Ukuhlolisisa Uhulumeni
Ingxenye 1a—Ukubusa Komuntu Kubekwe Esilinganisweni
IZINGUQUKO eziphawulekayo zezombangazwe eYurophu phakathi no-1989 zenza ukuba izwe lihlolisise indaba kahulumeni ngendlela eyingqayizivele. Umagazini wezindaba waphawula ukuthi “u-1989 ngeke ukhunjulwe njengonyaka owashintshwa iMpumalanga Yurophu kodwa njengonyaka owaqedwa iMpumalanga Yurophu njengoba siye sawazi kanjalo eminyakeni engamashumi amane.”
Ngokuqhubekayo, uFrancis Fukuyama wezisebenzi ezihlela inkambiso yoMnyango Wombuso WaseU.S. muva nje wabhala ukuthi “lokho okungenzeka siyakubona akukhona nje ukuphela kwempi yokubhekana ngeziqu zamehlo, noma ukudlula kwenkathi ethile yomlando wangemva kwempi, kodwa ukuphela komlando: okungukuthi, isiphetho senguquko yemiqondo yabantu.”
Lombono, nakuba kuphikiswana kakhulu ngawo, nokho ugxilisa ukunakekela kwethu kweminye yemibuzo ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, yini engashiwo ngamakhulu eminyaka edlulile okubusa komuntu? Ingabe umuntu ulifinyelele ngesikhathi lelozinga lapho engakhuluma “kanjalo ngokuphela komlando”? Yini ngempela isikhathi esizayo esiyiphathele ohulumeni? Futhi lezenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo ziyoba namuphi umphumela kithi ngabanye?
Indlela Abantu Abazizwa Ngayo Ngohulumeni
Izigidi zabantu zidumazeke ngempela ngabaholi bazo bezombangazwe. Lokhu kunjalo hhayi nje ngalabo abahlala eYurophu, kodwa ngokwamazinga ahlukahlukene, ngezakhamuzi ezikuyo yonke indawo. Ngokwesibonelo, ake sibheke amazwe aseLatin America.
Iphephabhuku lezohwebo elaziwayo laseJalimane lachaza isimo sezombangazwe lapho ekupheleni kuka-1988 “njengenqwaba nje yemfucumfucu.” Uma seliningiliza, lathi: “Umnotho waseArgentina . . . uyaqhekeka. IBrazil isongela ukuba engabuseki. IPeru isifiké kwangqingetshe. IUruguay isangene ikhanda. IEcuador izama ukuhlanganisa amakhanda ngalokho ngokungangabazeki okuyisimo esibucayi. IColombia neVenezuela . . . alondoloze isiko elibuthakathaka lokubusa ngentando yeningi. EMexico ukusimama kweqembu elibusayo eliye labusa ngaphandle kokuphikiswa iminyaka engu-50 . . . kuqhekeka ngokungenakufihleka. Iminyaka yawo-1980 ayisanakwa ‘njengeshumi leminyaka elilahlekile.’”
Kwezinye izindawo ukuthandwa kwezazi zezombangazwe kuye kwehla ngendlela engakaze yenzeke ngaphambili. Lapho abantu baseAustria becelwa ukuba bahlele imisebenzi engu-21 ngohlelo lokubaluleka kwayo, izazi zezombangazwe bazihlela endaweni ye-19. Ukuhlolwa kwemibono yomphakathi eFederal Republic of Germany kwembula ukuthi amaphesenti angu-62 ezakhamuzi zayo ezabuzwa avuma ukuthi anokwethwembela okuncane ezazini zezombangazwe.
UProfesa Reinhold Bergler, umqondisi weNhlangano Yezifundo Zengqondo eYunivesithi yaseBonn, uxwayisa ngokuthi “intsha sekuseduze iwufulathele umbuso, ezombangazwe kanye nezazi zazo.” Uthi amaphesenti angu-46 alentsha abheka izazi zesayensi njengabantu “abakhuluma kakhulu bangenzi,” futhi amaphesenti angu-44 ababheka njengabakhohlakele.
Umhloli wemibono waseMelika, ebhala ngawo-1970, waphawula: “Kunenkolelo yokuthi inqubo (yezombangazwe) ayinalo uzwela futhi ayithembekile kangangokuthi ngeke isetshenziswe abavoti ezinhlosweni zabo.” Kanjalo, eUnited States inani labantu abanomuzwa wokuthi izazi zezombangazwe “azinandaba nalokho okwenzekayo kuwe” liye lakhula kancane kancane lisuka kumaphesenti angu-29 ngo-1966 kuya kumaphesenti angu-58 ngawo-1980. Iphephandaba laseJalimane iStuttgarter Nachrichten liyakuvuna lokho kwehla, lithi: “Izazi zezombangazwe eziningi zicabanga ngezithakazelo zazo kuqala bese ngokunokwenzeka, zicabanga ngezabavoti bazo.”
Ngokuqondakalayo, ukungakhathali kwezombangazwe kuyakhula. Ngo-1980 amaphesenti angu-53 kuphela ezakhamuzi zaseU.S. anemvume yokuvota aya ezindaweni zokuvota. Lokhu kwabikwa ukuthi ukwehla kwabantu abavotayo kwesihlanu ngokulandelana. Ngo-1988 inani labavoti lase lehle laba amaphesenti angu-50 kuphela.
Izazi zezombangazwe ziyayibona lenkinga. Umholi wezwe owaziwayo wavuma: “Kunobuzenzisi obukhulu . . . kwezombangazwe.” Echaza ukuthi kungani, wathi: “Buyadingeka ukuze ungene esikhundleni futhi uhlale ukuso.” Ubani owayesho lamazwi? Owayengumongameli waseU.S. uRichard Nixon. Uma kubhekwa ukuphamba okuye kwakhinyabeza ukuba kwakhe umongameli, bambalwa abantu abayongabaza ukuthi wayekwazi ayekhuluma ngakho.
Ukushiyeka kwezombangazwe kwenza abantu abathembekile bazibuze ukuthi kungenzeka yini kube khona uhulumeni olungile. Ingabe ngeke yini kube ngcono uma singase singabi nawo nhlobo uhulumeni? Ingabe ‘ukungabikho kukahulumeni’ mhlawumbe kungaba ikhambi?
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 4]
“Lapho kungekho iziluleko, abantu bayawa.”—IzAga 11:14