A3
Indlela Lesalitfola Ngayo LiBhayibheli
UmBhali weliBhayibheli nguye lophindze abe nguMlondvoloti walo. Nguye lowatsi akubhalwe lamavi latsi:
“Livi laNkulunkulu wetfu lihlala kuze kube phakadze.”—Isaya 40:8.
Lamavi aliciniso ngisho nobe lamuhla sekute imiculu yakadzeni leyabhalwa ngesandla yemiBhalo yesiHebheru neyesi-Aramua nobe yemiBhalo YemaKhristu YesiGriki. Kodvwa yini lengasenta siciniseke kutsi loko lokuseBhayibhelini lesilisebentisa lamuhla kukuveta konkhe lobekusemiBhalweni yekucala lebeyiphefumulelwe?
BANTFU LEBEBAKOPA IMIBHALO BALILONDVOLOTA LIVI LANKULUNKULU
Mayelana nemiBhalo yesiHebheru, lenye imphendvulo yalombuto singayitfola nasibuka lisiko lakadzeni lelacaliswa nguNkulunkulu, nakatsi kufanele kwentiwe emakhophi emibhalo.b Nasi sibonelo: Jehova watjela emakhosi aka-Israyeli kutsi atentele emakhophi eMtsetfo lobewubhaliwe. (Dutheronomi 17:18) Ngetulu kwaloko, Nkulunkulu waniketa emaLevi umsebenti wekutsi alondvolote incwadzi yeMtsetfo futsi awufundzise bantfu. (Dutheronomi 31:26; Nehemiya 8:7) Ngemuva kwekutsi emaJuda sekatfunjelwe eBhabhulona, kwabese kuba nelicembu lebabhali, nobe tati temtsetfo (emaSoferimu). (Ezra 7:6, imibhalo lengentasi) Ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi, lababhali benta emakhophi lamanyenti etincwadzi letingu-39 temiBhalo yesiHebheru.
Emakhulwini eminyaka leyalandzela, babhali batikopa ngekucophelela letincwadzi. Emkhatsini neminyaka yabo-500 kuya ku-1500 C.E., licembu lebabhali labangemaJuda lokutsiwa ngemaMasorete lachubeka nekukopa letincwadzi. Umbhalo wesandla lomdzala kunayo yonkhe leyabhalwa ngemaMasorete kutsiwa yi-Leningrad Codex, futsi yabhalwa nga-1008/1009 C.E. Cishe nga-1950, kwatfolakala imibhalo yeliBhayibheli lebhalwe ngesandla nobe ticucu tayo letingaba ngu-220 emiculwini leyatfolakala eLwandle Lolufile. Lemibhalo yeliBhayibheli lebhalwe ngesandla beyimidzala kakhulu kune-Leningrad Codex ngeminyaka lengetulu kwalengu-1 000. Kucatsanisa imiculu leyatfolakala eLwandle Lolufile kanye ne-Leningrad Codex kusenta siciniseke nganali liciniso lelibalulekile: Nanobe imiculu leyatfolakala eLwandle Lolufile ihlukile endleleni lebhalwe ngayo, lomehluko awuwuphatamisi umlayeto lobhaliwe.
Kutsiwani-ke ngetincwadzi letingu-27 letisemiBhalweni YemaKhristu YesiGriki? Letincwadzi tacale tabhalwa baphostoli baJesu Khristu kanye nalabanye bafundzi labambalwa bekucala. EmaKhristu ekucala nawo enta emakhophi aletincwadzi, alandzela lelisiko lebabhali labangemaJuda. (KubaseKholose 4:16) Nanobe Diocletian lobekanguMbusi waseRoma kanye nalabanye bebetama kucedza tonkhe tincwadzi temaKhristu ekucala, kunetinkhulungwane teticucu takadzeni nemibhalo leyabhalwa ngesandla lesolo ikhona nalamuhla.
Tincwadzi temaKhristu tahunyushelwa nakuletinye tilwimi. Emahumusho ekucala eliBhayibheli afaka ekhatsi lawo lahunyushwe ngetilwimi takadzeni, njengesi-Armenian, siCoptic, si-Ethiopic, siGeorgian, siLatin kanye nesiSyriac.
KULUNGISELELA EMAGAMA ESIHEBHERU NEWESIGRIKI KUZE AHUNYUSHWE
Akusiwo onkhe emakhophi emibhalo yeliBhayibheli lebhalwe ngesandla lanemagama lafana ncamashi. Manje-ke singati njani kutsi ngukuphi lobekukhona emibhalweni yekucala?
Loku kungafananiswa nathishela locela bafundzi labangu-100 kutsi bakope sehluko lesitsite sencwadzi. Ngisho nobe lesehluko lebebakopa kuso singabese siyalahleka, kungabonakala kutsi bekubhalwe kutsini kuso nakucatsaniswa lamakhophi langu-100. Nanobe umfundzi ngamunye angenta emaphutsa nakakopa lesehluko, mancane ematfuba ekutsi bonkhe labafundzi bente emaphutsa lafananako. Ngendlela lafanako, nangabe tati ticatsanisa tinkhulungwane teticucu letikhona kanye nemakhophi etincwadzi takadzeni teliBhayibheli, tingakhona kubona emaphutsa alabo bebabhala bese tiyakubona loko lobekubhalwe ekucaleni.
“Kungashiwo kufanele kutsi kute lenye incwadzi lendzala kangaka lebhalwe ngekwetsembeka”
Singaciniseka njani kutsi imicondvo lebeyisemibhalweni yekucala yeliBhayibheli yendluliselwe kahle kitsi? Sati lesinguWilliam H. Green sakhuluma ngemiBhalo yesiHebheru satsi: “Kungashiwo kufanele kutsi kute lenye incwadzi lendzala kangaka lebhalwe ngekwetsembeka.” Sati seliBhayibheli lesinguF. F. Bruce sabhala mayelana nemiBhalo YemaKhristu YesiGriki, lebitwa ngekutsi LiThestamente Lelisha, satsi: “Bufakazi lobusekela LiThestamente Lelisha bunyenti kakhulu kunebufakazi lobusekela letinye tincwadzi letabhalwa babhali bakadzeni, futsi kute ngisho munye longangabata kutsi letsembekile.” Waphindze watsi: “Kube LiThestamente Lelisha belihlanganisa tincwadzi letingakhulumi ngenkholo, bekungeke kube nesizatfu sekungabata kutsi tetsembekile.”
Sehluko 40 sencwadzi ya-Isaya emiculwini leyatfolakala eLwandle Lolufile (leyabhalwa kusukela nga-125 kuya ku-100 B.C.E.)
Mncane kakhulu umehluko lokhona nakucatsaniswa nemibhalo yesandla yesiHebheru leyatfolakala ngemuva kweminyaka lengaba ngu-1 000, futsi lomehluko utfolakala kakhulu endleleni lokupelwe ngayo emagama
Sehluko 40 sencwadzi ya-Isaya ku-Aleppo Codex, lengumbhalo wesandla lobalulekile wesiHebheru lowabhalwa ngemaMasorete cishe nga-930 C.E.
Imibhalo yesiHebheru: LiBhayibheli—Lihumusho Lemhlaba Lomusha LemiBhalo Lengcwele (langa-1953 kuya ku-1960) belitsatselwe ku-“Biblia Hebraica” yaRudolf Kittel. Kusukela ngaleso sikhatsi, emahumusho latfutfukisiwe emibhalo yesiHebheru lafaka ekhatsi i-“Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia” ne-“Biblia Hebraica Quinta” besekacuketse imininingwane lesandza kucwaningwa lesekelwe emiculwini leyatfolakala eLwandle Lolufile nakuleminye imibhalo yesandla yakadzeni. Kuletincwadzi taletati, kwakotjwa lobekubhalwe ku-Leningrad Codex kwase kufakwa nemibhalo lengentasi lecatsanisa emagama latsetfwe kuletinye tincwadzi letifaka ekhatsi i-Samaritan Pentateuch, imiculu leyatfolakala eLwandle Lolufile, i-Septuagint yesiGriki, i-Aramaic Targums, i-Latin Vulgate kanye ne-Syriac Peshitta. Ngesikhatsi kulungiselelwa LiHumusho Lemhlaba Lomusha, kwahlolwa i-“Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia” kanye ne-“Biblia Hebraica Quinta.”
Imibhalo yesiGriki: Emkhatsini wa-1853 na-1881, B. F. Westcott na-F.J.A. Hort labatati bacatsanisa imibhalo yesandla yeliBhayibheli kanye neticucu lebetikhona ngesikhatsi balungiselela ikhophi yekucala yemibhalo yesiGriki lebebabona kutsi isondzele kakhulu kulemibhalo yekucala. Cishe nga-1950 iKomidi Yekuhunyushwa KweliBhayibheli Lemhlaba Lomusha yasebentisa leyo khophi nayenta lihumusho lekucala. Kwasetjentiswa nalamanye ema-papyrus akadzeni lokucatjangwa kutsi aba khona eminyakeni lengu-100 nalengu-200 ngemuva kwekuba khona kwaKhristu. Kusukela ngaleso sikhatsi sekutfolakele ema-papyrus lamanyenti. Ngetulu kwaloko, emakhophi lanjengalawo labhalwa nguNestle na-Aland kanye nalabhalwa yi-United Bible Societies aveta lucwaningo lolusandza kwentiwa. Lokunye lokwatfolakala kulolucwaningo kufakiwe kulelihumusho.
Nakuhlolwa lamakhophi ekucala kuyabonakala kutsi lamanye emavesi lasemiBhalweni YemaKhristu YesiGriki latfolakala emahumushweni lamadzala njenge-King James Version engetwa babhali ngekuhamba kwesikhatsi futsi bekangasiyo incenye yemiBhalo lephefumulelwe. Kodvwa ngenca yekutsi indlela yekwehlukanisa emavesi lesetjentiswa emahumushweni eliBhayibheli beseyivele ikhona cishe nga-1550, kukhishwa kwalamavesi kwente kutsi kusale tikhala nakubhalwa tinombolo temavesi emaBhayibhelini lamanyenti. Lamavesi ngulawa: Matewu 17:21; 18:11; 23:14; Makho 7:16; 9:44, 46; 11:26; 15:28; Lukha 17:36; 23:17; Johane 5:4; Imisebenti 8:37; 15:34; 24:7; 28:29; naKubaseRoma 16:24. Kulelihumusho, kufakwe umbhalo longentasi kulamavesi lakhishiwe.
Nakubukwa siphetfo lesidze lesikuMakho 16 (emavesi 9-20), nesiphetfo lesifishane lesikuMakho 16 kanye nemavi latfolakala kuJohane 7:53–8:11, kuyabonakala kutsi onkhe lamavesi bekangekho emibhalweni yesandla yekucala. Ngako-ke lamavesi langasiwo akakafakwa kulelihumusho.c
Lamanye emagama alungisiwe kuze kuvetwe loko tati letikutsatsa njengalokukwendlulisela kahle kakhulu loko bekusemibhalweni yekucala. Nasi sibonelo: Ngekusho kwaleminye imibhalo lebhalwe ngesandla, Matewu 7:13 utsi: “Ngenani ngelisango lelincane, ngobe indlela leya ekubhujisweni ivulekile futsi lisango layo libanti.” Emahumushweni ekucala esiNgisi e-LiHumusho Lemhlaba Lomusha, lamavi latsi “lisango” bekangekho. Nobe kunjalo, ngemuva kwekuhlolisisa bufakazi lobuvetwa yimibhalo lebhalwe ngesandla, kwaphetfwa ngekutsi lamavi latsi “lisango” bekakhona emibhalweni yekucala. Ngako-ke afakiwe kulelihumusho. Kunemavesi lamanyenti lalungiswe ngendlela lefanako. Kodvwa-ke lolushintjo lolwentiwe luncane kakhulu, futsi aluwushintji umlayeto loyinhloko weliVi laNkulunkulu.
I-papyrus lenembhalo wesandla wa-2 KubaseKhorinte 4:13–5:4 lowabhalwa cishe nga-200 C.E.
a Kusukela lana kuchubeke, kutawutsiwa yimiBhalo yesiHebheru.
b Lesinye sizatfu lebesenta kudzingeke kutsi kwentiwe emakhophi emibhalo yesandla yasendvulo, kutsi lemibhalo beyibhalwe etintfweni letisheshe tonakale.
c Leminye imininingwane lemayelana nekutsi kungani lamavesi atsatfwa njengalangasiwo, itfolakala emibhalweni lengentasi ye-“New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures—With References,” leyashicilelwa nga-1984, letfolakala ngesiNgisi.