“Mutemo Wakava Muperekedzi Wedu”
VANA vangani vanoziva kuti mitemo uye chirango zvinokosha? Vashoma. Kwavari mitemo inovatadzisa kufara. Zvisinei, vaya vane basa rokutarisira vaduku, vanoziva kuti zvinokosha zvikuru kunyatsovatarisira. Vaduku vakawanda vanozonzwisisa kukosha kwokutungamirirwa kwavaiitwa kana vakura. Muapostora Pauro akashandisa muenzaniso womurume aichengetedza vana kuti aenzanisire chimwe chinhu paukama hwakanga huri kutanga pakati paJehovha Mwari nevanhu vake.
Vamwe vaKristu vomuzana remakore rokutanga vaiva muGaratiya, rwaiva ruwa rweRoma, vaisimbirira papfungwa yokuti Mwari aingoda chete vaya vaiteerera Mutemo waakanga apa vaIsraeri achishandisa Mosesi. Muapostora Pauro aiziva kuti dzaiva nhema, nokuti Mwari akapa mudzimu mutsvene kune vamwe vakanga vasina kumboita zvaitaurwa nomutemo wechiJudha. (Mabasa 15:12) Saka Pauro akaruramisa mafungiro acho achishandisa muenzaniso. Mutsamba yaakanyorera vaKristu vokuGaratiya, akati: “Mutemo wakava muperekedzi wedu uchitungamirira kuna Kristu.” (VaGaratiya 3:24) Imwe nyanzvi inoti muenzaniso womuperekedzi “une zvakawanda zvaunoreva zvakatangira mumakore ekare.” Kunzwisisa zvaiitika kare kuchaita kuti zvaitaurwa naPauro zvijeke.
Muperekedzi uye Mabasa Ake
Vaperekedzi vaishandiswa chaizvo nemhuri dzevaGiriki nedzevaRoma dzaiva dzakabudirira, uyewo kunyange mudzimba dzechiJudha kuti vatarisire vana kubvira paucheche kusvikira pakuyaruka. Kazhinji muperekedzi uyu aiva muranda aivimbwa naye, ainge akura, aidzivirira mwana pangozi uye aiva nechokwadi chokuti zvaidiwa nababa vomwana zvaitwa. Muswere wose wezuva, muperekedzi uyu ainge aine mwana kwose kwaaienda, aiita kuti agare akachena, aienda naye kuchikoro, aiwanzomutakurira mabhuku nezvimwewo uye aimubatsira pazvidzidzo zvake.
Muperekedzi uyu akanga asiri hake mudzidzisi wokuchikoro. Pane kuti adzidzise zvokuchikoro, zvaaiva mutarisiri womwana aingomudzidzisa zvaidiwa nababa vake. Zvisinei, aigona kutungamirira uye kuranga kunyange zvazvo akanga asingagadzi mitemo yakananga. Izvi zvaisanganisira kunyatsomudzidzisa tsika, kumutsiura uye kunyange kumurova kana aita misikanzwa. Zviri pachena kuti baba naamai ndivo vaiva nebasa guru rokudzidzisa mwana. Asi, sezvo mukomana aikura, muperekedzi wake aimudzidzisa mafambiro aaifanira kuita mumugwagwa, kuti aifanira kupfeka jasi rake, kudya uye kugara zvakanaka, uye kusimukira vanhu vakuru, kuda vabereki vake nezvimwewo.
Zviri pachena kuti muzivi wechiGiriki Plato (428-348 B.C.E.) aiona sokuti mwana aisafanira kungoregwa achiita semombe yemashanga. Akanyora kuti, “Sezvo zvisingaiti kuti makwai kana zvimwe zvipfuyo zvigare zvisina mufudzi, saizvozvowo vana havagoni kurarama vasina muperekedzi, kana kuti muranda asina tenzi.” Maonero ake angaita sokuti anyanyisa, asi ndiwo aiva maonero ake.
Sezvo vaperekedzi vaigara vaine vana, vakanga vava kuonekwa sevarindi vanodzvinyirira uye vanoranga zvine hasha vaya vasingateereri uye vanogara vachipomera vana tunyaya tuduku tusina basa. Kunyange zvakadaro, muperekedzi aiita kuti mwana asakanganiswe tsika uye kuti asakuvadzwe. Munyori wenhau dzakaitika kare wechiGiriki anonzi Appian womuzana remakore rechipiri C.E. anorondedzera nezvenyaya yomumwe muperekedzi aienda nomwana kuchikoro, akamugumbatira achimudzivirira kune vaida kumuponda. Paakaramba kumuregedza, vakabva vaurayiwa vose vari vaviri, muperekedzi nomwana.
Unzenza hwakanga hwakatekeshera munyika yevaGiriki. Vana kunyanya vakomana, vaida kudzivirirwa kuti vasashungurudzwa mune zvepabonde. Saka, vaperekedzi vaipindawo zvidzidzo zvevana nokuti vadzidzisi vokuchikoro vakawanda vakanga vasina kuvimbika. Libanius mumwe muGiriki womuzana remakore rechina C.E. aiva nyanzvi yokutaura akatosvika pakutaura kuti vaperekedzi vaifanira “kurinda pwere dzichiri kuyaruka,” kuitira kuti “nhubu dzitambire kure uye dzisashamwaridzana nevakomana.” Vaperekedzi vakawanda vakanga vava kuremekedzwa nevavaidzivirira. Pamakuva paiva nemashoko evanhu vakuru vairatidza kuonga vaimbova vaperekedzi vavo vavaida pavainge vafa.
Mutemo Somuperekedzi
Nei muapostora Pauro akafananidza Mutemo waMosesi nomuperekedzi? Nei muenzaniso uyu uchinyatsokodzera?
Chokutanga ndechokuti Mutemo waidzivirira. Pauro akatsanangura kuti vaJudha ‘vaichengetedzwa vari pasi pomutemo.’ Zvaiita sokuti vakanga vari kuchengetedzwa nomuperekedzi. (VaGaratiya 3:23) Mutemo waishanda pane zvose zvavaiita muupenyu hwavo. Waidzora zvido zvavo zvenyama uye zvounzenza. Waiongorora mufambiro wavo uye waigara uchivatsiura kana vakanganisa, uchiita kuti muIsraeri mumwe nomumwe azive kuti akanga asina kukwana.
Mutemo waidzivirirawo kuti vasafurirwa kuita zvinhu zvakaipa, zvakadai sokuva nounhu hwakaipa uye kutevedzera tsika dzezvitendero zvemarudzi aive akapoteredza Israeri. Somuenzaniso, kurambidza kwakaita Mwari kuti vasaroorana nevahedheni, kwaikosha kuti rudzi rwose ruve noukama hwakanaka naMwari. (Dheuteronomio 7:3, 4) Mirayiro yakadaro yaichengetedza kunamata kwavo Mwari kwakachena uye yaiita kuti vazokwanisa kuziva Mesiya. Chokwadi kuteerera Mutemo kwaibatsira uye izvi zvairatidza kuti Mwari aida vanhu vake. Mosesi akayeuchidza vaIsraeri hama dzake kuti: “Sokururamisa kunoita munhu mwanakomana wake, Jehovha Mwari wako aikururamisa.”—Dheuteronomio 8:5.
Zvisinei, chainyanya kukosha pamuenzaniso waPauro ndechokuti muperekedzi akanga asingatarisiri mwana kwoupenyu hwake hwose. Mwana paainge abva zera, aisangoramba achitarisirwa nomuperekedzi. Munyori wechiGiriki wenhau dzakaitika anonzi Xenophon (431-352 B.C.E.) akati: “Mukomana paanokura kuva jaya asisiri mwana, vabereki vanomubvisa mumaoko [omuperekedzi] uye [omudzidzisi]; anenge asisiri kutarisirwa navo asi anenge asununguka kuita zvaanoda.”
Ndiwo mashandiro aiitawo Mutemo waMosesi. Wakanga usingazorambi uchishandiswa, waiita “kuti kudarika kuiswe pachena, kusvikira mwana [Jesu Kristu] achisvika.” Muapostora Pauro akatsanangura kuti kuvaJudha, Mutemo waiva ‘muperekedzi anotungamirira kuna Kristu.’ Kuti vaJudha vakararama pamwe chete naPauro vafarirwe naMwari vaifanira kubvuma basa raJesu muchinangwa chaMwari. Pavainge vangodaro basa romuperekedzi raibva rapera.—VaGaratiya 3:19, 24, 25.
Mutemo wakapiwa vaIsraeri naMwari wakanga wakakwana. Wakanyatsoita zvawakanga wagadzirirwa naMwari, zvokudzivirira vanhu vake uye kuita kuti vazive mitemo yake yakakwirira. (VaRoma 7:7-14) Mutemo waiva muperekedzi akanaka. Zvisinei, kune vamwe vaichengetedzwa nawo, zvawaida zvaiita sezvaivaremera. Saka, Pauro aigona kunyora kuti nguva yakagadzwa yaMwari payakasvika, “Kristu nokutitenga akatisunungura pakutuka kwoMutemo.” Mutemo ‘waituka’ pakungoti waiita kuti vaJudha vasina kukwana vateerere mitemo yavakanga vasingakwanisi kunyatsotevedzera. Waida kuti vanhu vatevedzere tsika idzi vasingatsaudziri. MuJudha paaingobvuma urongwa hwakakwirira hwakaitwa kuti huvepo nechibayiro chorudzikinuro chaJesu, akanga asisafaniri kudzorwa nomuperekedzi.—VaGaratiya 3:13; 4:9, 10.
Saka Pauro akafananidza Mutemo waMosesi nomuperekedzi kuti asimbise kuti wakanga usingazorambi uchishandiswa. Kufarirwa naJehovha hakubvi pakuteerera Mutemo iwoyo, asi pakuziva Jesu uye kutenda maari.—VaGaratiya 2:16; 3:11.
[Bhokisi/Mufananidzo uri papeji 21]
“VACHENGETI” UYE “VATARIRI”
Pane kungonyora nezvomuperekedzi, muapostora Pauro akashandisawo muenzaniso we“vachengeti” uye “vatariri.” Pana VaGaratiya 4:1, 2, tinoverenga kuti: “Chero bedzi mugari wenhaka ari mucheche, iye haana kumbosiyana nomuranda, kunyange zvazvo ari ishe wezvinhu zvose, asi ari pasi pevachengeti uye pasi pevatariri kusvikira pazuva rakafanotarwa nababa vake.” Mabasa e“vachengeti” uye e“vatariri” aiva akasiyana chaizvo neevaperekedzi, asi pfungwa yaida kubudiswa naPauro yaiva yakangofanana.
Pamutemo weRoma, ‘muchengeti’ aigadzwa zviri pamutemo kuti ave muchengeti wenherera ichiri duku uye kutarisira mari yomwana kusvikira akura. Saka Pauro anoti kunyange zvazvo mwana aiva “ishe” panhaka yake, chero bedzi achiri mwana akanga asina kodzero yenhaka yacho sezvakangoita muranda.
Ukuwo ‘mutariri,’ akanga ari mumiririri aitarisira mari yemhuri. Munyori wechiJudha wenhau dzakaitika Flavius Josephus anoti jaya rainzi Hyrcanus rakakumbira baba varo kuti vanyore tsamba yaibvumira mutariri wake kuti ape Hyrcanus mari yokutenga chero chaaida.
Saka sezvakangoita kutarisirwa nomuperekedzi, kutarisirwa ‘nomuchengeti’ kana ‘nomutariri’ kwairatidza kuti mwana paakanga achiri muduku aisava norusununguko. Upenyu hwomwana hwaidzorwa nevamwe kusvikira nguva yakatarwa nababa vacho yakwana.
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 19]
Mufananidzo uri pavhasi rekare rechiGiriki unoratidza muperekedzi nomudonzvo wake
[Kwazvakatorwa]
National Archaeological Museum, Athens
[Mufananidzo uri papeji 19]
Mufananidzo uri pakapu yomuzana remakore rechishanu B.C.E. unoratidza muperekedzi (ane mudonzvo) achitarisa mwana achirayiridzwa nhetembo nemimhanzi
[Kwazvakatorwa]
Bildarchiv Preussischer Kulturbesitz/Art Resource, NY