Vaʻe Meʻalele—ʻE Ngali Fakatuʻunga Ai Hoʻo Moʻuí!

FAKAʻUTA ATU kuo haʻi koe ʻi loto ʻi ha puha sitila mo e sioʻata kuo kasaʻi malu pea ʻoku tuku ofi ha ngaahi foʻi hina ʻēsiti mo e ngaahi huhuʻa velangofua kia koe. Tautau angé ʻa e faʻunga fakatuʻutāmaki lahi ko ení ʻo lau senitimita pē mei he kelekelé pea fakalele ia ʻi he oma ko e mita nai ʻe 10 ki he sekoni. Tānaki fakaʻosi atu ki aí, tuku angé hoʻo mīsiní ʻi he haʻohaʻonga ʻo e ngaahi mīsini meimei tatau pea ʻai kinautolu ke nau feleleaki oma takai lolotonga ia ʻoku fakafetaulaki oma mai ha ngaahi mīsini kehe mei he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá!

ʻOku meimei ko e meʻa ia ʻokú ke fai ʻi he taimi kotoa pē ʻokú ke heka ai ki ha meʻalele pea lele ʻi he hala lahí. Ko e hā ʻokú ne tokoniʻi koe ke mapuleʻi maʻu mo ongoʻi malu lolotonga hoʻo fakaʻulí? Ki he tuʻunga lahi, ko hoʻo ʻū vaʻe meʻalelé.

Meʻa ʻOku Fai ʻe he ʻŪ Vaʻe Meʻalelé

Ko e vaʻe meʻalelé ʻokú ne fakahoko ha ngaahi taumuʻa mahuʻinga kehekehe. ʻOku ʻikai ngata pē ʻi heʻene fua ʻa e mamafa ʻo hoʻo meʻalelé ka ʻokú ne toe fakamolū ia mei he ngaahi tafungofunga, luoluo, mo e ngaahi tokakovi kehe ʻi he halá. Ko e meʻa mahuʻinga angé, ko hoʻo vaʻe meʻalelé ʻokú ne tokonaki ʻa e hekengataʻa mahuʻinga ʻoku fiemaʻú ka ke lava ai ʻo lele, fakaʻuli, taʻofi, mo tokonaki ʻa e ofeʻingofua ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga kehekehe ʻo e halá. Kae kehe, ko e kiʻi konga siʻisiʻi pē ʻo e vaʻe meʻalelé​—hangē ko e lahi ʻo e kaati faitohí​—ʻoku tau ki he kelekelé ʻi ha faʻahinga taimi pē.

ʻI he vakai ki honau mahuʻingá, ko e hā hoʻo meʻa ʻe lava ke fai ke tauhi ai hoʻo vaʻe meʻalelé ke ngāue malu mo leleí? Pea ka hoko mai hono taimí, ʻoku fēfē hoʻo fili ʻa e vaʻe totonu ki hoʻo meʻalelé? Ki muʻa ke ke tali ʻa e ongo fehuʻí ni, tau kiʻi sio nounou angé ki he hisitōlia ʻo e vaʻe meʻalelé.

Muʻaki Kau Paionia ʻo e Ulapá

Neongo ko e veʻeteká kuo ngāueʻaki mai ʻi he laui afeʻi taʻu, ko e foʻi fakakaukau ko ia ʻo hono fakapipiki ʻo e ulapá [pe letá] ki ha haiane ʻo e veʻeteka meʻalelé ko ha toki fakalakalaka mai ʻaupito ia ki mui. Ko e ulapá naʻe ʻuluaki fakapipiki ia ki he ngaahi foʻi veʻeteka ʻakau pe sitila ʻi he konga ki muʻa ʻo e 1800. Ka naʻe ʻosiʻosi vave pē ia, ko ia ko e kahaʻu ʻo e veʻeteka fakaulapá naʻe hā ngali taʻepau​—ko e anga ia ʻene tuʻú, ka ne taʻeʻoua e hopo hake ʻa Charles Goodyear, ko ha tangata ʻilo meʻa foʻou loto-ʻalovili mei Connecticut, U.S.A. ʻI he 1839, naʻe ʻilo ai ʻe Goodyear ha foʻi founga naʻe ʻiloa ko hono faitoʻo ʻo e ulapá, ʻa ia ko hono fio ʻo e ulapá mo e sūlifá, lolotonga ia hono tutu mo taʻomi. Ko e founga ko ení ʻokú ne ʻai ʻa e ulapá ke faingofua lahi ange hono fakafuó mo fakalahi ʻaupito ange ai ʻene ʻosiʻosingataʻá. Ko e ngaahi foʻi vaʻe ulapa fefeká naʻe hoko ia ʻo ngāueʻaki lahi, ka naʻe ʻalu tokakovi ia.

ʻI he 1845, naʻe maʻu ai ʻe he ʻenisinia Sikotilani ko Robert W. Thomson ha laiseni ke ne ngaohi ʻa e fuofua vaʻe pamu pe fakafonu ʻeá. Kae kehe, naʻe toki aʻu mai ki ha tangata Sikotilani ʻe taha ko John Boyd Dunlop, ʻi heʻene feinga ke fakaleleiʻi ʻa e lele ʻa e pasikala ʻa hono fohá, naʻe kamata ke lavameʻa fakakomēsiale ai ʻa e vaʻe pamú. Naʻe maʻu ʻe Dunlop ʻa e laiseni ki heʻene vaʻe foʻoú ʻi he 1888 peá ne kamata ai ʻene kautaha pē ʻaʻana. Kae kehe, ko e vaʻe pamú naʻe kei fiemaʻu ke fai ha fakalakalaka lahi ki ai.

ʻI ha ʻaho ʻe taha ʻi he 1891, naʻe molū ai ha vaʻe ʻa ha tangata ʻaka pasikala Falanisē. Naʻá ne feinga ke ngaahi ia ka naʻe ʻikai lava koeʻuhi ko e foʻi vaʻé ia naʻe kuluuʻi maʻu ia ki he veʻeteka ʻo e pasikalá. Naʻá ne kumi tokoni leva ki ha kaungā Falanisē ʻe taha, ko Édouard Michelin, ʻa ia naʻe ʻiloa ʻi heʻene ngāue fekauʻaki mo e ulapa faitoʻó. Naʻe fakamoleki ʻe Michelin ʻa e houa ʻe hiva ke ngaahi ʻa e foʻi vaʻé. Naʻe ueʻi ia ʻe he meʻa ko ia naʻá ne hokosiá ke ne ngaahi ha vaʻe ʻoku pamu ʻa ia ʻe lava ke toʻo mei hono veʻeteká ʻo faingofua ke ngaahi.

Naʻe mātuʻaki ola lelei ʻa e ngaahi foʻi vaʻe ʻa Michelin he ʻi he taʻu hono hokó naʻe fiefia ai ha kau heka pasikala ʻe toko 10,000 ke ngāueʻaki ia. ʻI ha taimi nounou, ko e ngaahi foʻi vaʻe pamú naʻe fokotuʻu ia ki he ngaahi saliote uta pāsese toho hoosi ʻi Pālesí, ʻa ia naʻe fiefia ai hono kau pāsese Falaniseé. ʻI he 1895, ke fakahāhaaʻi ʻe lava ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e ngaahi foʻi vaʻe pamú ʻi he ngaahi meʻalele fakamīsiní, ko Édouard mo hono tokouá, André, naʻá na fokotuʻu ia ki ha kā lova, ka naʻe muimui taha ia. Neongo ia, naʻe ofo ʻa e kakaí ʻi he faʻahinga vaʻe faikehe ko ení ʻo nau feinga ai ke hifi ke ava ʻa e ngaahi foʻi vaʻé ke sio pe ko e hā ʻa e meʻa kuo fufū ʻe he ongo tautehina Michelin ʻi lotó!

ʻI he 1930 mo e 40 tupú, naʻe fetongi ai ʻe he ngaahi nāunau foʻou tolonga ange hangē ko e leioni, nailoni, mo e polisitā, ʻa e ngaahi nāunau maumaungofua ange ʻo e filo mo e ulapa fakanatulá. Hili ʻa e Tau II ʻa Māmaní, naʻe kamata ai ha ngāue ki ha vaʻe ʻe ʻikai mama ʻea ʻoku silaʻi fakahangatonu pē ki he veʻeteká, ʻo ʻikai ai toe fiemaʻu ha leta loto ke pamu ki ai e ʻeá. Ki mui mai, naʻe toe fai ha ngaahi toe fakalakalaka.

ʻI he ʻahó ni, ʻoku laka hake ʻi he ngaahi nāunau mata ʻe 200 ʻoku kau ʻi hono ngaohi ʻo e vaʻé. Pea ʻi he tokoni ʻa e tekinolosia fakaeonopōní, kuo taku ai ha ngaahi foʻi vaʻe ʻe niʻihi ʻoku nau tolonga ʻo ʻau ki he kilomita ʻe 130,000 pe lahi ange, lolotonga ia ko e ngaahi foʻi vaʻe ʻe niʻihi ʻe lava ke ne matuʻuaki ʻe ia ʻa e oma ko e kilomita ʻe laui teau ki he houa ʻi ha kā lova. Lolotonga iá, kuo hoko ʻa e vaʻé ʻo ala fakatau maʻamaʻa mai ʻe he kau maʻu meʻalelé.

Fili ʻo e Vaʻé

Kapau ʻoku ʻi ai haʻo meʻalele mīsini, te ke fehangahangai nai mo e fatongia faingataʻa ʻo hono fili ʻo ha vaʻe foʻou. ʻE anga-fēfē haʻo fakapapauʻi kuo taimi ke fetongi hoʻo vaʻé? ʻAki hoʻo vakaiʻi maʻu pē hoʻo vaʻé ki ha ngaahi fakaʻilonga hā mahino ʻo e ʻosiʻosi pe maumau.a ʻOku tokonaki pē ai mei he kau faʻu vaʻé ha ngaahi fakaʻilonga ʻo e ʻosiʻosi, ʻoku faʻa ui ko e ngaahi pā fakaʻilonga ʻosiʻosi, ke fakahaaʻiʻaki ʻa e taimi kuo aʻu ai hoʻo vaʻé ki he ngataʻanga ʻo ʻene kei ʻaongá. Ko e ngaahi pā fakaʻilonga ʻosiʻosí ko ha ngaahi lauʻi ulapa fefeka ʻoku fekolosiʻaki ʻi he funga toná. ʻOku toe lelei foki ke vakaiʻi pe ʻoku matala ʻa e toná, ʻo ʻasi mai ʻa e uaeá, fepulopulasi ʻi he tafaʻakí, mo e ngaahi maumau kehe. Kapau te ke ʻilo ha taha ʻo e ngaahi meʻá ni, ʻoku totonu ke ʻoua te ke toe lele ʻi hoʻo meʻalelé kae ʻoua kuo ngaahi ʻa e vaʻé pe fetongi. Kapau naʻá ke fakatau foʻou mai ʻa e ngaahi foʻi vaʻé, ko e falekoloa vaʻe fakamoveteveté te ne ngali fetongi atu ʻa e vaʻe maumaú ʻi ha totongi fakamaʻamaʻa kapau naʻe maluʻi ia.

Ko e ʻū vaʻé ʻoku lelei tahá ke fetongi fakatauhoa, ʻo tui ʻi he ʻakisela tatau. Kapau ko hoʻo fakahū pē ha foʻi vaʻe foʻou ʻe taha, fakahoa ia mo e vaʻe ʻoku kei toe lahi taha hono toná ke mafamafatatau ʻene hekengataʻa ʻi he taimi ʻoku taʻofi aí.

Ko e fakasio ha vaʻe ʻi he kalasi kehekehe, lalahi kehekehe, mo e sīpinga kehekehe, ʻe lava ke fakapuputuʻu ʻaupito. Kae kehe, ʻi hono tali ha ngaahi fehuʻi siʻisiʻi tefito, te ke ʻilo ko e ngāué ni ʻoku faingofua pē. ʻUluakí, toe vakaiʻi ʻa e ngaahi fokotuʻu mei he kau ngaohi ʻo e meʻalelé. Ko hoʻo meʻalelé ʻoku ʻi ai hono ngaahi fiemaʻu pau ʻoku fiemaʻu ke ke tokanga ki ai, hangē ko e fika ʻo e vaʻé mo e veʻeteká, mamaʻo mei he kelekelé, mo e lahi ʻene utá. ʻOku toe mahuʻinga foki ʻa e tisaini hoʻo meʻalelé. Ko e ngaahi meʻalele ʻi onopooni ʻoku ngāueʻaki ʻa e sisitemi maluʻi ke ʻoua ʻe loka ʻa e taʻofí, tokangaʻi ke hekengataʻa, pea ʻoku lele vaʻe muʻa mo vaʻe muí, ʻoku tisaini ia ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e ʻū vaʻe ʻoku ʻi ai ʻene ngaahi tōʻonga ngāue pau. Ko e ngaahi fakaikiiki ʻo e vaʻé ʻoku faʻa maʻu pē ʻi he tohi fakahinohino ʻa e tokotaha maʻu meʻalelé.

Ko e toe tafaʻaki ʻe taha ko e tuʻunga ʻo e halá. ʻE lahi lele hoʻo meʻalelé he hala kelekele pe hala tanu, ʻi he ʻuhoʻuha pe ʻafua? Mahalo pē ʻokú ke lele ʻi he ngaahi tuʻunga kehekehe. ʻI he tuʻunga ko iá, ʻe fiemaʻu nai ke ke ngāueʻaki ʻa e vaʻe ki he faʻahinga hala kotoa pē pe faʻahinga faʻahitaʻu pē.

ʻOku totonu ke ke toe tokanga ki he fakahinohino ki he fuoloa mo e taimi ʻosiʻosi ʻo e vaʻé. ʻI hono fakalūkufuá, ko e molū ange ʻa e meʻa ʻoku ngaohiʻaki ʻa e toná, ko e hekengataʻa ange ia ʻa e foʻi vaʻé, ka ko e vave ange ia ʻene ʻosiʻosí. ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, kapau ʻoku kiʻi fefeka ʻa e meʻa ʻoku ngaohiʻaki ʻa e toná, ʻe ʻikai loko hekengataʻa ai ka ʻe ngali tolonga ange ai. Ko e fakakalakalasi ʻo e vaʻé ʻoku faʻa maʻu pē ia ʻi he ngaahi pepa tuʻuaki ʻi he feituʻu ʻoku fakatau ai ʻa e vaʻé. Ka ke tokanga he ʻoku kehekehe ʻa e fakakalakalasi ʻa e fale faʻu vaʻe ki he fale faʻu vaʻe.

Hili hono fakasiʻisiʻi hifo ʻa e meʻa ke siofí, ko e totongí leva te ne ngali fakapapauʻi hoʻo fili fakaʻosí. Ko e ngaahi fale faʻu vaʻe ʻiloá ʻoku nau faʻa ʻomai ʻa e tuʻunga lelei pau ange mo maluʻi lelei.

Ko Hono Tokangaʻi Hoʻo Vaʻé

Ko hono tokangaʻi lelei hoʻo vaʻé ʻoku kau ki ai ʻa e meʻa ʻe tolu: tokangaʻi ʻa e pāuni totonu ʻo e ʻeá, taufetongi maʻu pē ʻa e ʻū vaʻé, pea tauhi maʻu kinautolu ke palanisi totonu mo hangatonu. Ko hono tokangaʻi ʻa e pāuni totonu ʻo e vaʻé ʻoku mātuʻaki mahuʻinga. Kapau ʻe fuʻu lahi e ʻeá ʻi ha foʻi vaʻe, ko e tona ʻi loto-mālié ʻe vave ʻene ʻosiʻosí. ʻI he tafaʻaki ʻe tahá, kapau ʻoku fuʻu siʻisiʻi e pāuni ʻo e ʻeá, ʻe ʻosiʻosi vave ʻaupito ʻa e vaʻé ʻi he ongo tafaʻakí pea ʻe fakamole penisini ʻene lelé.

Ko e vaʻé ʻe lava ke mole ha vaeuaʻi kilo pe lahi ange ʻo e pāuni ʻo e ʻeá ʻi he māhina koeʻuhi ʻoku hūhū ʻa e ʻeá ia ʻi he letá. Ko ia ʻoua te ke pehē ʻe lava ke ke tala pe ʻoku fefeka lelei ʻa e vaʻé ʻaki hoʻo sio pē hono fōtungá. Fakatatau ki he Kautaha Faʻu Letá, “ʻe lava ha foʻi vaʻe ke mole ʻo aʻu ki he vaeua ʻo e pāuni ʻo hono ʻeá pea ʻikai hā ia ʻoku molū!” Ko ia ai, ngāueʻaki ha meʻafua ʻea ke vakaiʻi ʻa e pāuni ʻo e ʻea ʻi he foʻi vaʻé, pea fai ia ʻo ʻoua ʻe toe siʻi hifo he tuʻo taha he māhina. Ko e kau maʻu meʻalele tokolahi ʻoku nau faʻo maʻu pē ʻi he puha faʻoʻanga meʻa ʻi muʻá ha meʻafua ʻea ki he taimi ʻoku fiemaʻu aí. Vakaiʻi maʻu pē hoʻo ʻū vaʻé ʻi he taimi ʻokú ke fetongi lolo ai e mīsiní pea ʻi he taimi pē ʻoku mokomoko ai ʻa e ʻū vaʻé​—pe ko hono toe fakalea ʻe tahá, hili haʻane tuʻu ʻikai toe siʻi hifo he houa ʻe tolu, pe ʻi he taimi kuo lele ai ʻo siʻi hifo ʻi he kilomita ʻe taha mo e konga. Ko e ngaahi fakahinohino ki he pāuni ʻo e vaʻé ʻoku faʻa fakahaaʻi pē ia ʻi he tohi fakahinohino ʻa e tokotaha maʻu meʻalelé, pe ʻi ha leipolo ofi ki he kau matapā ʻo e fakaʻulí pe ko e puha tukuʻanga meʻa ʻi muʻá. Kapau ʻokú ke loto ke ʻoua ʻe fuʻu ngatūtū hoʻo lelé, ʻoua ʻe pamu ʻa e ʻū vaʻé ki hono pāuni taupotú, ʻa ia ʻe pupula mai ia he tafaʻakí.

Ko e vaʻé ʻe tolonga ange mo ʻosiʻosi potupotu tatau ange kapau te ke taufetongi maʻu pē kinautolu ʻi ha tuʻunga tuʻumaʻu. Tuku kehe kapau ʻoku fokotuʻu mai ʻe he faʻuʻanga meʻalelé ha meʻa kehe, ʻoku lelei ke taufetongi ʻa e ʻū vaʻé ʻi he kilomita ʻe 10,000 ki he 13,000 kotoa pē. ʻI he toe tuʻunga ko ení foki, vakaiʻi hoʻo tohi fakahinohino meʻalelé ki he sīpinga taufetongi ʻoku fokotuʻu maí.

Ko hono fakaʻosí, vakaiʻi fakataʻu ʻa e hangatonu ʻa e vaʻé pe ʻi ha taimi pē ʻokú ke fakatokangaʻi ai ha tetetete anga-kehe pe fetōʻaki he taimi fakaʻuli ʻi hoʻo kaá. Lolotonga ko e ʻū sipilingi hoʻo meʻalelé ʻoku tisaini ia ke ne fakatonutonu ʻa e ʻū vaʻé ʻi he ngaahi uta kehekehe, ko e maumau anga-mahení ʻe fiemaʻu ai ke vakaiʻi mo toe fakatonutonu ʻa e ʻū vaʻé mei he taimi ki he taimi. Ko ha ʻenisinia meʻalele ʻoku maʻu tikite ʻi he fakatonutonu sipilingi mo fakatonutonu vaʻé ʻoku totonu ke ne malava ke tauhi hoʻo meʻalelé ke tonu hono fakatonutonú, ʻo fakatolonga lahi ai ʻa e vaʻé mo lele lelei.

Vaʻe “Poto”

ʻI he tokoni ʻa e komipiutá, ʻoku fakatokanga ai ʻa e ngaahi kā ʻe niʻihi ki he fakaʻulí ʻa e taimi kuo tō lalo ai ʻa e pāuni ʻo e vaʻé mei he tuʻunga malú. Ko e ʻū vaʻe ʻe niʻihi ʻe lava ke ngāue malu ia ʻi ha ngaahi vahaʻa taimi nounou taʻeʻiai ha pāuni ʻea, pea ko e niʻihi ʻoku nau silaʻi malu pē kinautolu ʻo ka ʻi ai ha ava. Ko e moʻoni, ʻoku tisaini ʻe he kau ʻenisiniá ʻa e ʻū vaʻé ke lava ʻo ngāue ʻi ha ngaahi tuʻunga kehekehe lahi ange.

ʻI hono ngāueʻaki ʻa e tuʻunga fakalakalaka ʻi he ngaahi nāunaú, tisaini ʻo e toná, sipilingí, fakaʻulí, mo e founga taʻofí ki he ngaahi meʻalele ʻi onopōní, ʻoku ʻai ai ʻe he vaʻé ʻo ʻikai ngata pē he faingofua ʻa e fakaʻulí kae toe malu foki.

[Fakamatala ʻi lalo]

[Saati/Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 23]

Lisi Tokangaʻi ʻo e Vaʻé

Vakaiʻi ʻū meʻa hāmai:

◻ ʻOku ʻi ai ha fepulopulasi ʻi he tafaʻakí?

◻ ʻOku ʻasi mai ʻa e uaeá ʻi he funga toná?

◻ ʻOku holo ʻa e toná mei he tuʻunga malú, pe ʻoku ʻasi ʻa e pā fakaʻilonga ʻosiʻosí?

Toe tokanga foki:

◻ ʻOku tuʻu ʻa e pāuni ʻo e vaʻé ʻi he pāuni ʻoku fokotuʻu mai ʻe he kau faʻu meʻalelé?

◻ Kuo taimi ke taufetongi ʻa e ʻū vaʻé? (Ngāueʻaki ʻa e lau kilomita mo e sīpinga taufetongi ʻoku fokotuʻu mai ʻe he kau faʻu meʻalelé.)

◻ ʻOku totonu ke fokotuʻu ha ʻū vaʻe kehe koeʻuhi ko e fetongi ʻa e faʻahitaʻú?

[Fakatātā]

Pā fakaʻilonga ʻosiʻosi

[Taiakalami ʻi he peesi 22]

(Ki he konga tohi kuo fokotuʻu kakato, sio ki he tohi)

Kongokonga ʻo e Vaʻé

Tona ʻokú ne ʻai ke hekengataʻa mo piki maʻu

Au tuʻa ʻoku nau fokotuʻu maʻu mo fakafefeka ʻa e toná

ʻAofituʻa ʻokú ne maluʻi ʻa e tafaʻaki ʻo e vaʻé mei hono maumauʻi he halá mo e tafa halá

Au loto ʻokú ne fakamālohi mo ʻai ke ngaofengofua ʻa e vaʻé

ʻAofiloto ʻokú ne tauhi ke malu ʻa e ʻeá ʻi loto he vaʻé

Fakakaho ʻokú ne fakapapauʻi ʻoku ʻopo lelei ki he veʻeteká ʻo ʻikai mama-ʻea

[Fakatātā ʻi he peesi 21]

Ko ha muʻaki pasikala mo e kā, ʻokú na fakatou ngāueʻaki ʻa e vaʻe fakafonu ʻea; kau ngāue ʻi ha muʻaki fale foʻu vaʻe

[Maʻuʻanga]

The Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company