Dɛn Na Wɔahu wɔ Yesreel?

BAABI a na tete kurow Yesreel da no ayɛ amamfõ mfehaha pii ni. Bere bi a atwam no, na ɛyɛ beae titiriw wɔ Bible abakɔsɛm mu. Mprempren a wonhu ne kan anuonyam bio na dɔte akata so no, adan esiw, anaa amamfõ. Mfe kakra a atwam ni no, wɔn a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu no ayɛ nhwehwɛmu wɔ Yesreel amamfõ so. Dɛn na Bible no ka a yehu wɔ amamfõ yi so?

Bible mu Yesreel

Na ɛda Yesreel Bon no apuei fam, na na ɛyɛ tete Israel nsase no fã a na wɔyɛ so kua a eye sen biara no mu biako. More bepɔw no da bon no atifi fam ntentenso, baabi a Midianfo bɔɔ nsra bere a na wɔreyɛ ahoboa akɔtow ahyɛ ɔtemmufo Gideon ne n’asraafo dɔm so no. Asubura Harod da ɛrekɔ apuei fam wɔ Bepɔw Gilboa ase. Ɛha na Yehowa tew Gideon asraafo mpempem pii no so ma ɛkaa mmarima 300 pɛ, sɛnea ɛbɛyɛ na wɔahu sɛ otumi gye ne nkurɔfo bere a ɔmfa asraafodɔm nni dwuma. (Atemmufo 7:1-25; Sakaria 4:6) Saul, Israel hene a odi kan no dii nkogu wɔ Filistifo no nsam wɔ Bepɔw Gilboa a ɛbɛn hɔ no so wɔ ɔko bi a na emu yɛ den a wokunkum Yonatan ne Saul mma baanu, na Saul ankasa kum ne ho no, mu.—1 Samuel 31:1-5.

Sɛnea Bible ka Yesreel ho asɛm no ma yenya biribi soronko de yɛ ntotoho. Ɛka tumi a wɔde di dwuma ɔkwammɔne so ne wae a Israel atumfoɔ waee, ne afei nokwaredi ne nsi a Yehowa asomfo daa no adi ho asɛm. Yesreel na Ɔhene Ahab—Israel mmusuakuw du ahemman a na ɛwɔ atifi fam no sodifo wɔ afeha a ɛto so du A.Y.B. awiei no—sii n’ahemfie, ɛmfa ho sɛ na Samaria ne ahenkurow no. (1 Ahene 21:1) Ɛyɛ Yesreel ha na na Ahab yere nanani Isebel te a ɔde owu hunahunaa Yehowa diyifo Elia no. Ne bo fuwii efisɛ na Elia fi akokoduru mu akunkum Baal adiyifo no bere a wɔsɔɔ nea ne Nyame yɛ ɔnokwafo hwɛe wɔ Bepɔw Karmel so akyi no.—1 Ahene 18:36–19:2.

Afei wodii nsɛmmɔne wɔ Yesreel. Wokum Nabot a na ɔyɛ Yesreelni no. Ná Ɔhene Ahab ani bere Nabot bobeturo. Bere a ɔhene no pɛe sɛ ogye asase no, Nabot fi nokwaredi mu buae sɛ: “[Yehowa, NW] mma eyi mpare me, sɛ mede m’agyanom awunnyade mɛma wo.” Mmuae a emu da hɔ yi haw Ahab yiye. Bere a Ɔhemmaa Isebel huu sɛ ɔhene no abotow no, ɔmaa wɔhyehyɛɛ atoro asɛnni, buu Nabot fɔ sɛ waka abususɛm. Nabot a na ne ho nni asɛm no dii fɔ, ma enti wosiw no abo, na ɔhene no kɔfaa ne bobeturo no.—1 Ahene 21:1-16.

Esiane awudisɛm yi nti, Elia hyɛɛ nkɔm sɛ: “Akraman bedi Isebel nam, Yesreel fasu ho.” Afei odiyifo no de kaa ho sɛ: “Ahabni a obewu kurow mu no, akraman na ebedi ne nam . . . Ampa, obiara nni hɔ a ɔte sɛ Ahab a ɔtɔn ne ho sɛ ɔbɛyɛ [Yehowa, NW] ani so bɔne, efisɛ ne yere Isebel hwanyan no.” Nanso, esiane sɛ Ahab brɛɛ ne ho ase bere a Elia kaa Yehowa atemmusɛm kyerɛɛ no no nti, Yehowa kae sɛ ɔremfa asotwe no mma Ahab bere so. (1 Ahene 21:23-29) Bible kɔ so ka sɛ, wɔ Elisa a odii Elia ade bere so no, wɔsraa Yehu sɛ Israel hene. Bere a Yehu te teaseɛnam so rekɔ Yesreel no, ɔhyɛe ma wɔtow Isebel fii n’ahemfie mfɛnsere mu hwee fam, ma apɔnkɔ no faa no so. Akyiri yi wobehuu sɛ akraman adi ne nam ma aka ne tikora ne nan ne ne nsayam. (2 Ahene 9:30-37) Bible mu asɛm a etwa to a ɛfa Yesreel ho tẽẽ no sii bere a wokunkum Ahab mma mmarima 70 no akyi. Yehu hohɔree tikora no ano akuw akɛse abien wɔ Yesreel kuropon ano, na ɛno akyi no, okunkum nnipa akɛse ne asɔfo a na wɔaka a na wɔka Ahab ho wɔ n’atuatew nniso no mu no.—2 Ahene 10:6-11.

Dɛn na Wɔn a Wotutu Fam Hwehwɛ Tetefo Nneɛma Mu Ahu?

Wɔ 1990 mu no wofii kwasafo adwuma bi a wɔnam so de betutu baabi a na Yesreel wɔ no ase. Nnwuma a wɔde wɔn ho hyɛɛ mu ne Tel Aviv Sukuupɔn Asuae a Wotutu Fam Hwehwɛ Tetefo Nneɛma Mu (a na David Ussishkin da wɔn ano) ne Britain Asuae a Wotutu Fam Hwehwɛ Tetefo Nneɛma Mu a ɛwɔ Yerusalem (a na John Woodhead da wɔn ano) no. Adwumayɛfo a wɔn dodow fi bɛyɛ 80 kosi 100 yɛɛ adwuma wɔ hɔ mpɛn ason (a bere biara gyee adapɛn asia) wɔ 1990-96 mfe no mu.

Ɔkwan a wɔfa so tutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu nnɛ ne sɛ, wonnyina nea wosusuw sɛ wobehu anaa nimdeɛ biara so na ɛyɛ nhwehwɛmu no, na mmom nea wohu wɔ hɔ no so na wogyina yɛ nhwehwɛmu. Enti, wɔn a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu a wɔyɛ nsase a Bible ka ho asɛm so nhwehwɛmu no fam no, ɛnyɛ nea Kyerɛwnsɛm no ka nko na wogyina so titiriw. Ɛsɛ sɛ wosusuw nsɛm foforo biara ne nea wobehu biara ho yiye wɔ nhwehwɛmu no mu. Nanso, sɛnea John Woodhead ka no, wonni Yesreel ho tete kyerɛwtohɔ biara ka Bible mu nsɛm kakra no ho. Enti ɛsɛ sɛ wogyina nea Bible no ka ne mmerebu so yɛ nhwehwɛmu biara. Dɛn na mmɔden a wɔn a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu abɔ no ama ada adi?

Bere a wotutuu afasu ne nkuku no, mfitiase no ara na ɛbɛdaa adi sɛ afabo no atra hɔ akyɛ fi Atomfo Bere so, na ɛne bere a Bible ka Yesreel ho asɛm no hyia pɛpɛɛpɛ. Nanso bere a wɔkɔɔ so tutuu fam no, wohuu nneɛma pii a ɛyɛ nwonwa. Nea edi kan ne beae no kɛse ne n’afasu akɛse no. Ná wɔn a wotutu fam no rehwɛ kwan sɛ wobehu afasu a ɛte sɛ tete Samaria, Israel ahemman no kuropɔn de no. Nanso, bere a wɔkɔɔ so tutuu fam no, ɛbɛdaa adi sɛ na Yesreel so koraa. Asase a ne tenten mu yɛ mita 300 na ɛtrɛw mita 150 no so sen kurow biara a wɔahu wɔ Israel fi saa bere no mprɛnsa. Nsuka a nsu nnim atwa ho ahyia, na efi nsuka no ase kosi n’afasu so yɛ mita 11. Sɛnea Ɔbenfo Ussishkin kyerɛ no, wonni nsuka yi sɛso wɔ Bible mmere mu. Ɔkae sɛ: “Yenhu biribi a ɛne eyi sɛ wɔ Israel kosi Mmeamudua Ho Akodi bere no so.”

Ade foforo a na wɔnhwɛ kwan ne adan akɛse a na enni kurow no mfinimfini no. Wɔde dɔte kɔkɔɔ a anka wɔde bɛkyekye kurow no yɛɛ pempe kɛse bi—biribi a ɛte sɛ apa—wɔ kurow no mu. Second Preliminary Report nhoma no ka fam a wotutui wɔ Tel Jezreel ho asɛm sɛ asɛnka agua kɛse yi betumi akyerɛ sɛ na Yesreel nyɛ ahemfie nko. Ɛkae sɛ: “Yɛpɛ sɛ yɛkyerɛ sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na Yesreel yɛ Israel ahemfie asraafo nteteebea wɔ Omri ahemfo [Omri ne n’asefo] bere so . . . faako a na wɔkora ahemfie nteaseɛnam na wɔtete apɔnkɔsotefo.” Woodhead kyerɛ sɛ sɛ wɔhwɛ apa yi kɛse ne afasu no a, ɛda adi sɛ na ɛyɛ beae a asraafodɔm hyiam na wɔde nteaseɛnam a na ɛdɔɔso sen biara saa bere no Mediterranea Supɔw no so hoahoa wɔn ho.

Kurow no apon a wɔatutu no ho hia wɔn a wotutu fam no yiye. Ɛho apon no kɔ mpia anan mu. Nanso esiane sɛ nkurɔfo fi mfehaha pii afow hɔ abo no nti, wontumi nnyina nea wohu no so nka biribiara. Woodhead te nka sɛ nea wɔahu wɔ hɔ no dan adwene kɔ apon a ɛkɔ mpia asia mu a ɛyɛ akɛse te sɛ nea wohui wɔ Megido, Hasor, ne Geser no so.a

Nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu no twe adwene si kurow bi a na ɛda yiye na eye ma sraadi, nanso ɛyɛ nwonwa sɛ antra hɔ ankyɛ so. Woodhead si so dua sɛ sɛ́ kurow a na ɛwɔ afasu akɛse no, Yesreel yɛ baabi a antra hɔ ankyɛ koraa—ɛtraa hɔ mfe kakraa bi pɛ. Eyi ma ɛda nsow koraa wɔ Israel nsase atitiriw te sɛ Megido, Hasor, ne Samaria ahenkurow a Bible ka ho asɛm a wɔakɔ so akyekye na wɔatrɛw mu atra mu wɔ mmere ahorow mu no ho. Dɛn nti na beae a eye sɛɛ daa mpan ntɛm saa? Woodhead bɔ ne tirim ka sɛ esiane sɛnea na Ahab ne n’abusua di ɔman no sika nti, anka wɔreyɛ asɛe ɔman no sikasɛm koraa. Sɛnea Yesreel yɛ kɛse boro so no di eyi ho adanse. Ɛda adi sɛ na nniso foforo a ɛhyɛ Yehu ase no mpɛ sɛ wɔne Ahab nya abusuabɔ biara, ma enti wogyaw kurow no.

Nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu nyinaa di adanse sɛ na Yesreel yɛ beae titiriw wɔ Israel wɔ Atomfo Bere no so. Ne kɛse ne n’afasu no di sɛnea Bible kaa ho asɛm sɛ na ɛyɛ Ahab ne Isebel ahemfie titiriw no ho adanse. Nneɛma a ɛkyerɛ sɛ na nnipa kakraa bi na wɔte hɔ no ne sɛnea Bible ka kurow no ho asɛm no hyia: Ebegyee din ntɛm ara wɔ Ahab bere so, na Yehowa anom asɛm ma ɛhwee ase bere a Yehu “kum Ahab fi nnipa a wɔkae nyinaa Yesreel, ne ne nnipa akɛse ne n’amannifo ne n’asɔfo nyinaa kosii sɛ wannyaw no obiara amma wamfi mu” no.—2 Ahene 10:11.

Yesreel Ho Mmerebu

John Woodhead gye tom sɛ: “Wɔ fam a wotutu hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu ho no, ɛyɛ den yiye sɛ wobenya biribi agyina so abu mmere.” Enti bere a fam tutufo no yɛ nneɛma a wɔde mfe ason atutu mu nhwehwɛmu no, wɔde toto nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu wɔ mmeae ahorow ho. Eyi ama wɔasan akari nneɛma asusuw ho bio. Dɛn ntia? Efisɛ efi bere a Israelni a otutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu Yigael Yadin tutuu Megido wɔ 1960 ne 1970 mfe no mu no, na nnipa pii a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu no gye tom sɛ wahu Ɔhene Salomo bere so fasu ne kurow apon. Ɛnnɛ, afasu, nkuku, ne apon a wɔahu wɔ Yesreel no rema nsɛmmisa bi asɔre wɔ asɛm yi ho.

Sɛ nhwɛso no, nkuku a wohui wɔ Yesreel no ne nea wotutu fii Megido asase mu a Yadin kae sɛ efi Salomo bere so no di nsɛ. Nsase abien no apon no akɛse ne ne yɛbea nyɛ pɛ mpo a, edi nsɛ. Woodhead ka sɛ: “Adanse no nyinaa kyerɛ sɛ ɛyɛ Salomo bere so na na Yesreel kurow no wɔ hɔ anaasɛ ɛma yɛtew mfe a nneɛma yi a wohu bi wɔ [Megido ne Hasor] adi no so ba Ahab bere so.” Esiane sɛ Bible ka Yesreel kurow no ho asɛm pefee sɛ na ɛwɔ hɔ wɔ Ahab bere so nti, ɔte nka sɛ ntease wom koraa sɛ wobegye atom sɛ emu nneɛma no yɛ Ahab nniso bere so de. David Ussishkin de foa so sɛ: “Bible no ka sɛ Salomo na ɔkyekyee Megido—ɛnka sɛ ɔno na ɔyeyɛɛ apon no ankasa.”

So Wobetumi Ahu Yesreel Ho Abakɔsɛm No?

So nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu ne ɛho nsɛm no de adwenem naayɛ bi ba nea Bible ka fa Yesreel ne Salomo ho no ho? Nokwasɛm ne sɛ adwene a enhyia wɔ nneɛma a wɔatutu fam ahu ho no ne nea Bible no ka nni abusuabɔ ahe biara. Nsonsonoe wɔ nea wogyina so hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma a wotutu fam hu ne nea Bible ka mu. Ɛma nsɛm soronko sɔre, na esi nneɛma foforo so dua. Yebetumi de Bible suani ne obi a otutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu no atoto akwantufo a wɔnam ɔkwan a asɛ edi ntentenso so ho. Ɔkwantuni biako te kar mu, na ɔfoforo no nam kar kwan nkyɛn. Ɛsono wɔn mu biara botae ne n’ahiade. Nanso, sɛ anka wɔn nsusuwii bɛbɔ abira no, wɔn mu biara de taa ma yɛte ne yɔnko de ase. Akwantufo baanu yi nsusuwii a yɛde bɛyɛ ntotoho no betumi ama yɛanya nhumu bi a ɛyɛ anigye.

Nsɛm a esisii tete ne nnipa a wɔtraa ase tete ho nsɛm na ɛwɔ Bible mu; wɔnam fam a wotutu hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu so bɔ mmɔden sɛ wobenya nsɛm a esisii ne nnipa no ho nsɛm denam ɛho nneɛma biara a aka wɔ asase mu a wɔbɛhwehwɛ mu so. Nanso mpɛn pii no, wonnya nneɛma a aka wɔ asase mu a wotutu no nyinaa ma enti ɛma obiara tumi kyerɛ ase sɛnea ɔpɛ. Esiane eyi nti, Amihai Mazar kae wɔ ne nhoma Archaeology of the Land of the Bible—10,000−586 B.C.E., mu sɛ: “Ɔkwan bi so no, fam a wotutu hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu no . . . yɛ adwinni, na egyina ntetee ne ahokokwaw so. Wontumi mfa ɔkwan pɔtee bi nkutoo so nni nkonim, na nsɛm a wotumi sesa no ne nsusuwii foforo a mpanyimfo a wodi anim keka no yɛ wɔn ankasa ahyɛde. Nea otutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu suban, nea otumi yɛ, ne ne nyansa gyina ntetee a onyae ne nneɛma a ɔnam so suaa ade no so.”

Wɔn a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu no asi so dua sɛ na ahemfie ne asraafo atrae titiriw bi wɔ Yesreel, nkurow a antra hɔ ankyɛ wɔ abakɔsɛm mu bere a na Ahab di ade no mu—sɛnea Bible ka no ara pɛ. Nsɛmmisa a ɛyɛ nwonwa pii asɔre a ebia wɔn a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu no begye bere kakra de ayɛ ho nhwehwɛmu. Nanso, Onyankopɔn Asɛm, Bible no kɔ so ka nsɛm a emu da hɔ, na ɛma yehu nsɛm a esisii nyinaa wɔ ɔkwan a wɔn a wotutu fam hwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu ntumi nyɛ saa da so.

[Ase hɔ asɛm]

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Fam a wɔatutu de ahwehwɛ tetefo nneɛma mu wɔ Yesreel

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Kanaanfo honi bi a wohui wɔ Yesreel