ChiKristu Chapakuvamba neHurumende

MAAWA mashomanene kufa kwake kusati kwasvika, Jesu akaudza vadzidzi vake, kuti: “Zvamusati muri venyika, asi ini ndakakusanangurai panyika, saka nyika inokuvengai.” (Johane 15:19) Ikoku kunoreva here, kunyange zvakadaro, kuti vaKristu vaizogamuchira chimiro chendangariro choutsinye kuzviremera zvenyika ino?

Havasi Venyika Asi Havana Utsinye

Muapostora Pauro akaudza vaKristu vaigara muRoma, kuti: “Munhu mumwe nomumwe ngaazviise pasi pamasimba makuru.” (VaRoma 13:1) Nenzira yakafanana, muapostora Petro akanyora, kuti: “Muzviise pasi pechirevo chimwe nechimwe chavanhu nokuda kwaShe: kana ari mambo, nokuti ndiye mukuru; kana vari vabati, nokuti vakatumwa naye kuti vatsive vanoita zvakaipa, uye varumbidze vanoita zvakanaka.” (1 Petro 2:13, 14) Kuzviisa pasi peHurumende nevamiririri vayo vakagadzwa zvakafanira kwakanga kuri nenzira yakajeka nheyo inogamuchirwa pakati pavaKristu vapakuvamba. Vakaedza kuva vagari vemo vanoteerera mutemo uye kurarama norugare navanhu vose.—VaRoma 12:18.

Pasi pomusoro unoti “Church and State,” (“Chechi neHurumende”) The Encyclopedia of Religion inozivisa, kuti: “Mumazana amakore matatu okutanga AD chechi yechiKristu yakanga yakaparadzaniswa zvikuru nenzanga yehurumende yeRoma . . . Kunyange zvakadaro, vatungamiriri vechiKristu . . . vakadzidzisa kuteerera mutemo weRoma uye kuvimbika kuna mambo, mukati memiganhu yakaiswa nekutenda kwechiKristu.”

Kudza, Kwete Kunamata

VaKristu vakanga vasina utsinye kuna mambo weRoma. Vairemekedza chiremera chake uye vaimupa rukudzo rwakanga rwakafanira nzvimbo yake. Mukati mekutonga kwaMambo Nero, muapostora Petro akanyorera vaKristu vaigara mumativi akasiyana-siyana eUmambo hweRoma, kuti: “Kudzai vanhu vose. . . . Kudzai Mambo.” (1 Petro 2:17) Shoko rokuti “mambo” raishandiswa munyika yaitaura chiGiriki kwete bedzi nokuda kwamadzimambo emunzvimbomo asiwo nokuda kwamambo weRoma. Muapostora Pauro akapa zano vaKristu vaigara mudzimbahwe reUmambo hweRoma, kuti: “Ripirai vose zvavanofanira kuripirwa: . . . kukudza kuna vanofanira kukudzwa.” (VaRoma 13:7) Mutongi weRoma zvirokwazvo akarayira kukudzwa. Pakupedzisira, akatorayira kunamatwa. Pano, kunyange zvakadaro, vaKristu vapakuvamba vakaisa muganhu.

Pakutongwa kwake pamberi pemutongi weRoma muzana ramakore rechipiri C.E., Polycarp sezvinoshumwa akazivisa, kuti: “Ndiri muKristu. . . . Tinodzidziswa kupa rukudzo rwose rwakafanira . . . kumasimba nezviremera zvakagadzwa naMwari.” Polycarp akasarudza, zvisinei, kufa panzvimbo pokunamata mambo. Mudziviriri wedzidziso wezana ramakore rechipiri Theophilus weAntioch akanyora, kuti: “Ndingasva hangu ndakudza mambo, kwete zvirokwazvo kumunamata, asi kumunyengeterera. Asi ndinonamata Mwari, Mwari mupenyu uye wechokwadi.”

Minyengetero yakafanira pamusoro pamambo yakanga isiri munzira ipi neipi yakabatanidzwa nekunamatwa kwamambo kana kuti neurudzi. Muapostora Pauro akatsanangura chinangwa chayo, achiti: “Naizvozvo pakutanga kwezvose ndinorayira kuti vanhu vose vakumbirirwe, vanyengetererwe, varevererwe, vaongerwe; madzimambo, navose vari vakuru, kuti tigare norugare nokunyarara pakunamata Mwari kwose, nomugarire unokudzwa.”—1 Timotio 2:1, 2.

“Kunze Kwenzanga”

Uyu mufambiro wokuremekedza wavaKristu vapakuvamba hauna kuvaunzira ushamwari hwemunyika mavaigara. Wezvenhau weFrance A. Hamman anorondedzera kuti vaKristu vapakuvamba “vaigara kunze kwenzanga.” Chaizvoizvo vaigara kunze kwenzanga mbiri, yechiJudha neyeRoma, vachisangana nefungira mano huru nekusanzwisisa zvaibva kune dzose dziri mbiri.

Somuenzaniso, apo akapomerwa zvenhema nevatungamiriri vechiJudha, muapostora Pauro akataura mukuzvidzivirira ari pamberi pagavhuna weRoma, kuti: “Handina kutadzira murayiro wavaJudha, kana tembere, kana Kesari. . . . Ndinozviisa kuna Kesari.” (Mabasa 25:8, 11) Achiziva kuti vaJudha vakanga vachirangana kumuuraya, Pauro akakwirira kuna Nero, nokudaro achibvuma chiremera chamambo weRoma. Pakupedzisira, pakutongwa kwake kwokutanga muRoma, kunoratidzika kuti Pauro akawanwa asina mhaka. Asi gare gare akaiswa mutorongo zvakare, uye maererano negamuchidzanwa akaurawa pakurayira kwaNero.

Pamusoro pechimiro chakaoma chavaKristu vapakuvamba munzanga yeRoma, nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu uye mufundisi Ernst Troeltsch yakanyora, kuti: “Nzvimbo dzose nezvirondwa zvakadziviswa izvo zvaiva nebatano ipi neipi nekunamata zvidhori, kana kuti nekunamatwa kwaMambo, kana kuti izvo zvaiva nechipi nechipi chokuita nekuteurwa kweropa kana kuti nechirango chorufu, kana kuti izvo zvaizobatanidza vaKristu neunzenza hwechihedheni.” Chimiro ichi hachina kusiya nzvimbo yeukama hune rugare uye hwokuremekedzana pakati pavaKristu neHurumende here?

Kuripira Kesari “Zvakafanira” Zvake

Jesu akagovera nheyo yaizodzora mufambiro wechiKristu kuHurumende yeRoma kana kuti, chaizvoizvo, imwe hurumende ipi neipi, apo akazivisa, kuti: “Ipai Kesari zvaKesari, naMwari zvaMwari.” (Mateo 22:21) Zano iri kuvateveri vaJesu rakanga richipesana zvikuru nechimiro chendangariro chavaJudha vazhinji veurudzi avo vakatsamwira kutonga kweRoma uye vakapokanidza kuva pamutemo kwokuripira mitero kusimba rekumwe.

Gare gare, Pauro akaudza vaKristu vaigara muRoma, kuti: “Naizvozvo munofanira kuzviisa pasi pavo, musingadaro nokuda kwokutsamwa bedzi, asi nokuda kwehanawo. Nokuti nemhaka iyo munoripawo mutero; nokuti ndivo [“masimba makuru” ehurumende] varanda vaMwari, vanoramba vachingobatira chinhu icho. Ripirai vose zva[kafanira zvavo, NW]: Mutero kuna vanofanira kutererwa; muripo kuna vanofanira kuripirwa; kutya kuna vanofanira kutyiwa; kukudza kuna vanofanira kukudzwa.” (VaRoma 13:5-7) Nepo vaKristu vakanga vasiri rutivi rwenyika, vakanga vaine musengwa wokuva vagari vemo vakatendeseka, vanoripira mitero, vachiripira Hurumende nokuda kwemabasa aiitwa.—Johane 17:16.

Asi mashoko aJesu akaganhurirwa kukuripira mitero here? Sezvo Jesu asina kurondedzera chaizvoizvo kuti zvaKesari ndezvipi uye kuti zvaMwari ndezvipi, kune zviitiko zvepamuganhu izvo zvinofanira kusarudzwa maererano nenharaunda kana kuti maererano nekunzwisisa kwedu Bhaibheri rose. Nemamwe mashoko, kusarudza kuti zvinhu zvipi izvo muKristu angaripira Kesari pane dzimwe nguva kungabatanidza hana yomuKristu, sezvinojekeswa nenheyo dzeBhaibheri.

Kudzikama Kwokungwarira Pakati Pezvinodikanwa Zviviri Zvinokwikwidzana

Vanhu vazhinji vanokanganwa kuti pashure pokutaura kuti zvinhu zvaKesari zvinofanira kuripirwa kwaari, Jesu akawedzera, kuti: “[ripirai] Mwari zvaMwari.” Muapostora Petro akaratidza pane zvokutanga nokuda kwavaKristu. Nokukurumidza pashure pokupa zano rokuzviisa pasi pa“mambo,” uye “vabati” vake, Petro akanyora, kuti: “Savanhu vakasununguka, musingaiti kusununguka kwenyu kuti chive chifukidzo chezvakaipa, asi muve varanda vaMwari. Kudzai vanhu vose. Idai hama dzose. Ityai Mwari. Kudzai mambo.” (1 Petro 2:16, 17) Muapostora akaratidza kuti vaKristu varanda vaMwari, kwete vemutongi ari munhu. Nepo vachifanira kuratidza rukudzo rwakafanira noruremekedzo nokuda kwavamiririri veHurumende, vanofanira kuita saizvozvo mukutya Mwari, ane mitemo mikurusa.

Makore mazhinji ikoko kusati kwaitika Petro akanga asina kusiya panikiro pamusoro pokutanhamara kwemitemo yaMwari kupfuura yomunhu. Sanihedrini yechiJudha yakanga iri boka rinotonga iro vaRoma vakanga vapa zvose zviri zviviri chiremera chehurumende necherudzidziso. Apo yakarayira vateveri vaJesu kurega kudzidzisa muzita raKristu, Petro navamwe vaapostora vakapindura nokuremekedza asi zvakasimba, vachiti: “Tinofanira kuteerera Mwari kupfuura vanhu.” (Mabasa 5:29) Nenzira yakajeka, vaKristu vapakuvamba vaifanira kuchengeta kudzikama kwokungwarira pakati pekuteerera Mwari nekuzviisa pasi pezviremera zvaiva vanhu kwakafanira. Tertullian akakutaura nenzira iyi pakuvamba muzana ramakore rechitatu C.E.: “Kana zvose zviri zvaKesari, ndezvipi zvichasarira Mwari?”

Kubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira neHurumende

Sezvo nguva yakapfuura, chimiro chakagamuchirwa navaKristu vemuzana ramakore rokutanga pamusoro peHurumende chakaneta zvishoma nezvishoma. Kuramba kutenda kwakafanotaurwa naJesu navaapostora kwakapararira mumazana amakore echipiri neechitatu C.E. (Mateo 13:37, 38; Mabasa 20:29, 30; 2 VaTesaronika 2:3-12; 2 Petro 2:1-3) ChiKristu chakaramba kutenda chakabvumirana pane zvisina kufanira nenyika yeRoma, chakagamuchira mitambo yayo yechihedheni neuzivi hwayo, uye chakagamuchira kwete bedzi basa rehurumende asiwo basa rechiuto.

Purofesa Troeltsch akanyora, kuti: “Kubva muzana ramakore rechitatu zvichienda mberi mamiriro ezvinhu akava akaoma zvikuru, nokuti vaKristu vakava vakawanda zvikuru munzvimbo dzakakwirira dzeNzanga uye mumabasa akatanhamara zvikuru, muuto uye munzvimbo dzehurumende. Muzvikamu zvemashoko zvinoverengeka mumanyoro echiKristu [asiri eBhaibheri] mune kuramba kwekutsamwa pamusoro pekutora rutivi muzvinhu izvi; pane rumwe rutivi, tinowanawo kuedza kwokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira—nharo dzakagadzirirwa kunyaradza hana dzisina kugadzikana . . . Kubva panguva yaConstantine zvinetso izvi zvakanyangarika; kurwisana pakati pavaKristu navahedheni kwakapera, uye nzvimbo dzose muHurumende dzakazarurwa.”

Nechokumugumo kwezana ramakore rechina C.E., ichi chimiro chakashatiswa, chinobvumirana pane zvisina kufanira chechiKristu chakava rudzidziso rweHurumende yeUmambo hweRoma.

Munhau yacho yose, chiKristudhomu—chinomirirwa neChechi dzechiKaturike, chiOrthodox, uye chiPurotesitendi—chakapfuurira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira neHurumende, chichibatanidzwa zvikuru mune zvematongerwe enyika zvayo uye kuitsigira muhondo dzayo. Mitezo yechechi mizhinji yapachokwadi iyo yakakatyamadzwa naikoku pasina panikiro ingafadzwa kuziva kuti kune vaKristu nhasi vanoomerera kuchimiro chavaKristu vemuzana ramakore rokutanga muukama hwavo neHurumende. Nyaya mbiri dzinotevera dzichakurukura nhau yacho muudzame hukuru.

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 5]

Kesari Nero, uyo Petro akanyora nezvake, kuti: “Kudzai mambo”

[Kwazvakatorwa]

Musei Capitolini, Roma

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 6]

Polycarp akasarudza kufa panzvimbo pokunamata mambo

[Mufananidzo uri papeji 7]

VaKristu vapakuvamba vakanga vari vagari vane rugare, vakatendeseka, vanoripa mitero