CHAIITA KUTI ZVIOME KURICHENGETEDZA: Vanyori veBhaibheri uye vamwe vakazorikopa vaiwanzonyorera pamatehwe uye pamapepa akagadzirwa nenhokwe. (2 Timoti 4:13) Sei izvi zvaiita kuti zviome kuchengetedza Bhaibheri?

Pepa rakagadzirwa nenhokwe rinokurumidza kubvaruka uye kuchinja ruvara. Richard Parkinson naStephen Quirke avo vanoongorora zvaiitika kuEgypt vanoti, “Pepa racho rinogona kupedzisira raora rosara raita tushinda-shinda uye raita hupfu. Kana rikachengetwa panenge paine unyoro rinogona kuita chakuvhuvhu kana kuora uye rinogona kurumwa nemakonzo kana kudyiwa nemujuru.” Zvimwe zvinyorwa zvakawanika zvainge zvakagadzirwa nenhokwe, zvakaiswa paiva nechiedza chakawanda uye unyoro, uye izvi zvakaita kuti zvikurumidze kuora.

Matehwe akasimba kupfuura nhokwe, asi anogona kuparara kana akasabatwa zvakanaka kana kuti akachengetwa panonyanya kutonhora kana kupisa, pane unyoro, kana kuti pane chiedza chakawanda.a Tupukanana tunofarirawo matehwe. Ndokusaka bhuku renhoroondo dzekare rinonzi Everyday Writing in the Graeco-Roman East rakati, “kashoma kuwana zvinyorwa zvekare.” Saka kudai Bhaibheri rakaparara, hapana pataizomboziva nezvaro.

BHAIBHERI RAKAZOSVIKA SEI KWATIRI? Murayiro wevaJudha waiti mambo wese aifanira “kuzvinyorera kopi yomutemo uyu mubhuku,” uye mutemo wacho waiumbwa nemabhuku mashanu ekutanga eBhaibheri. (Dheuteronomio 17:18) Uyewo, vakopi vaiva neunyanzvi vakagadzira zvinyorwa zvakawanda zveBhaibheri zvekuti pakazotanga chiKristu, Magwaro akanga ava kuwanika mumasinagogi akawanda muIsraeri yose, kusvika kunyange kuMakedhoniya chaiko! (Ruka 4:16, 17; Mabasa 17:11) Zvakafamba sei kuti zvimwe zvinyorwa zvekare-kare zvirambe zviripo kusvikira iye zvino?

“VaJudha vaizivikanwa nekuchengeta Magwaro muzvirongo,” akadaro mumwe anoongorora nezveTestamende Itsva, anonzi Philip W. Comfort. Zvinoita sekuti vaKristu vakaendererawo mberi nekuita izvi. Kune zvinyorwa zvekare-kare zveBhaibheri zvakawanikwa muzvirongo, uyewo munzvimbo dzine rima dzakadai semapako, nemunzvimbo dzainge dzisina unyoro.

IZVI ZVAKABATSIRA SEI? Nhasi uno kune zvinyorwa zvakawanda chaizvo zvekare zveBhaibheri, uye zvimwe zvacho zvatova nemakore anopfuura 2 000. Hapana rimwe bhuku rine zvinyorwa zvekare zvakawanda seizvi.

ZVAVAKAITA: Vatungamiriri vakawanda vezvematongerwo enyika uye vezvitendero vakaita zvinopesana nezviri muBhaibheri. Kakawanda kacho vaishandisa zvinzvimbo zvavo kuti varambidze vanhu kuva neBhaibheri, kurigadzira kana kurishandura. Zvimwe zvavakaita ndeizvi:

•  Munenge muna 167 B.C.E.: Mambo Antiochus Epiphanes, akamanikidza muJudha wese kuti atevedzere chitendero chechiGiriki, saka akabva arayira kuti zvinyorwa zvose zveMagwaro echiHebheru zviparadzwe. Munyori wezvaiitika kare Heinrich Graetz akati, vashandi vamambo “vakabvarura uye vakapisa zvinyorwa zvose zvaiva neMagwaro echiHebheru, uye vakauraya vose vaiwanikwa vachizviverenga.”

•  500 C.E.-1500 C.E.: Vamwe vatungamiriri vechechi yeRoma vakagumbukira vanhu vaidzidzisa zviri muBhaibheri pane kuti vape dzidziso yechechi yeRoma. Saka wese aiwanikwa aine mamwe mabhuku eBhaibheri kunze kwebhuku raMapisarema muchiLatin vaimuona semhandu. Rimwe dare rechechi rakatogadza mutemo wokuti varume vemuchechi iyoyo ‘vagare vachisecha dzimba dzevanhu vose vavaifungira kuti imhandu. Wese aibatwa, imba yake yaifanira kuparadzwa.’

Tingadai tisina Bhaibheri dai vanhu ava vakabudirira kuriparadza.

ZVAKAITA KUTI VAKUNDIKANE: Mambo Antiochus aida kuti zvinyorwa zvechiHebheru zviparadzwe muIsraeri, asi vaJudha vakawanda vainge vava kutogara kune dzimwe nyika. Vanoongorora vanofungidzira kuti kubva pana 1 C.E.-100 C.E., vaJudha vanopfuura 60 muzana vakanga vava kugara kunze kweIsraeri. VaJudha vaichengeta Magwaro mumasinagogi avo uye Magwaro iwayo ndiwo akazoshandiswa nezvizvarwa zvakatevera kusanganisira vaKristu.—Mabasa 15:21.

Mumakore aya okuma500 C.E.-1500 C.E. vaya vaida Bhaibheri vakatsungirira pavaitambudzwa uye vakaramba vachirishandura uye vachirikopa. Nechepakati pema1400 zvimwe zvikamu zveBhaibheri zvinogona kunge zvakanga zvava kuwanikwa mumitauro inosvika 33 uye panguva iyi kwakanga kusati kwava nemichina yaikurumidza kuprinda! Kubvira ipapo, maBhaibheri akanga ava kuwanikwa mumitauro yakawanda.

ZVAKAGUMA NEI? Pasinei nezvaiedza kuitwa nemadzimambo ane simba uye vatungamiriri vemachechi, Bhaibheri rakashandurwa mumitauro yakawanda uye riri kuwanikwa nevakawanda kupfuura mamwe mabhuku ose. Bhaibheri rakashandiswa pakugadzira mitemo nemitauro yedzimwe nyika uye riri kubatsira mamiriyoni evanhu.

ZVAVAKAEDZA KUITA: Bhaibheri rakanyatsochengetedzwa kusvikira nhasi uye vanhu vaisarifarira havana kukwanisa kuriparadza. Asi kune vamwe vakopi nevashanduri vakaedza kuchinja mashoko ari muBhaibheri. Vakatomboedza kuchinja Bhaibheri kuti rienderane nedzidziso dzavo panzvimbo pekuti ivo vaite zvinoenderana nezviri muBhaibheri. Chimboona mienzaniso inotevera:

•  Nzvimbo yekunamatira: Mumakore ari pakati pa300 B.C.E. na100 B.C.E. vanyori vemabhuku mashanu ekutanga emuBhaibheri aishandiswa nevaSamariya vakawedzera mashoko pana Eksodho 20:17 ekuti “muAargaareezem. Uye ndomauchavaka atari.” VaSamariya vaida kuti Magwaro atsigire kuvaka kwavakaita temberi “muAargaareezem,” kana kuti muGomo reGerizimu.

•  Dzidziso yekuti Mwari, Jesu neMweya Mutsvene chinhu chimwe chete: Pasina kana makore 300 kubva pakapera kunyorwa Bhaibheri, mumwe munyori anotsigira dzidziso iyi akawedzera mashoko pana 1 Johani 5:7 ekuti, “kudenga, Baba, Shoko, noMweya Mutsvene: zvitatu izvi chinhu chimwe chete.” Mashoko iwayo akanga asimo muzvinyorwa zvekutanga zveBhaibheri. Mumwe muongorori weBhaibheri anonzi Bruce Metzger anoti, “Kubva kumakore ekuma500,” mashoko iwayo ange achiwanikwa “kakawanda muzvinyorwa zveOld Latin ne[Latin] Vulgate.”

•  Zita raMwari: Vashanduri vakawanda veBhaibheri vakasarudza kubvisa zita raMwari muMagwaro vachitevedzera zvaiitwa nevaJudha zvekutenda mashura. Vakaritsiva nemazita akadai seokuti “Mwari” kana kuti “Ishe.” MuBhaibheri mazita aya haangoshandiswi achireva Musiki chete asiwo anogona kureva vanhu, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakunamata kwenhema, kana kuti kunyange Dhiyabhorosi chaiye.—Johani 10:34, 35; 1 VaKorinde 8:5, 6; 2 VaKorinde 4:4.a

ZVAKAITA KUTI VASABUDIRIRA: Chekutanga, kunyange zvazvo vamwe vakopi veBhaibheri vaisaita basa ravo nemwoyo wose uye vamwe vachitoita zveunyengeri, kune vakawanda vaiva neunyanzvi uye vachiriita nemazvo. VaMasorete vakakopa Magwaro echiHebheru kubva kumakore ekuma500 kusvika kuma900 uye zvinyorwa zvavo zvinonzi Masoretic text. Zvinonzi vaiverenga kuti mashoko ainge ari muzvinyorwa zvekutanga mangani kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti vaisazoita zvikanganiso. Pavaiona sekuti chinyorwa chavari kukopa chine chikanganiso, vaibva vanyora mashoko mashoma anoratidza izvozvo kumucheto kwezvinyorwa zvavo zveMasoretic text. VaMasorete havana kuda kumbochinja mashoko emuBhaibheri. Purofesa Moshe Goshen-Gottstein akanyora nezvavo achiti, “Vaiiona iri mhosva hombe kuti munhu achinje mashoko ari muBhaibheri achitoziva zvake.”

Chechipiri, iye zvino kune zvinyorwa zvakawanda zveBhaibheri uye zvinotobatsira vaongorori veBhaibheri kuti vaone zvikanganiso zvakaitwa. Somuenzaniso, vatungamiriri vezvitendero vakaita makore akawanda vachidzidzisa kuti maBhaibheri avo echiLatin ndiwo ane nemashoko echokwadi. Asi, pana 1 Johani 5:7, vakawedzera mashoko ambotaurwa panotangira nyaya ino. Chikanganiso ichi chakatopindawo muBhaibheri reChirungu rinonyanya kushandiswa nevakawanda reKing James Version! Asi zvimwe zvinyorwa zvakazowanika zvaiti kudii pandima iyi? Bruce Metzger akanyora kuti: ‘Mashoko akawedzerwa pana 1 Johani 5:7 haawaniki muzvinyorwa zvose zvekare zveBhaibheri zvechiSyriac, Coptic, Armenian, Ethiopic, Arabic, Slavonic, kunze kwezvinyorwa zvechiLatin chete.’ Izvi zvakaita kuti Bhaibheri reKing James Version nemamwe akazodzokororwa abvise mashoko akawedzeredzwa pandima iyi.

Zvinyorwa zvekare-kare zvakazowanika zvinoratidza here kuti mashoko eBhaibheri akachengetedzwa zvakanaka? Pakawanikwa maDead Sea Scrolls muna 1947, vaongorori veBhaibheri vakanga vava kukwanisa kuenzanisa zvinyorwa zveHebrew Masoretic nezvinyorwa izvi zveBhaibheri zvainge zvawanikwa izvo zvakanga zvatova nemakore anopfuura 1 000 kubva pazvakanyorwa. Mumwe wevaongorori vemaDead Sea Scrolls akataura kuti pane chinyorwa chimwe chete “chinoratidza pasina mubvunzo kuti vakopi vechiJudha vainge vanyatsoita basa ravo nemazvo vachikopa mashoko eBhaibheri sezvaari mumakore anopfuura 1 000.”

Raibhurari inonzi Chester Beatty iri muDublin, kuIreland, ine zvinyorwa zvenhokwe zvemabhuku anenge ose zvawo eMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki, kusanganisira zvinyorwa zveBhaibheri zvakanyorwa papfuura makore anenge 100 chete kubva pakapera kunyorwa Bhaibheri. The Anchor Bible Dictionary rinoti, “Kunyange zvazvo zvinyorwa zvenhokwe zvichitiratidza zvimwe zvinhu zvitsva nezvemashoko eBhaibheri, zvinyorwa izvi zvinoitawo kuti tivimbe nekukopwa kwaiitwa mashoko eBhaibheri.”

KUBATSIRA KWAZVAKAITA: Pane kuti kuwanikwa kwezvinyorwa zvekare zvakawanda zveBhaibheri kurikanganise, kwakatoita kuti rivandudzike. Sir Frederic Kenyon vachitaura pamusoro peMagwaro echiKristu echiGiriki vakati, “Hakuna rimwe bhuku rekare rinovimbwa naro seBhaibheri, uye hakuna muongorori akamira pachokwadi angaramba kuti mashoko arimo akanyatsosvika kwatiri sezvaari.” William Henry Green achitaurawo nezveMagwaro echiHebheru akati: “Hakuna rimwe bhuku rekare rakanyatsokopwa nemazvo kunze kweBhaibheri.”