamwe vanzveri?
MHEDZISO dzakasvikwa navamwe vanzveri dzave dzichishamisa. Shure muzana ramakore rechi 19, Ludwig Noack muGermany akagumisa kuti Evhangeri yaJohane yakanyorwa muna 60 N.V. nomudzidzi anodikanwa—uyo, mukuwirirana naNoack, akanga ari Judhasi! Joseph Ernest Renan weFrance akakarakadza kuti rumuko rwaRazaro sezvinobvira rwakanga rwuri nyengedzo yakarongwa naRazaro iye amene kutsigira kutaura kwaJesu kwokuva muiti wenenji, nepo wezvoruzivo rwoumwari weGermany Gustav Volkmar akaomerera pakuti Jesu wenhau haati aigona kuva akauya nokutaura kwouMesia.1
2 Bruno Bauer, kune rumwe rutivi, akasarudza kuti Jesu haana kutongovako! “Iye akaomerera pakuti masimba chaiwo okusika muchiKristu chapakuvamba aiva Philo, Seneca, uye maGnostic. Mumugumo iye akazivisa kuti hakuna kutongova naJesu wenhau . . . kuti mavambo orudzidziso rwechiKristu akanga ari apashure muzana ramakore rechipiri uye akabva muchiJudha umo chiStoiki chakanga chakapararira.”2
3. Ko vazhinji vachine mufungoi pamusoro peBhaibheri?
3 Nhasi, vashomanene vanoomerera pamifungo yakadaro yokunyanyisa. Asi kana ukarava mabhuku avazivi vazvino uno, uchawana kuti vazhinji vachiri kudavira kuti Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki ane rungano, ngano, uye katutsiro. Ikoku ichokwadi here?
Akanyorwa Rini?
4. (a) Neiko kuchikosha kuziva apo mabhuku aMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki akanyorwa? (b) Ndeipi iri mimwe mifungo pamusoro penguva yokunyorwa kwaMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki?
4 Kunoda nguva kuti ngano namarungano zviwande. Naizvozvo mubvunzo wokuti, Aya mabhuku akanyorwa rini?, unokosha. Michael Grant, wezvenhau, anotaura kuti manyoro enhau aMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki akavambwa “makore ana makumi matatu kana kuti ana makumi mana pashure porufu rwaJesu.”4 Nyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo yeBhaibheri William Foxwell Albright akanokora mashoko C. C. Torrey seanotaura “kuti Evhangeri dzose dzakanyorwa pamberi pa 70 A.D. uye kuti madziri hamuna chinhu chingadai chakanga chisina kunyorwa mukati mamakore ane makumi maviri oKuroverwa kwaJesu.” Mufungo waAlbright amene wakanga uri wokuti kunyorwa kwawo kwakapedzwa “pasati pari pashure pomunenge muna 80 A.D.” Vamwe vanopira mirangariro yakati sianei, asi mizhinjisa inobvuma kuti kunyorwa kwe“Testamente Itsva” kwakapedzwa pakupera kwezana ramakore rokutanga.
5, 6. Tinofanira kutaurei muidi rokuti Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki akanyorwa isati iri nguva refu pashure pezvinoitika zvaanotsigira?
5 Kunoreveiko ikoku? Albright anogumisa, kuti: “Zvose zvatinogona kutaura ndezvokuti nhambo yapakati pamakore ana makumi maviri namakumi mashanu yakanyanyova shoma zvokusagona kubvumidza ushati hupi nohupi hwakati kuti hwezviri mukati zvinodikanwa uye kunyange hwokurongwa chaikoiko kwamashoko aJesu.”5 Purofesa Gary Habermas anowedzera, kuti: “Evhangeri dziri pedyo zvikuru nenhambo yenguva yadzinopupurira, nepo nhau dzekare dzinowanzorondedzera zvinoitika izvo zvakaitika mumazana amakore apamberi pezvi. Bva, vezvenhau vazvino uno vanokwanisa kuwana murubudiriro zvinoitika kunyange kubvira munhau idzodzi dzekare dzenguva.”6
6 Namamwe mashoko, mativi enhau aMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki anokodzerwa zvimwe nokudavirwa zvikuru senhau dzenyika. Zvamazvirokwazvo, mumakumi amakore mashomanene pakati pezvinoitika zvechiKristu chapakuvamba nokuva kwazvo zvakanyorwa mukunyora, pakanga pasina nguva yokuti ngano namarungano zvitange ndokugamuchirwa munyika yose.
Chipupuriro Chezvapupu Zvakaona
7, 8. (a) Ndivanaani vakanga vachiri vapenyu apo Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki akanga achinyorwa nokuparadzirwa? (b) Tinofanira kutaurei mukuwirirana netsinhiro yaPurofesa F. F. Bruce?
7 Ikoku ndokwechokwadi zvikurukuru mukurangarira idi rokuti zhinji dzenhauro dzinoreva nezvechipupuriro chezvapupu zvakaona. Munyori weEvhangeri yaJohane akati: “Uyu ndiye mudzidzi [mudzidzi uyo Jesu aida] anopupurira pamusoro pezvinhu izvozvi uye uyo akanyora zvinhu izvozvi.” (Johane 21:24) Munyori webhuku raRuka anoti: “Avo kubvira pamavambo vakava zvapupu zvakaona uye vapereki veshoko vakapa izvi kwatiri.” (Ruka 1:2) Muapostora Pauro, achitaura nezvaavo vakaona rumuko rwaJesu, akati: “Vazhinjisa [vavo] vapenyu kusvikira kunguva ino, asi vamwe vavete murufu.”—1 VaKorinte 15:6.
8 Muna ikoku, Purofesa F. F. Bruce anoita cherekedzo hurusa, achiti: “Kwaigona kuve kwave kusati kuri nyore zvikurusa sezvo vamwe vanyori vachiratidzika kuva vanofunga kuti kuita mashoko namabasa zvaJesu mumakore iwawo apakuvamba, apo vazhinji zvikuru vavadzidzi Vake vakanga vachiri vapenyu, avo vaigona kuyeuka zvakanga zvaitika nezvakanga zvisina. . . . Vadzidzi vaisagona kubvumira zvikanganiso (tisingatauri hedu nezvokuitwa kwamanomano kwoune kwamaidi), izvo zvaizova zvinoratidzirwa pakarepo naavo vaizova vanonyanyofarira bedzi kuita kudaro. Mukupesana, rimwe ramapfundo makuru mukuparidzira kwapakuvamba kwavaapostora ndiyo yevedzo yakavimbika yezivo yavanzwi; ivo havana kungoti bedzi, ‘Isu tiri zvapupu zvezvinhu izvi,’ asiwo kuti, ‘Sezvamunozivawo imi mumene’ (Mabasa 2:22).”7
Rugwaro Rwakavimbika Here?
9, 10. Kana toreva nezvaMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki, tinogona kuva nechokwadi chei?
9 Kunobvira here kuti izvi zvipupuriro zvezvapupu zvakaona zvakanyorwa zvakarurama asi gare gare ndokushatswa? Namamwe mashoko, ngano namarungano zvakasumwa pashure pokunge kunyora kwapakuvamba kwapedzwa here? Tatoona kuti rugwaro rwaMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki rwuri mumugariro uri nani zvikuru kupinda rimwe bhuku ripi neripi rekare. Kurt naBarbara Aland, vadzidzi vorugwaro rwechiGiriki rweBhaibheri, vanoronga ndaza yaanenge manyoro 5 000 ayo akapukunyuka kubvira munguva yekare kuburukira nhasi, mamwe anobvira munenge mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechipiri N.V.8 Chipupuriro chose chouhwu uwandu hwoufakazi ndechokuti rugwaro rwakarurama chose chose. Mukuwedzera, kune shanduro zhinji dzekare—dzokutangisisa dzichivambira murinenge gore ra 180 N.V.—dzinotibetsera kubvumikisa kuti rugwaro rwakarurama.9
10 Nokudaro, kupfurikidza nokurangarira kupi nokupi, tinogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti marungano nengano hazvina kupinda muMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki pashure pokunge vanyori vapakuvamba vapedza basa ravo. Rugwaro rwatinarwo rwakafanana chose chose norumwe rwakanyorwa navanyori vapakuvamba, uye ururami hwarwo hunosimbiswa neidi rokuti maKristu akararama panguva imwe cheteyo akarugamuchira. Ko zvino, tinogona here kunzvera huchokwadi hwenhau hweBhaibheri kupfurikidza nokuhuenzanisira nedzimwe nhau dzekare? Kutambanuko yakati kuti, hungu.
Ufakazi Hwakanyorwa
11. Ko ufakazi hwokunze hwakanyorwa hunotsigira nhauro dzenhau dziri muMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki kusvikira kutambanukoi?
11 Kutaura idi, nokuda kwezvinoitika zviri muupenyu hwaJesu navaapostora vake, ufakazi hwakanyorwa kunze kweBhaibheri hwakaganhurirwa zvikuru kwazvo. Ikoku kunofanira bedzi kuva kunokarirwa, sezvo muzana ramakore rokutanga, maKristu akanga ari boka duku zvikuru risina kubatikana mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Asi ufakazi uhwo nhau yenyika inogovera hunobvumirana neizvo tinorava muBhaibheri.
12. Josephus anotiudzei pamusoro paJohane Mubhapatidzi?
12 Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunge Herodhe Antipasi atambura rukundo rwehondo rwachose chose, wezvenhau wechiJudha Josephus, achinyora muna 93 N.V., akati: “Kuna vamwe vavaJudha ruparadziko rweuto raHerodhe rwakaratidzika kuva matsive oumwari, uye zvamazvirokwazvo matsive akarurama, nokuda kwenzira yaakabata nayo Johane, ainzi Mubhapatidzi. Nokuti Herodhe akanga amuuraya, kunyange zvazvo akanga ari munhu akanaka uye akanga araira vaJudha kurarama upenyu hwakarurama, kuita ruramisiro kuna vabiyavo nokuzvipira kuna Mwari.”10 Nokudaro Josephus anosimbisa nhauro yeBhaibheri kuti Johane Mubhapatidzi akanga ari munhu akarurama aiparidzira rupfidzo uye uyo akaurawa naHerodhe.—Mateo 3:1-12; 14:11.
13. Josephus anotsigira sei uchokwadi hwenhau hwaJakobho nohwaJesu amene?
13 Josephus anodudzawo Jakobho, munun’una nokuna amai vaJesu, uyo, Bhaibheri rinotiudza kuti, pakutanga iye haana kutevera Jesu asi gare gare akava mukuru akatanhamara muJerusarema. (Johane 7:3-5; VaGaratia 1:18, 19) Iye anonyora kusungwa kwaJakobho naaya mashoko, anoti: “[Muprista mukuru Ananus] akaunganidza vatongi vedare reSanihedrini ndokuunza pamberi pavo munhu ainzi Jakobho, munun’una waJesu uyo ainzi Kristu, navamwe vakati kuti.”11 Mukunyora aya mashoko, Josephus mukuwedzera anosimbisa kuti “Jesu, uyo ainzi Kristu” akanga ari munhu chaiyeiye, wenhau.
14, 15. Ko Tacitus anopa tsigiroi kuchinyorwa cheBhaibheri?
14 Vamwe vanyori vapakuvamba vanotaurawo nezvezvinhu zvinodudzwa muMagwaro echiGiriki. Somuenzaniso, Evhangeri dzinotiudza kuti kuparidzira kwaJesu muParestina kwakawana davidzo yakafara. Apo iye akatongerwa rufu naPontio Pirato, vateveri vake vakavhiringidzika uye vakaora mwoyo. Nokukurumidza pashure pacho, ava vadzidzi vamwe chetevo noushingi vakazadza Jerusarema neshoko rokuti Ishe wavo akanga amutswa. Mumakore mashomanene, chiKristu chakanga chapararira muUmambo hwose hweRoma.—Mateo 4:25; 26:31; 27:24-26; Mabasa 2:23, 24, 36; 5:28; 17:6.
15 Uchapupu hwezvokwadi yaikoku hunobva kune wezvenhau weRoma Tacitus, uyo akanga asati ari shamwari yechiKristu. Achinyora nokukurumidza pashure pa 100 N.V., anotaura nezvechitambudzo choutsinye chaNero chamaKristu ndokuwedzera, kuti: “Christus, mutangi wezita, akatambura chirango chorufu mukutonga kwaTibherio, kupfurikidza netongero yaPontio Pirato murovereri mhaka, uye kudavira mashura kunokuvadza zvikuru kwakadziviswa kwechinguvana, bedzi kuti kutangezve, musati muchingova bedzi muJudhea, musha wehoshayo, asi mudzimbahwe [Roma] imo mumene.”12
16. Ndichinoitikai chenhau chinotaurwawo nezvacho muBhaibheri naSuetonius?
16 Pana Mabasa 18:2 munyori weBhaibheri anonongedzera kuidi rokuti “[mambo weRoma] Kraudhio akanga araira vaJudha vose kubva muRoma.” Wezvenhau womuzana rechipiri ramakore weRoma Suetonius anonongedzerawo kune uku kudzingwa. Mubhuku rake rinonzi The Deified Claudius, wezvenhau anoti: “Sezvo vaJudha vaigaroita njonganjonga pakuchidziro yaChrestus, iye [Kraudhio] akavadzinga muRoma.”13 Kana Chrestus pano achinongedzera kuna Jesu Kristu uye kana zvinoitika muRoma zvakatevera mutoo womuna mamwe maguta, ipapo njonganjonga zvamazvirokwazvo dzakanga dzisati dzichiparirwa nekuchidziro yaKristu (ndiko kuti, vateveri vaKristu). Panzvimbo pako, dzaiva davidzo dzamasimba masimba dzavaJudha kumubato wokutendeka wokuparidza wamaKristu.
17. Manyukoi akanga achiwanikwa kuna Justin Martyr muzana ramakore rechipiri akatsigira nhauro yeBhaibheri yamanenji aJesu norufu rwake?
17 Justin Martyr, achinyora mukati mezana ramakore rechipiri, akanyora pamusoro porufu rwaJesu, achiti: “Kuti zvinhu izvozvi zvakaitika, unogona kusimbisa kubva muMabasa aPontio Pirato.”14 Mukuwedzera, mukuwirirana naJustin Martyr, izvi zvinyorwa zvimwe chetezvo zvakadudza manenji aJesu, ayo iye anotaura nezvawo, achiti: “Kuti Iye akaita zvinhu izvozvo, unogona kudzidza muMabasa aPontio Pirato.”15 Chokwadi, aya “Mabasa,” kana kuti zvinyorwa zvapamutemo, hazvisati zvichipozve. Asi sezvinooneka zvaivapo chaizvo muzana ramakore rechipiri, uye Justin Martyr nechivimbo akakuchidzira varavi vake kuanzvera kusimbisa zvokwadi yezvaakataura.
Ufakazi Hwokuchera Matongo
18. Ko ruzivo rwezvokuchera matongo runopa tsigiroi yokuvapo kwaPontio Pirato?
18 Zviwanwa zvokuchera matongo zvakaenzanisirawo kana kuti zvakasimbisa zvatinorava muMagwaro echiGiriki. Nokudaro, muna 1961 zita raPontio Pirato rakawanwa murunyoro mumatongo eimba yemitambo yeRoma paKesaria.16 Kutozosvikira pane uku kuwana, kwave kune ufakazi hwakaganhurirwa bedzi, kunze kweBhaibheri rimene, hwokuvapo kwouyu mubati ushe weRoma.
19, 20. Vanhui veBhaibheri vanodudzwa naRuka (muna Ruka naMabasa) vakapupurirwa noruzivo rwokucherwa kwamatongo?
19 MuEvhangeri yaRuka, tinorava kuti Johane Mubhapatidzi akavamba ushumiri hwake “apo . . . Risanio akanga ari mubati ushe weruwa rweAbhirene.” (Ruka 3:1) Vamwe vakapanikira kutaura ikoko nokuti Josephus akadudza Risanio uyo akabata ushe Abhirene uye uyo akafa muna 34 P.N.V., nguva refu pamberi pokuberekwa kwaJohane. Zvisinei, nyanzvi dzezvokuchera matongo dzakafukunyura runyoro muAbhirene runodudza mumwe Risanio uyo akanga ari mudzori wechikamu chechina choruwa (mubati ushe weruwa) mukati mokutonga kwaTibherio, uyo akanga achibata ushe saKesari muRoma apo Johane akavamba ushumiri hwake.17 Iyeyu anogona nyore nyore kuva Risanio uyo Ruka akanga achitaura nezvake.
20 Muna Mabasa tinorava kuti Pauro naBharnabhasi vakatumirwa kundoita basa roufundisi muKupro uye ikoko vakasangana nomudzori woruwa ainzi Sergio Pauro, “munhu wakachenjera.” (Mabasa 13:7) Pakati pezana ramakore rechi 19, kuchera matongo muKupro kwakafukunyura runyoro runovambira muna 55 N.V. runodudza uyu munhu amene. Nezvaikoko, nyanzvi yezvokuchera matongo G. Ernest Wright anoti: “Ndiyo nongedzero imwe chete yatinayo kuno uyu mudzori weruwa kunze kweBhaibheri uye kunofadza kuti Ruka anotipa nomutoo wakarurama zita rake nezita rechiratidziro.”18
21, 22. Miitiroi yorudzidziso yechinyorwa cheBhaibheri yakasimbiswa nezviwanwa zvoruzivo rwokuchera matongo?
21 Apo iye akanga ari muAtene, Pauro akati iye akanga aona atari yakanga yakatsaurirwa “Kuna Mwari Asingazivikanwi.” (Mabasa 17:23) Atari dzakatsaurirwa muchiLatin kuna vamwari vasingazivikanwi dzakawanwa mumativi oruwa rwoUmambo hweRoma. Imwe yakawanwa muPergamamu ine runyoro rwakanyorwa muchiGiriki, sezvaizodai zvakaitika muAtene.
22 Gare gare, paaiveri muEfeso, Pauro akashorwa nomutoo wamasimba masimba nemhizha dzesirvheri, dzaiwana mari mukuita zvitembere nemifananidzo yamwarikadzi Dhiana. Efeso yainongedzerwa kwairi so“muchengeti wetembere yaDhiana mukuru.” (Mabasa 19:35) Mutsinhirano naikoku, chiverengero chakati kuti chezvirongo zvishava notuzvidhori zvamabwe emarble zvaDhiana zvakafukunyurwa panzvimbo yeEfeso yekare. Mukati mezana ramakore rokupedzisira, zvisaririra zvetembere huru iyo imene zvakafukunyurwa.
Kunzwika Kwezvokwadi
23, 24. (a) Ndokupi kwatinowana chibvumikiso chakasimba zvikurusa chezvokwadi yamanyoro aMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki? (b) Ivarai rechigarire riri muchinyorwa cheBhaibheri rinopupurira uzvokwadi hwaro? Enzanisira.
23 Nokudaro, nhau noruzivo rwezvokuchera matongo zvinoratidzira, uye kutambanuko yakati kuti zvinosimbisa, zvinhu zvenhau zvaMagwaro echiGiriki. Asi, zvakare, chibvumikiso chakasimba zvikurusa chezvokwadi chaaya manyoro chiri mumabhuku iwo amene. Paunoarava, haasati achinzwika sengano. Ane kunzwika kwezvokwadi.
24 Kutanga, iwo akajeka zvikuru. Funga nezvakanyorwa pamusoro paPetro. Kundikano yake inokwenudza yokufamba pamusoro pemvura inorondedzerwa muudzame. Ipapo, Jesu anotaura kuno uyu muapostora anoremekedzwa zvikuru, kuti: “Ibva shure kwangu, Satani!” (Mateo 14:28-31; 16:23) Kupfuurirazve, pashure pokuramba zvakasimba kuti kunyange kudai vamwe vose vakasiya Jesu, iye haasati aitongoita kudaro, Petro akarara pakurinda kwake kwousiku dzokonokei oramba Ishe wake katatu.—Mateo 26:31-35, 37-45, 73-75.
25. Uterai hwavaapostora hunoziviswa nomutoo wakajeka navanyori veBhaibheri?
25 Asi Petro haasati ari iye oga bedzi ane utera hunoratidzirwa. Chinyorwa chakajeka hachisati chichifukidzira kupopotedzana kwavaapostora pamusoro pokuti ndiani akanga ari mukurusa pakati pavo. (Mateo 18:1; Marko 9:34; Ruka 22:24) Uyewo hachisati chichisiya kutizivisa kuti amai vomuapostora Jakobho naJohane vakakumbira Jesu kupa vanakomana vavo nzvimbo dzinoisvodiwa zvikuru muUmambo hwake. (Mateo 20:20-23) “Kutsamwirana kukurusa” pakati paBharnabhasi naPauro kunonyorwawo mukutendeka.—Mabasa 15:36-39.
26. Udzamei pamusoro porumuko rwaJesu hwaizodai hwakabatanidzwa kudai bedzi hwakanga huri hwechokwadi?
26 Rinocherekedzwawo, ndiro idi rokuti bhuku raRuka rinotizivisa kuti vakanga vari “vakadzi, vakanga vabuda naye muGarirea,” avo vakatanga kuziva pamusoro porumuko rwaJesu. Uhwu udzame hwechienzi zvikurusa muchaunga chinodzorwa navanhurume chomuzana ramakore rokutanga. Zvamazvirokwazvo, mukuwirirana nechinyorwacho, izvo vakadzi vakanga vachitaura “zvakaratidzika kuva zvoupenzi” kuna vaapostora. (Ruka 23:55–24:11) Kana nhau yomuMagwaro echiGiriki isati iri yechokwadi, inofanira kuve yakatangwa. Asika neiko munhu upi noupi zvake aizoita nhau inoratidzira vanhu vakadaro vanoremekedzwa munzira yakadaro isingafarirwi? Uhu udzame hwaizove hwakabatanidzwa bedzi kudai hwaiva hwechokwadi.
Jesu—Munhu Chaiyeiye
27. Ko mumwe wezvenhau anopupurira sei kuvapo kwenhau kwaJesu?
27 Vazhinji vakarangarira Jesu sezvaanorondedzerwa muBhaibheri sengano yakafungwa. Asi wezvenhau Michael Grant anocherekedza, kuti: “Kana tikashandisira kuTestamente Itsva, sezvatinofanira, rudzi rumwe cheterwo rwomupimo sezvatinofanira kushandisira kuna mamwe manyoro ekare ane mashoko enhau, hatingagoni kurambazve kuvapo kwaJesu sezvatisingagoni kuramba kuvapo kwavanhu vazhinjisa vechihedheni vane kuvapo kwavo savanhu venhau kusingatongopanikiriki.”19
28, 29. Neiko kune revo kuti Evhangeri ina dzinopa kurondedzerwa kwakabatana kwohunhu hwaJesu?
28 Hakusati bedzi kuri kuvapo kwaJesu asi hunhu hwakewo hunobuda muBhaibheri nokunzwika kwakajeka kwezvokwadi. Hakusati kuri nyore kuita munhu wechienzi dzokonokei kwakuratidzira mufananidzo wake usingachinji mubhuku rose. Kunenge kusingabviriri vanyori vana vakasiana kunyora pamusoro pomunhu mumwe cheteyo ndokurondedzera nomutoo unobvumirana mufananidzo mumwe chetewo wake kudai munhu iyeyo asina kutongovapo chaizvoizvo. Idi rokuti Jesu anorondedzerwa muEvhangeri ina dzose sezvinooneka ndiye munhu mumwe cheteyo ufakazi hunopesvedzera hwouzvokwadi hweEvhangeri.
29 Michael Grant anonokora mashoko mubvunzo wakakodzera, wokuti: “Kunodaro sei kuti, mumagamuchidzanwa ose eEvhangeri pasina inosiiwa, panova nokuratidzirwa kwakatanhamara kwakatsiga zvikuru kwejaya rinoyevedza rinofamba-famba norusununguko pakati pavakadzi vamarudzi ose, kubatanidza navane mukurumbira wakashata nomutoo usingapanikirwi, risitongorina kutungamirirwa nepfungwa, kusabata nomutoo wose womuzvarirwo, kana kuti mufambiro wakaipa, uye bva, panzvimbo iri yose, richichengeta kuperera kwakapfava kwomunhu?”20 Mhinduro bedzi ndeyokuti munhu akadaro akavapo chaizvoizvo uye akaita nomutoo unorehwa neBhaibheri.
Chikonzero Nei Vasingadaviri
30, 31. Neiko vazhinji vasati vachigamuchira Magwaro echiKristu echiGiriki saakarurama munhau pasinei hapo noufakazi hwose?
30 Sezvo pane ufakazi hunogombedzera hwokutaura kuti Magwaro echiGiriki inhau yechokwadi, neiko vamwe vachiti haasati? Neiko kuri kuti vazhinji, kunyange vachigamuchira mativi awo sechokwadi, kunyanguvezvo vanoramba kugamuchira chinhu chiri chose chaanacho? Zvikurukuru imhaka yokuti Bhaibheri rakanyorwa zvinhu izvo vachenjeri vazvino uno vasati vachida kudavira. Somuenzaniso, rinozivisa kuti Jesu akazadzika uye akataura zviporofita. Rinozivisawo kuti iye akaita manenji uye kuti pashure porufu rwake iye akamutswa.
31 Muzana rino ramakore rechi 20 rokupanikira, zvinhu zvakadaro hazvidaviriki. Pamusoro pamanenji, Purofesa Ezra P. Gould anoti: “Pane kusadudzwa kumwe uko vamwe vavatsoropodzi vanorangarira ivo vamene vane chikonzero mukuita . . . kuti manenji haaitiki.”21 Vamwe vanodavira kuti Jesu angave akaita kuporesa, asi bedzi kworudzi rwechirwere chokuvhiringidzika ndangariro, ‘nhau yokurangarira kuponeswa.’ Kana ari mamwe manenji, vazhinji vanoazvidza vachiti inhau dzefungidziro kana kuti zvimwe zvinoitika chaizvoizvo zvakamonyaniswa mukuzivisa.
32, 33. Ko vamwe vakaedza sei kuzvidza nenji raJesu rokudyisa boka guru, asi neiko ikoku kuri kusina mufungo?
32 Somuenzaniso waikoku, rangarira nhambo apo Jesu akadyisa boka ravanopfuura vane 5 000 nezvingwa zvishomanene bedzi nehove mbiri. (Mateo 14:14-22) Muzivi womuzana ramakore rechigumi nepfumbamwe Heinrich Paulus akakarakadza kuti chakaitika chaizvoizvo chakanga chiri ichi: Jesu navaapostora vake vakazviwana ivo vamene vachisanoteererwa navazhinji-zhinji zvikuru vakanga vonzwa nzara. Naizvozvo iye akasarudza kugadza muenzaniso wakanaka nokuda kwavapfumi vaiva pakati pavo. Iye akatora zvokudya zvishoma izvo iye navaapostora vake vakanga vanazvo ndokuzvigoverana navazhinji-zhinji. Nokukurumidza, vamwe vakanga vaunza zvokudya vakatevera muenzaniso wake ndokugoverana zvavo. Pakupedzisira, vazhinji-zhinji vose vakadyiswa.22
33 Kana izvi zvirizvo chaizvoizvo zvakaitika, kunyange zvazvo zvakadaro, chakanga chiri chibvumikiso chakatanhamara chesimba romuenzaniso wakanaka. Neiko nhau yakadaro inofadza neine revo yaizova inomonyaniswa kuiita kuti inzwike senenji resimba rinopfuura rohunhu? Zvamazvirokwazvo, nhamburiko dzose dzakadaro dzokuzvidza manenji seari chimwe chinhu chisati chiri chenenji kunomutsa zvinetso zvakawanda zvinopfuura zvavanogadzikisa. Uye izvo zvose zvakavakirwa pahwaro hwenhema. Ivo vanotanga nokufungidzira kuti manenji haaitiki. Asi neiko ikoko kuchifanira kuva kwakadaro?
34. Kana Bhaibheri zvomenemene rine uporofita hwakarurama nenhauro dzamanenji echokwadi, ikoku kunobvumikisei?
34 Mukuwirirana nemipimo ine mufungo zvikuru, ose ari maviri Magwaro echiHebheru neechiGiriki inhau yechokwadi, bva iwo ose ari maviri ane mienzaniso youporofita namanenji. (Enzanisa na 2 Madzimambo 4:42-44.) Zvakadiniko, zvino, kana zviporofita zviri zvechokwadi? Uye zvakadiniko kana manenji akaitika chaizvoizvo? Ipapoka zvamazvirokwazvo Mwari akanga achitsigira kunyorwa kweBhaibheri, uye chaizvoizvo iro ishoko rake, kwete romunhu. Muganhuro rinotevera, tichakurukura nhau youporofita, asi kutanga ngatirangarirei manenji. Kune mufungo here muzana rino ramakore rechi 20 kudavira kuti mumazana amakore apamberi pezvi manenji akaitika chaizvoizvo?
[Mashoko okukwezva vaverengi ari papeji 66]
Neiko Bhaibheri raizoshuma kuti rumuko rwaJesu rwakatanga kuwanwa navakadzi kana ikoku kusina kuitika chaizvoizvo?
[Bhokisi riri papeji 56]
Kutsoropodza Kwazvino Uno Kwakawanwa Kusina Kukwana
Somuenzaniso womugariro usina kutsarukana wokutsoropodzwa kwazvino uno kwamanyoro, rangarira uku kutaura kwakaitwa naRaymond E. Brown pamusoro peEvhangeri yaJohane: “Pamugumo wezana ramakore rokupedzisira uye mumakore apakuvamba ezana rino ramakore, nzvero yakapinda nomunhambo yepanikiro yokunyanyisa pamusoro peiyi Evhangeri. Johane akarongwa musi wapashure zvikuru, kunyange kusvika kuhafu yechipiri yezana ramakore rechi 2. Sechibereko chenyika yechiHerene, yakanga ichifungwa kuva isitongorina chose chose ukombi hwenhau uye kuva newirirano duku neParestina yaJesu weNazareta . . .
“Hapatongorina neimwe nzvimbo yakadaro isina kutapurwa nenhevedzano yezviwanwa zvisingakarirwi zvoruzivo rwezvokuchera matongo, zvoufakazi hwakanyorwa, uye magwaro. Izvi zviwanwa zvakatitungamirira kukushora nomutoo woungwaru mirangariro yokutsoropodza iyo yakanga yodokuva dzidziso isingapokanidzwi uye kuziva kusatsiga kwakanga kwakaita hwaro hwaitsigira kunzvera kukuru kwokupanikirwa kwaJohane. . . .
“Musi wokunyorwa kweEvhangeri wakadzoserwa kumugumo wezana ramakore rechi 1 kana kuti kunyange pakuvamba-vamba. . . . Zvimwe chechienzi zvikuru kupfuura zvose, vamwe vazivi vari kutotsunga kukarakadzazve kuti Johane mwanakomana waZebhedhi angave akanga ane chimwe chinhu chokuita neEvhangeri”!3
Neiko kuchifanira kuratidzika kuva kwechienzi kudavira kuti Johane akanyora bhuku raanonzi akanyora nomutoo wegamuchidzanwa? Nemhaka bedzi yokuti harisati richiwirirana nemifungo yakadeya kufungwa yavatsoropodzi.
[Bhokisi riri papeji 70]
Imwezve Denho paBhaibheri
Timothy P. Weber akanyora, kuti: “Kuwana kwokutsoropodza manyoro kwakagombedzera vanhuvo zvavo vazhinji kupanikira mano avo okunzwisisa chinhu chipi nechipi [chiri muBhaibheri]. . . . A. T. Pierson akarondedzera kukangaidzika kwavaevhangeri vazhinji apo iye akataura kuti ‘sechiRoma, [kutsoropodza manyoro] kunobvisa chose chose Shoko raMwari pavanhuwo zvavo kupfurikidza nokungodavira kuti vazivi bedzi vanogona kuridudzira; apo Roma inoisa muprista pakati pomunhu neShoko, kutsoropodza manyoro kunoisa munyengeri akadzidza pakati pomudaviri neBhaibheri rake.’”23 Nokudaro, kutsoropodza manyoro kwazvino uno kunofumurwa seimwe denho paBhaibheri.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 62]
Iyi atari yomuPergamamu sezvinooneka yakatsaurirwa “kuna vamwari vasingazivikanwi”
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 63]
Matongo eyaichimbova tembere yakaisvonaka yaDhiana iyo vaEfeso vaizvikudza zvikuru pamusoro payo
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 64]
Bhaibheri rinoshuma nokutendeseka kuti Petro akaramba kuti aiziva Jesu
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 67]
Bhaibheri nomutoo wakajeka rinopupurira “kutsamwirana kukurusa” pakati paPauro naBharnabhasi
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 68]
Wirirano yomufananidzo wohunhu waJesu muEvhangeri ina chibvumikiso chakasimba chouchokwadi hwadzo
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 69]
Vatsoropodzi vazhinjisa vazvino uno vanongofungidzira bedzi kuti manenji haaitiki