Ulawulo Lomntu Lulinganisiwe Esikalini
Icandelo 6—Iihempe Ezimnyama Nomqondiso WeSwastika
UbuFasi: Ngurhulumente wolawulo lobuzwilakhe, onenkqubo yezoqoqosho elawulwa nguRhulumente, inkqubo engqongqo yezentlalo, nengcamango yobuhlanga obuhambisana nokulwa; UbuNazi: BubuFasi njengoko babuqheliselwa liQela labaSebenzi Lobuzwe BobuSoshiyali BamaJamani elaliphantsi koHitler.
IGAMA elithi “ubuFasi” ngokuqhelekileyo lisinika umfanekiso-ngqondweni womkhosi wohlaselo waseItali onxibe iihempe ezimnyama ezinomqondiso weswastika nowomkhosi wohlaselo waseJamani nonxibe iyunifom emdaka ngebala. Kodwa ubuFasi buye bagqugqisa nakwamanye amazwe.
Ebudeni beminyaka yee-1930, ubuFasi babulawula eHungary, eRomania naseJapan. Ebudeni beMfazwe Yamakhaya yaseSpeyin, inkxaso yobuFasi yamnceda uFrancisco Franco ukuba oyise aze alawule iSpeyin, nangona inkoliso yababhali-mbali ingalugqali ulawulo lobuzwilakhe lukaFranco (lowe-1939-75) njengolo lwalulolobuFasi obupheleleyo. Kwelinye icala, ulawulo lwaseArgentina lobuzwilakhe olwalumiselwe nguJuan D. Perón (ngowe-1943-55), lwalululo.
Ukunqula URhulumente
Igama elithi “ubuFasi” livela kwelesiTaliyane elithi fascio yaye libhekisela kumqondiso wegunya leRoma yamandulo. NgesiLatini lithi fasces, elo elibhekisela kwingqokelela yezinti ezaziyila umphini wezembe, ngaloo ndlela likuchaza ngokufanelekileyo ukumanyana kwabantu phantsi kwegunya elingenakuphikiswa likaRhulumente.
Nangona imvelaphi yobuFasi ilandwa ukususela emva phayaa ngexesha likaNiccolò Machiavelli, kube ngowe-1919 kuphela, okanye kwiminyaka engama-450 emva kokuzalwa kwakhe, awathi uBenito Mussolini walisebenzisa okokuqala eli gama. UMachiavelli wathi, ukonakala okungokwezobupolitika okwakukho ngomhla wakhe, kwakunokupheliswa kuphela ngumlawuli onguzwilakhe, owayeza kulawula ngqwabalala kodwa ngobulumko.
Urhulumente wobuFasi ufuna kanye inkokeli enamandla, exhaphazayo nenempembelelo elolo hlobo ukuze aphumelele. Ngokufanelekileyo, bobabini uMussolini noHitler babesaziwa ‘njengeenkokeli ezinjalo’—i-Il Duce neder Führer.
UbuFasi buphakamisa uRhulumente ngaphezu kwalo naliphi na elinye igunya, elingokonqulo nelingokwentlalo. Isazi ngomthetho saseFransi uJean Bodin wenkulungwane ye-16, isithandi sobulumko esiliNgesi uThomas Hobbes wenkulungwane ye-17, kunye nezithandi zobulumko zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18 neye-19 uJohann Gottlieb Fichte, uGeorg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel noHeinrich von Treitschke, bonke babezukisa uRhulumente. UHegel wafundisa ukuba uRhulumente unegunya eliphakamileyo yaye indima eyintloko yomntu ngamnye kukumxhasa ngokunyanisekileyo.
Ngenxa yoko bakuko, bonke oorhulumente bamele babe negunya. Kodwa oorhulumente bobuFasi bayilwe ngendlela yokuba babe nalo ngokugqithiseleyo, befuna ukuthotyelwa ngokungqongqo. Ebagqala abantu njengabafana nje namakhoboka kaRhulumente, uTreitschke wathi: “Akukhathaliseki ukuba yintoni oyicingayo, ukuba nje kuphela uyathobela.” Kanye njengoko kwakulindelekile, ubuFasi basiphelisa isikhalazo esithi, “Inkululeko, amalungelo alinganayo, nomanyano,” esasivakaliswa ebudeni beMvukelo yaseFransi, esasihambisana nesibhengezo saseItali esithi, “Ukukholwa, ukuthobela, ukulwa.”
UbuFasi Buzukisa Imfazwe
Ngaba kumele kuliwe? Kunjalo kanye! “Yimfazwe kuphela eyomeleza amandla omntu ize ibonise uzuko lwabo bantu bakwaziyo ukumelana nayo,” wakhe watsho uMussolini, esongezelela ngelithi: “Imfazwe endodeni injengokuzala emfazini.” Wathi uxolo oluhlala lukho “luyadandathekisa yaye luthintela ukukhula kwazo zonke iimpawu ezisisiseko endodeni.” Ngokuthetha la mazwi, uMussolini kuphela nje wayevakalisa kwakhona izimvo zikaTreitschke, owema ngelithi imfazwe yayifuneka yaye ukuyiphelisa ehlabathini, ngaphandle nje kokuba oko kungavumelekanga ngokunzulu, “kuya kubangela ilahleko enkulu kumandla ayimfuneko nabalaseleyo okuphila komntu.”
Kwimbali yakhe yokuthanda imfazwe nolawulo lwakhe lobuzwilakhe, asinakothuka kukuva ukuba ababhali-mbali abaninzi babuphanda ubuFasi bale mihla njengobususela kumaxesha kaNapoléon I waseFransi. Elawula ngqwabalala ebudeni beminyaka yee-1800, kuyavunywa ukuba yena ngokwakhe wayengenguye umxhasi wobuFasi. Sekunjalo, uninzi lweenkqubo zakhe, ezinjengokumiselwa kwenkqubo yesebe labecuphi nokusetyenziswa ngobuchule kokubhengezwa kwenkcazelo yaseburhulumenteni nokuhlalutywa koko kumelwe kubhengezwe kumaphephandaba, oko konke kamva kwamkelwa ngabalandeli bobuFasi. Yaye ngokuqinisekileyo ukuzimisela kwakhe ukubuyisela uzuko lweFransi kwakuvisisana nemvakalelo yakhe enzulu yokuba uhlanga lwakhe lolona luphambili nto leyo ezazisaziwa ngayo iinkokeli zobuFasi.
Ngowe-1922 abalandeli bobuFasi eItali babenegunya elaneleyo kangangokuba bakwazi ukumisa uMussolini njengenkulumbuso, sikhundla eso awathi kamsinya wasisebenzisa njengomchankcatho wokuba ngumlawuli onguzwilakhe. Xa kufikelelwa kumcimbi wemivuzo, iiyure, nemveliso emele ifikelelwe, imizi-mveliso yabantu ngabanye yayilawulwa yimithetho engqongqo karhulumente. Enyanisweni, abantu ngabanye babekhuthazwa ukuba bawakhulise amashishini abo ukuze akwazi ukuhlangabezana nezilangazelelo zikarhulumente. Imibutho yobupolitika engeyiyo eyobuFasi yayingavunyelwa; imibutho yabasebenzi yavalwa umlomo. Ngobuchule urhulumente wayelawula amaziko eendaba, abaphikisi bevalwa umlomo ngokuhlalutywa kweendaba. Kwakunikelwa ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ekufundiseni ulutsha inkcazelo ethile, yaye inkululeko yomntu ngamnye yayincitshiswa ngamandla.
UbuFasi, Uhlobo LwaseJamani
Incwadi ethi Fascism, ebhalwe nguA. Cassels ithi, “Phezu kwako nje ukufana kweendlela ezazisetyenziswa ukuze kuzuzwe igunya, ubuFasi baseItali nobuNazi baseJamani babuneziseko ezahlukeneyo neenjongo ezahluke mpela ngekamva.”
Ngaphandle kwezithandi zobulumko ezingamaJamani ezikhankanywe ngaphambilana nezaba ngabaxhasi bengcamango yobuFasi, ezinye, ezinjengesithandi sobulumko esingumJamani senkulungwane ye-19 uFriedrich Nietzsche, zanceda ekuveliseni uhlobo oluthile lobuFasi obabuqheliselwa ngamaJamani kuphela. Kungekuba uNietzsche wayengumFasi, kodwa wayexhasa ulawulo lwabantu abambalwa, isizwe sabaphambili. Noko ke, ekwenzeni oku, wayengacingi ngasizwe okanye uhlanga oluthile, awayelugqala lukumgangatho ongaphantsi kowamaJamani xa ewonke, ekubeni nawo wayengawathandi ngokukhethekileyo. Kodwa ezinye zeengcamango zakhe zazifana ngokusondeleyo noko abaxhasi bobuSoshiyali bobuNashinali babekugqala kuwafanele ngokupheleleyo amaJamani. Ngoko ezi ngcamango zazisamkelwa, ngoxa ezinye, ezazingavisisani nemfundiso yobuNazi, zaziphoselwa kwelokulibala.
Kwakhona uHitler wayephenjelelwe gqitha ngumqambi ongumJamani uRichard Wagner. Elawulwa ngumoya wobuzwe nowobuhlanga ogqithiseleyo, lo kaWagner wawagqala amaJamani njengalawo ayemiselwe ukuphumeza uthumo olubalulekileyo ehlabathini. “Kubaxhasi bakaHitler nabobuNazi uWagner wayeliqhawe lokwenene,” itsho njalo iEncyclopedia of the Third Reich. Icacisa isithi: “Lo mqambi wayengumfuziselo wobungangamsha baseJamani. Ngokwembono kaHilter umculo kaWagner wawukhuthaza umoya wobuhlanga waseJamani.”
Umbhali uWilliam L. Shirer wongezelela ngokuthi: “Noko ke, yayingezizo iincwadi zakhe [uWagner] zezobupolitika ezazinjalo, kodwa yayiyimiculo yakhe yeqonga echukumisayo, ebalisa ngokucacileyo ngembali yamandulo neentsomi zamaqhawe elizwe laseJamani, oothixo bobuhedeni namaqhawe alo awayethanda iimfazwe, abantu ababenamandla angaphezu kwawomntu nezixhiphothi zalo, iingxwabangxwaba zalo ekwakuphalazwa kuzo izantyalantyala zegazi nemithethwana yobuzwe yamandulo, imbono yalo ngekamva, ukuyolisa kothando nobomi nokuzukiswa kokufa, zinto ezo ezingunobangela weentsomi ezingeJamani yanamhla nezinye zanikela imbono yeWeltanschauung yaseJamani [imbono yehlabathi] awathi uHitler namaNazi, ngezizathu ezithile abazithethelela ngazo, bazithabathela kubo.”
Ingcamango kaNietzsche noWagner yayiphenjelelwe nguComte Joseph Arthur de Gobineau, ummeli welizwe waseFransi nokwasisazi ngokucalucalulwa kwabantu ngokweemvelaphi zabo, owathi, phakathi kowe-1853 nowe-1855, wabhala iEssai sur l’inégalité des races humaines (Inkcazelo Ngokungalingani Kweentlanga Zoluntu). Wema ngelithi ukuxubana kwabantu bezizwe ngezizwe ngokuqinisekileyo kuya kuphumela ekudodobaleni kwempucuko. Walumkisa ngelithi ukuhlanganisa umoya wobuhlanga elalinawo ibutho laseYurophu oko ekugqibeleni kwakuya kukhokelela ekuwohlokeni kwalo.
Umoya wobuhlanga nowokuwathiya amaYuda owaveliswa zezi ngcamango wawufana nqwa nalowo wobuFasi baseJamani. Zombini ezi nkqubo zazingabalulekanga eItali. Enyanisweni, ubungqina bokuthiywa kwamaYuda eItali babugqalwa ngamaTaliyane amaninzi buyimbonakaliso yokuba uHitler wayethabatha isikhundla sikaMussolini njengegunya elilawulayo kubuFasi. Eneneni, ekuhambeni kwexesha, impembelelo kaHitler kuwiso-mthetho lobuFasi baseItali yanda.
Ngelinge lokubalaselisa ubukhulu besizwe, ubuFasi baseItali nobuFasi baseJamani bafulathelana. Umbhali uA. Cassels ucacisa ukuba “xa uMussolini wayeyala abantu bakhe ukuba baxelise amaRoma amandulo, iqela lamaNazi elivukelayo lalisoloko lizamela ukuwaphembelela amaJamani, kungekuphela nje ekwenzeni oko kwakusenziwa ngamadoda awayedumile angamaJamani amandulo, kodwa kwakhona ukuba abe ngaloo makhalipha ezo zizwe azelwe ngokutsha kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini.” Ngamanye amazwi, ubuFasi baseItali babuzabalazela ukuzuza udumo lwangaphambili, ngokungathi kunjalo, ngokurhuqela i-Itali, ilizwe elisakhasayo kwezoshishino, kule nkulungwane yama-20. Ngakwelinye icala, iJamani, yayizabalazela ukuzuza uzuko lwangaphambili ngokubuyela kwiintsomi zamandulo.
Into Eyenza Kwaba Nokwenzeka Oku
Kwinkoliso yamazwe, abalawuli bobuFasi baqalisa ukulawula emva kwentlekele eyaqhubeka kumazwe athile, ukuwohloka kwezoqoqosho, okanye ukoyiswa kwezomkhosi. Oko kwakunjalo kwi-Itali nakwiJamani. Nangona ayechasene ebudeni beMfazwe Yehlabathi I, omabini la mazwe aphuma kobo bunzima exhwaleke ngamandla. Ukunganeliseki kohlanga, ukungazinzi kwezoqoqosho, ukuqinisela kwemfazwe yocalucalulo kwawathwaxa omabini la mazwe. Ukunyuka ngamandla kwamaxabiso entengo nokungaqeshwa kwanda eJamani. Umgaqo wolawulo-melo nawo wawungenamandla, usaphazanyiswa sisithethe esingokwezomkhosi nempatho engqongqo yasePrussia. Yaye kuzo zonke iindawo kwakusamane kuvela uloyiko lobuBolshevik baseRashiya.
Ingcamango kaCharles Darwin yendaleko neyokuba abantu babeqhubeka bephila ngokokhetho olungokwemvelo yaba sesinye isibakala esibalulekileyo sokumiselwa kobuFasi. Incwadi ethi The Columbia History of the World ithetha ‘ngokuvuseleleka kwakhona kobuSoshiyali bukaDarwin kwiingcamango zobuFasi, zibonakaliswa nguMussolini nanguHitler.’
IThe Encyclopedia of the Third Reich iyavumelana nale ngcamango, icacisa ukuba ubusoshiyali bukaDarwin ‘babuyingcamango eyaphembelela uwiso-mthetho lukaHitler lokutshatyalaliswa kwezinye iintlanga.’ Ngokuvisisana neemfundiso zikaDarwin ezingendaleko, “abaxhasi beengcamango zaseJamani babephikisa ngelithi urhulumente welo xesha, kunokuba enze konke okusemandleni akhe ekukhuseleni abo babuthathaka, ufanele alibale ngebutho labantu abaphantsi aze anikele ingqalelo kwabo banamandla, abasempilweni” Babephikisa ngelithi imfazwe yinto ekufuneka ikho kumzabalazo wokuphila kwabo banamandla, yaye “ngabanamandla abeyisayo, ibe ababuthathaka bamele bashenxiswe.”
Ngaba Oku Kuye Kwasisifundo?
Adlule amaxesha emikhosi yaseItali eyayinxiba iihempe ezimnyama ezazinomqondiso weswastika, nowemikhosi ehlaselayo yamaJamani eyayinxiba iyunifom emdaka ngebala. Kanti, kwanangowe-1990, usekho umzila wobuFasi. Kwiminyaka emibini edluleyo iphephancwadi iNewsweek lalumkisa lisithi phantse kuwo onke amazwe aseNtshona Yurophu, “imikhosi yabo basabambelele kwinkqubo yamandulo yokulawula kwakhona bayangqina ukuba ubuhlanga obungabonakaliswa ngokuphandle nokubambelela kwimilinganiselo yobuhlanga neyempatho engqwabalala isenokuxhaswa ngokumangalisayo.” Alithandabuzeki elokuba owona unamandla kule mibutho injalo ngulowo kuthiwa yiJean-Marie Le Pen’s National Front waseFransi onempembelelo ngokusisiseko “enjengaleyo yobuSoshiyali bobuNashinali.”
Ngaba kusengqiqweni ukuthembela kwimibutho echasene nobuFasi? Ngaba imvelaphi yobuFasi—imfundiso yendaleko kaDarwin, umoya wobuzwe, ukulawula ngomkhosi nobuhlanga—imisela isiseko esomeleleyo sokuseka urhulumente ofanelekileyo? Okanye ngaba akusayi kuvuma na ukuba njengalo lonke olunye uhlobo lolawulo lomntu, ubuFasi buye balinganiswa esikalini baza bafunyaniswa bulula?
[Ibhokisi ekwiphepha 24]
UbuFasi—Ngaba Bunesiseko Esomeleleyo?
Imfundiso KaDarwin Yendaleko: “Inani elandayo lezazinzulu, ingakumbi inani elandayo lezo zikholelwa kwindaleko . . . liphikisa ngelithi imfundiso kaDarwin yendaleko asiyomfundiso esekelwe ngokupheleleyo kwinzululwazi.”—INew Scientist, kaJuni 25, 1981, nguMichael Ruse.
Umoya Wobuhlanga: “Umahluko phakathi kwezizwe nabantu, ukuba ngenene ukho, ungokwendlela ubani acinga ngayo nangokwentlalo; asingowemvelo!”—IGenes and the Man, nguNjingalwazi uBentley Glass.
“Abantu bazo zonke izizwe . . . bayinzala yomntu omnye wokuqala.”—IHeredity and Humans, umbhali wezenzululwazi uAmram Scheinfeld.
Ukulawula Ngomkhosi: “Ubuchule, amandla nobutyebi obuchithwa lolu lawulo . . . lungekho ngqiqweni enyanisweni kudida ingqondo. Ukuba iintlanga zazingazange zifunde imfazwe, ngekungekho nto umntu angenakukwazi ukuyenza.”—umbhali waseMerika owazuza ibhaso likaPulitzer uHerman Wouk.
Ubuzwe: “Ubuzwe buye babahlulahlula abantu bangamaqela angavaniyo. Ngenxa yoko, abantu bacinga njengabemi baseMerika, baseRashiya, amaTshayina, amaYiputa okanye abemi basePeru, yaye ubuntu babo buza mva—ukuba kuyacingwa kwaukucingwa ngabo.”—IConflict and Cooperation Among Nations, nguIvo Duchacek.
“Uninzi lweengxaki esijamelene nazo namhlanje zibangelwa, okanye zingumphumo, wezimo zengqondo eziphosakeleyo—esinye sazo sisamkelwa kungaqondwanga. Phakathi kwezi ngumoya wobuhlanga obonisa ukungaphangalali kwengqondo—‘ilizwe lam, enoba lilungile okanye akunjalo.’”—Owayesakuba nguSosiba-Jikelele weZizwe Ezimanyeneyo u-U Thant.
[Imifanekiso ekwiphepha 23]
Imiqondiso yamandulo yonqulo, njengeswastika, nentetho emfutshane ethi, “UThixo Unathi” azizange zilukhusele ulawulo lukaHitler
Umqondiso kaMussolini wobuFasi, wengqokelela yezinti ezenza umphini wezembe ekwakukho nezembe phakathi kwazo, uyafumaneka kwezinye zeemali zaseUnited States