Ukubuka Okwezwe
Izinhlekelele NgeMisombuluko
Ucwaningo olwenziwa eFlinders University e-Australia luye lwembula ukuthi uMsombuluko ubonakala uwusuku lwesonto amadoda avame ukuzibulala ngalo. Njengoba kwabikwa kuyi-Sydney Morning Herald, abantu abangu-19 425 bazibulala e-Australia phakathi kuka-1981 no-1990. Izinga lokuzibulala labesifazane lalingashintshi phakathi nalo lonke isonto, kodwa emadodeni lalithambekele ekukhuphukeni ngokuphawulekayo ngeMisombuluko. Khona-ke lalehla njengoba isonto liqhubeka. Ukuphindela emsebenzini kwaphawulwa njengembangela eyinhloko. NgeMisombuluko engamaholide, inani labantu abazibulalayo lalehla, kodwa liphinde likhuphuke ngosuku olulandelayo, uLwesibili. Okunye ukuhlola kwembula ukuthi abantu abaningi bazibulala ntambama, lapho izinkathazo ziba ziningi khona futhi kuba khona ukuhlaselwa uvalo okukhulu. UMsombuluko futhi uwusuku olubi kakhulu lokuhlaselwa yisifo senhliziyo. Okunye ukuhlola kwabonisa ukuthi phakathi kwabantu abangu-6 000 abahlaselwa isifo senhliziyo, abangamaphesenti angu-18 bahlaselwa yiso ngeMisombuluko uma kuqhathaniswa nabangamaphesenti angu-12 abahlaselwa yiso ngamaSonto. Ukuphutha emsebenzini nakho kuyenyuka ngeMisombuluko.
Isifo Sofuba Siyanda
Isifo sofuba siyisifo esibulala kakhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni okwamanje, kubika iphephandaba lansuku zonke laseSweden i-Dagens Nyheter. Ngo-1992, abantu abangaphezu kuka-3 000 000 babulawa yiso—abangaphezulu ngokuphawulekayo kwalabo ababulawa yingculaza, isifo sohudo, nomalaleveva. Njengomzamo wokuvimbela ukusakazeka kwesifo sofuba, muva nje i-World Health Organization ibambe umhlangano eLondon. Kwamenyezelwa ukuthi lesisifo siwubhadane lwembulunga yonke olungathi sína, oluhlasela kakhulu emazweni asathuthuka. Kodwa siyanda futhi nasemazweni athuthukile ngenxa yokwenyuka kwezinga lokuhamba nokuthutha. Uhlobo oluvame kakhulu lwe-TB lungelashwa ezigulini ezingamaphesenti angu-95, kodwa izinhlobo zayo ezintsha nezinamandla ngokwengeziwe zingelapheka ezigulini ezingaphansi kwamaphesenti angu-40.
Ubhejane Osengozini
Eminyakeni engaba ngu-20 edlule, obhejane abangaba ngu-65 000 babezula emathafeni nasemahlathini ase-Afrika. Kodwa lelinani liye lancipha laba ngu-2 500 kuphela namuhla, futhi abazingeli bayimbangela eyinhloko. EZimbabwe kuphela inani lobhejane liye lancipha kusukela kwabangaphezu kuka-2 000 ngo-1990 kuya kwabangaphansi kuka-500. “Asikho esinye isilwane esincelisayo esikhulu emhlabeni esibulawa kakhulu kangaka, noma esibhekene nokuqothulwa okusondela ngokushesha kangaka,” kuphawula umagazini i-Our Planet. Yini ebangela lokhu kubulala okukhulu kangaka? Izimpondo zikabhejane. Izimpondo ezimbili ezisikwe empumulweni kabhejane omnyama ziye zathengiswa ngemali efinyelela ku-$50 000 (U.S.) (R160 000) ekuhwebeni okungekho emthethweni. Ezinye izimpondo zigaywa zenziwe impuphu ukuze isetshenziswe emithini yaseMpumalanga. Ezinye zenziwa izibambo ezihlotshisiwe zezinkemba. Kuyinto edabukisayo ukuthi izimpondo zikabhejane—indlela yakhe yokuzivikela eyingqayizivele—ziye zabangela ukubhujiswa kwakhe.
Umbulali Omkhulu WaseCanada
ECanada, isifo senhliziyo nemithambo yayo sibulala abantu abangaba ngu-75 000 ngonyaka. Lokhu “kudlula ingqikithi yabantu ababulawa umdlavuza, ingculaza nezingozi,” kuphawula i-Edmonton Journal. Ngokwe-Heart and Stroke Foundation yaseCanada, “ukuphila kokunethezeka manje kubhekwa njengokuyingozi njengokubhema, umfutho wegazi ophakeme namafutha amaningi egazini.” Ukuzivivinya njalo kubhekwa kabanzi njengesinyathelo sokuvimbela isifo senhliziyo. Kodwa njengoba kwasho u-Anthony Graham, isikhulu sesayensi yezifo zenhliziyo eWellesley Hospital eToronto, kukhona ‘umbono wokuthi ukuzivivinya okunempilo kumelwe kuhilele ukuzivivinya okunamandla.’ Nokho, wanezela: “Ungathola inzuzo ephawulekayo eza kancane kancane ngokuzivivinya okulula.” Le-Journal yabika ukuthi “isayensi iye yafakazela izinzuzo zokuzivivinya okulula njengokuhamba, ukwenza umsebenzi wasegcekeni, umsebenzi wasendlini nokudansa ekuvimbeleni isifo senhliziyo.”
Abesifazane Base-Asia Baphila Isikhathi Eside Ngokwengeziwe
Ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwabesifazane baseHong Kong buye bathuthuka ngokuqhubekayo phakathi neminyaka engu-20 edlule, ngokusho kukamagazini i-China Today. Ngo-1971 ubude bokuphila obabulindelekile kwabesifazane baseHong Kong babuyiminyaka engu-75,3. Ngo-1981 bakhuphukela ku-78,5. Futhi ngo-1991 bafinyelela izinga eliphakeme leminyaka engu-80,6. Kutuswa ukudla okungcono nezinkonzo zezokwelapha ezithuthukisiwe njengezimbangela zalentuthuko. Kubonakala sengathi abesifazane base-Asia ngokuvamile bajabulela ubude besikhathi sokuphila obungaphezu kobuvamile. Abesifazane baseTaiwan bangalindela ukuphila iminyaka engu-77. ESingapore ubude besikhathi sokuphila kwabesifazane buyiminyaka engaba ngu-76, futhi ePeople’s Republic of China, buyiminyaka engu-71. I-China Today iphawula ukuthi “abesifazane baseJapane basahola phambili emhlabeni ngobude bokuphila kweminyaka engu-83.”
Imidlalo Enobudlova
Uhlobo olusha lwemidlalo yama-video enobudlova luqhubeka luthandeka ngokweqile phakathi kwentsha namuhla. Ngokukamagazini i-Entertainment Weekly, omunye umdlalo uhlanganisa isigcawu esiveza “owesifazane ogqoke izingubo zokulala ezimfushane eklinywa intamo ukuze kukhishwe igazi lakhe kwenziwe iwayini.” Komunye umdlalo, abalingiswa “bashaya abantu ngonya emncintiswaneni wembulunga yonke wokulwa emgwaqweni,” kusho i-Daily News yaseNew York. Omunye futhi umdlalo uchazwa kuyi-Daily News ngokuthi “ucindezela kakhulu ngokomzwelo.” Leliphephandaba liyaqhubeka: “Ukushaywa emzimbeni kuhambisana nokutshaza kwegazi; lapho iselelesi sinqoba ngokuvamile sinquma ikhanda leqhawe, futhi ngezinye izikhathi siliphakamisele phezulu njengophawu lokunqoba, umhlandla ungakasuswa. Abanye abadlali abahlulwayo bangabethelwa noma bokhelwe ngomlilo.”
Ukungezwani Nokudla?
Ukuhlola okukhulu okuphathelene nezinto ezingezwani nomzimba eNingizimu Afrika kwembule ukuthi phakathi kwezingane ezahlolwa eziphethwe isifuba somoya, ezingamaphesenti angu-43 “zasabela kabi kakhulu kuyi-sulphur dioxide,” kubika iphephandaba laseGoli i-Star. I-sulfur dioxide isetshenziswa kakhulu ekulondolozeni ukudla eNingizimu Afrika. Ngokwesibonelo, ama-sulfite ne-sulfur dioxide kufafazwa emifinweni nasezithelweni ezintsha ematafuleni ezibekwa kuwo nakwezinye izitolo ezinkulu ukuze zingalahlekelwa umbala. Ama-sulfite ne-sulfur dioxide kuyasetshenziswa nakokunye ukudla, njengenhlama kafulawa, iziphuzo ezibandayo, iwayini, nobhiya. Lokhu kuhlola kuye kwabangela isidingo esikhulu semithetho eqinile yokuphawula ukudla.
Ingculaza EJapane
Ngokwezibalo ezingokomthetho, phakathi kwezakhamuzi zaseJapane eziyizigidi ezingu-124, ezingaphansi kuka-3 000 ziye zatholwa zinegciwane lengculaza. “Nokho, ngasese, izisebenzi eziningi zezokwelapha, ezinye zazo eziqashwe umnyango wezempilo, zikholelwa ukuthi iJapane inezisulu eziningi kunalezo eziqashelwa izibalo ezingokomthetho,” kusho umagazini i-Economist. Omunye uchwepheshe ulinganisela ukuthi izibalo zangempela ziphakeme okungenani ngokuphindwe izikhathi eziyishumi kunezibalo ezingokomthetho. Lomagazini waphawula ukuthi “kukholelwa ukuthi abantu baseJapane abahlushwa ukopha abangaphezu kwengxenye banegciwane i-HIV, okuthiwa ngokwengxenye balithole ngokunikezwa i-Factor 8 enegciwane, ewumkhiqizo wegazi.” EJapane, abaningi bayakugwema ukuxoxa ngendima efezwa ubungqingili ekusakazekeni kwengculaza. Kodwa uYuichi Shiokawa, umphathi we-Surveillance Committee on AIDS yaseJapane, uthi “ubungqingili busakazekile, ikakhulukazi kubapristi namabutho ahlomile.”
Abantu Abagugile Abaxhashazwayo
Muva nje iphephandaba laseCanada i-Vancouver Sun lithe “izinhlelo zesikole eziklanyelwe ukuthuthukisa ukubaluleka kwabantu abagugile kufanele zigxiliswe ezinganeni nasentsheni.” Kungani? Ngoba kulinganiselwa ukuthi eCanada “abantu abangaphezu kuka-315 000 abaneminyaka engaphezu kuka-65 bayaxhashazwa minyaka yonke,” kubika i-Sun. Inezela ukuthi “ochwepheshe abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi lenkinga inkulu ngokwengeziwe ngoba ngokuvamile imikhaya iyakufihla ukuxhashazwa.” Abantu abagugile bayanqikaza ukuvuma ukuthi babhekana nobudlova obungokomzimba, ukuxhashazwa ngokwengqondo, ukunganakwa, nokuxhashazwa ngokwezimali. Ukusetshenziswa kabi kwemali nezimpahla yizingane ezikhulile ezinikezwe igunya lokumelela abazali ezimweni ezithile ngokuvamile kushiya umzali ogugile esaba futhi esengozini.
Ukukhathala Lapho Ushayela?
Ngokwe-Star iphephandaba laseGoli, eNingizimu Afrika, ingozi yezimoto eyodwa kwezintathu kulelozwe ibangelwa ukukhathala komshayeli. Lokhu kungaba yingozi njengokushayela ngaphansi kwethonya lotshwala noma ngesivinini esikhulu. Ezinye zezimpawu zokukhathala kumshayeli amehlo abuhlungu noma akhathele, ukwakha amaphupho, nokweqa imigqa yomgwaqo. Ingozi yokukhathala lapho ushayela iwukuthi abashayeli bangase bangasiqapheli isimo sabo kuze kube yilapho sekwephuze kakhulu. Umculo, ikhofi, noma umoya ohlanzekile kungase kungayilungisi lenkinga. Eqinisweni, ukuzama ukulwisana nokukhathala kungamane nje kunciphise ikhono lomshayeli lokugxilisa ingqondo. Umkhulumeli we-Directorate Traffic Safety uyaluleka: “Yinye kuphela into ongayenza uma uzizwa ukhathele lapho ushayela—hlaba ikhefu ngaso lesosikhathi. Yikhiphe ngokuphelele imoto yakho emgwaqweni noma ume endaweni yokuphumula futhi uqhubeke nohambo lwakho kuphela lapho usululeme ngokuphelele.”
Umbulali Ekudleni
Minyaka yonke abantu abangaba yizigidi ezingu-80 e-United States baba izisulu zikashevu osekudleni, ngokusho kwephepha lokwaziswa laseTufts University. “Ngokuvamile lenkinga ayiqashelwa ngoba eziningi zezimpawu zayo—ukuzwela amakhaza, imfiva, isicanucanu, inkwantshu, ukuhuda, ukuhlanza—zingafana nezomkhuhlane,” kuphawula leliphepha. Kwezinye izimo lezizifo ezisekudleni ziyabulala. E-United States kuphela, kufa abantu abangaba ngu-9 000 unyaka ngamunye ngenxa kashevu osekudleni. I-Tufts University Diet & Nutrition Letter ithi “iZikhungo Zokulawulwa Nokuvinjelwa Kwezifo ziye zalinganisela ukuthi amaphesenti angu-85 azo zonke izifo ezitholakala ekudleni bezingagwenywa ukuba abantu bebethatha izinyathelo zokuqapha ezifanele emakhaya abo.” Phakathi kwezixwayiso ezibaliwe kwaba ukufaka konke ukudla esiqandisini phakathi namahora amabili kuphekiwe nokuhlanza yonke imifino nezithelo ngaphambi kokuzidla.