Hero—Kutambudzwa Kusingagumi kana kuti Ruparadziko Rwokupedzisira Here?

IWE wakaudzwa kuti Vanyori vapakuvamba veChechi, vafundisi vomuMiddle Ages, uye Vamutsidziri vakabvumikisa kuti kutambudzwa kunotamburwa muhero ndokwokusingaperi here? Kana zvakadaro, kungakushamisa kuziva kuti nyanzvi dzinoremekedzwa zvikuru dzeBhaibheri zvino dziri kudenha murangariro iwoyo. MuBritain, mumwe wadzo, John R. W. Stott, anonyora kuti “Rugwaro runonongedzera murutivi rwokuroveswa, uye kuti ‘kutambudzwa uchiziva kusingagumi’ igamuchidzanwa rinofanira kutera kuchiremera chikurusa choRugwaro.”—Essentials—A Liberal-Evangelical Dialogue.

Chii chakamutungamirira kugumisa kuti kutambudzwa kusingaperi hakuna kuvakirwa paBhaibheri?

Chidzidzo Chomutauro

Chibvumikiso chake chokutanga chinobatanidza mutauro. Iye anotsanangura kuti apo Bhaibheri rinonongedzera kumugariro wokupedzisira wokutukwa (“Gehena”; ona bhokisi, peji 8), kazhinji kazhinji rinoshandisa shoko ro“ruparadziko,” “chiito [chechiGiriki] apollumi (kuparadza) uye zita apòleia (ruparadziko).” Ko aya mashoko anonongedzera kukutambudza here? Stott anoonesa kuti apo chiito chinenge chiri active uye transitive, “apollumi” anoreva “uraya.” (Mateo 2:13; 12:14; 21:41) Nokudaro, pana Mateo 10:28, apo King James Version inodudza kuparadza kwaMwari “zvose zviri zviviri mweya nomuviri muhero,” pfungwa yomuzvarirwo kuparadza murufu, kwete mukutambura kusingagumi. Pana Mateo 7:13, 14, Jesu anosianisa “nzira nhete, inoenda kuupenyu” ne“nzira yakapamhama, inoenda kukuparadzwa.” Stott anotsinhira, kuti: “Kwaizoratidzika kuva kwechienzi, naizvozvo, kana vanhu vanotaurwa kutambura ruparadziko kutaura idi vasingaparadzwi.” Nechikonzero chakanaka iye anosvika mhedziso, yokuti: “Kana kuuraya kuri kunyima muviri woupenyu, hero yaizoratidzika kuva kunyimwa kwoupenyu hwose huri huviri hwomuviri nohwomudzimu, ndiko kuti, kutsakatika.”—Essentials, mapeji 315-16.

Kududzira Mifananidzo yeInferno

Zvisinei, vanhu vazhinji vorudzidziso vachabvumirana napurezidhendi weSouthern Baptist Convention Morris H. Chapman, uyo akati: “Ndinoparidzira hero chaiyoiyo.” Iye akawedzera, kuti: “Bhaibheri rinoidana kuti ‘dziva romwoto,’ uye handifungi kuti rondedzero iyoyo inogona kuvandudzwa.”

Sezvinobvumwa, kutaurwa kwokufananidzira kwomwoto kunoshandiswa muBhaibheri kungagona kunyandura chiono chendangariro chokutambudza. Zvisinei, bhuku rinonzi Essentials rinoti: “Hakupanikirwi nemhaka yokuti tose takava nechinoitika chamarwadzo makuru okupiswa, kuti mwoto unobatanidzwa mundangariro dzedu no‘kutambudzwa uchiziva’. Asi basa guru romwoto harisati riri rokuparira marwadzo, asi kuwana ruparadziko, seizvo zvoto zvose zvenyika zvinopupurira.” (Peji 316) Kuchengeta musiano iwoyo unokosha mundangariro kuchakubetsera kudzivisa kupinza chimwe chinhu muMagwaro chisirimo zvomenemene. Mienzaniso:

Pamusoro paavo vanokandirwa muGehena, Jesu akataura kuti “pasingafi honye yavo, napasingadzimwi mwoto.” (Marko 9:47, 48) Vapesvedzerwa namashoko ari mubhuku reapocrypha raJudith (“Iye achatuma mwoto namakonye munyama yavo uye vachachema namarwadzo nokusingaperi.”—Judith 16:17, The Jerusalem Bible), vamwe vatsinhiri veBhaibheri vanoita nharo kuti mashoko aJesu anoreva kutambudzwa kusingagumi. Bva, bhuku reapocrypha raJudith, zvarisina kufuridzirwa naMwari, haritongovi mupimo wokusarudza nawo revo yamanyoro aMarko. Isaya 66:24, rugwaro urwo Jesu sezviri pachena akanongedzera kwarwuri, runotaura kuti mwoto namakonye zvinoparadza miviri yakafa (“zvitunha,” anodaro Isaya) zvavavengi vaMwari. Hapana kubaira zani kukutambudzwa uchiziva kusingagumi mumashoko aIsaya kana kuti ayo aJesu. Kutaurwa kwokufananidzira kwomwoto kunofananidzira ruparadziko rwakakwana.

Zvakazarurwa 14:9-11 inotaura nezvavamwe vano“tambudzwa mumwoto nesurferi . . . Utsi hwokutambudzika kwavo hunokwira nokusingaperi-peri.”a Ikoku kunobvumikisa kutambudzwa uchiziva kusingagumi muhero yomwoto here? Zvomenemene, zvose izvo ichi chikamu chinotaura ndezvokuti vakaipa vanotambudzwa, kwete kuti vanotambudzwa nokusingaperi. Rugwaro rwacho rwunotaura kuti ndihwo utsi—ufakazi hwokuti mwoto waita basa rawo roruparadziko—uhwo hunopfuurira nokusingaperi, kwete kutambudza nomwoto.

Zvakazarurwa 20:10-15 inotaura kuti mu“dziva romwoto nesurferi . . . kuti varwadzwe masikati nousiku nokusingaperi-peri.” Pakurava kwokutanga, ikoku kunganzwika sokunge chibvumikiso chokutambudzwa uchiziva kusingagumi nomwoto, asi hakusati chaizvoizvo. Neiko? Pakati pezvimwe zvikonzero, “chikara nomuporofita wenhema” uye “rufu neHadhesi” zvichaguma muchinonzi pano “dziva romwoto.” Sezvaungagumisa nyore nyore, chikara, muporofita wenhema, rufu, uye Hadhesi, havasi vanhu chaivoivo; naizvozvo, hazvigoni kutambura kutambudzwa zvichiziva. Panzvimbo pezvo, G. B. Caird anonyora muA Commentary on the Revelation of St. John the Divine, kuti “dziva romwoto” rinoreva “kuparara norupadziko rwakakwana.” Uku kuziva kunofanira kusvikwa nyore nyore, nokuti Bhaibheri rimene rinotaura pamusoro peiri dziva romwoto, kuti: “Ndirwo rufu rwechipiri, ndiro dziva romwoto.”—Zvakazarurwa 20:14.

Kuparadzanisa Manyambiri Orudzidziso

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvibvumikiso, vatendi vazhinji vanotaura kuti “ruparadziko” harurevi icho shoko racho rinotaura asi rinoreva kutambudzwa kusingagumi. Neiko? Kufunga kwavo kunopesvedzerwa namanyambiri orudzidziso ehero yomwoto—dzidziso yokusafa kwomweya womunhu. Uye sezvo chechi yavo ingave yakatsigira aya manyambiri kwamazana amakore, ivo vangarangarira kuti magwaro anotaura nezvoruparadziko anoreva zvomenemene kutambudzwa kusingagumi. Pashure pokurangarira zvose, mweya womunhu usingafi haugoni kusavapo—kana kuti kunorangarirwa kudaro navazhinji.

Asi cherechedza pfundo rakaitwa nomufundisi weAnglican Philip E. Hughes: “Kutaura kuti mweya womunhu bedzi haufi nenzira yomuzvarirwo kuva nechimiro chisingabvumirwi munzvimbo ipi neipi mudzidziso yoRugwaro, nokuti mukuratidzira kweBhaibheri musikirwo womunhu unoonwa nguva dzose sowakaumbwa zvakakwana nezvose zviri zviviri nomuviri womudzimu nowenyama. . . . Nyevero yaMwari pamavambo, pamusoro pomuti wakarambidzwa, ‘Muzuva raunoudya uchafa,’ wakataurwa kumunhu sechisikwa chenyama-chomudzimu—kana akafanira kuudya, kwakanga kwakadaro kuti iye aizofa. Hapana chikarakadzo chokuti rutivi rwake rwakanga rwusingafi uye naizvozvo kuti kufa kwake kwaizova murutivi bedzi.”—The True Image—The Origin and Destiny of Man in Christ.

Nenzira yakafanana, mufundisi Clark Pinnock anotsinhira, kuti: “Uyu murangariro [wokuti mweya womunhu haufi] wakapesvedzera rudzidziso kwenguva yakareba kwazvo asi hausi weBhaibheri. Bhaibheri haridzidzisi kusafa kwomusikirwo kwomweya.” Ezekieri 18:4, 20 naMateo 10:28 dzinosimbisa ikoku. Uyezve, Jesu amene akataura nezveshamwari yake yakafa Razaro saa“vata,” kana kuti kurara. Jesu akataura kuti iye aifanira kuti a“mumutse pahope.” (Johane 11:11-14) Naizvozvo munhu, kana kuti mweya womunhu, Razaro akanga afa, asi kunyange pashure pokunge nguva yakati yapfuura, aigona kumutswa, kudzorerwa kuupenyu zvakare. Maidi anobvumikisa ikoko. Jesu akamutsa Razaro kuna vakafa.—Johane 11:17-44.

Aya mapfundo anotapura sei dzidziso yokutambudzwa kusingagumi? Shure muzana ramakore rechi 17, munyori wenhau William Temple akati: “Kune [magwaro] anotaura nezvokukandirwa mumwoto usingadzimi. Asi kana tisingasviki iwawa nomurangariro wokuti icho nokudaro chinokandwa hachiparadziki, tichawana murangariro, kwete wokuti chichatsva nokusingaperi, asi wokuti chichaparadzwa.” Kamuraniso yakarurama iyoyo ichiri yechokwadi, nokuti ndizvo izvo Bhaibheri rinodzidzisa zvomenemene.

Nenzira isingarambwi, une zvikonzero zvakasimba zvokupanikira pfungwa yokutambudzwa kusingagumi uchiziva muhero. Kana kuti zvichida unoda kupfuura kubvunzawo zvako ndokutevera zano rapurofesa worudzidziso Pinnock, uyo akati: “Zvitendero zvose zvakapoteredza hero, kubatanidza kutambudzwa kusingagumi, . . . zvinofanira kubviswa pahwaro hwedzidziso inodavirika.” Hungu, kufa, ruramisiro, uye—chinokosha zvikurusa—Shoko raMwari, Bhaibheri, zvinokuudza kuita izvozvo chaizvo.

Kana ukadaro, uchaona kuti mugariro wechokwadi wehero unodavirika zvamazvirokwazvo. Unogona kuwana mashoko anobetsera pauyu musoro mubhuku rinonzi Iwe Unogona Kurarama Nokusingaperi muParadhiso Pasi pano.b Tapota ribvunze apo unosangana neZvapupu zvaJehovha. Rava ganhuro “Chii Chinoitika Parufu?” “Hero Inzvimbo Yorudzii?” uye “Rumuko—Rwaani, uye Kupi?” Uchawana kuti mugariro wechokwadi wehero hausati uchingova unodavirika bedzi asi unovimbisawo.

[Mashoko Omuzasi]

[Bhokisi riri papeji 8]

KURONDEDZERA MASHOKO ACHO

Munyaya ino mashoko okuti “hero” uye “hero yomwoto” sezvaanoshandiswa navafundisi muchiKristudhomu anonongedzera kushoko rechiGiriki geʹen·na, iro rinooneka ka 12 mu“Testamente Itsva.” (Mateo 5:22, 29, 30; 10:28; 18:9; 23:15, 33; Marko 9:43, 45, 47; Ruka 12:5; Jakobho 3:6) Kunyange zvazvo shanduro dzakasiana-siana dzeBhaibheri dzichishandura iri shoko rechiGiriki kuti “hero,” dzimwe shanduro dzinorinyora namabhii aro “Gehena.” Iro rinowirirana no“rufu rwechipiri, dziva romwoto,” chiratidziro choruparadziko rusingaperi chinowanwa mubhuku rokupedzisira reBhaibheri.—Zvakazarurwa 20:14.

Pamusoro pamamwe mashoko maviri pane dzimwe nguva anoshandurwa kuti “hero,” A Dictionary of the Bible (1914), rakarongwa naWilliam Smith, rinoti: “Hero . . . ishoko kazhinji kazhinji uye sezvineiwo rinoshandiswa navashanduri vedu kushandura Sheori wechiHebheru. Zvichida kungadai kwakava kuri nani kuchengeta shoko rechiHebheru Sheori, kana kuti zvimwe kurishandura nguva dzose ne‘guva’ kana kuti ‘gomba’. . . . MuT[estamente] I[tsva], shoko rokuti Hadhesi, kufanana neSheori, pane dzimwe nguva tinoreva ‘guva’ zvaro . . . Ndimo muiyi pfungwa umo zvitendero zvinotaura nezvaShe wedu kuti ‘Iye akapinda muhero,’ kureva mugariro wavakafa vose zvavo.”

Kusafanana neGehena, iro rinofananidzira ruparadziko rwokupedzisira, Sheori neHadhesi anonongedzera kurufu muguva ravose rorudzi rwomunhu, nekariro yokumutsirwa kuupenyu zvakare.—Zvakazarurwa 20:13.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 9]

Jesu akamutsa Razaro mukuvata kworufu