Umakhalekhukhwini—Uwusizo Noma Uyingozi?

NGUMLOBELI WE-PHAPHAMA! E-AUSTRALIA

EMINYAKENI ethile edlule, igama elithi “umakhalekhukhwini” lalingeke lifaneleke. Izingcingo “zaziphathwa” kuphela uma unamandla noma uma kungolwasemotweni, ngoba amabhethri azo ayesinda kakhulu. Lezi zingcingo zazizinkulu kunebhokisi lezicathulo, futhi zibiza izinkulungwane zamaRandi.

Namuhla kunomakhalekhukhwini abangaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-1,35. Kwamanye amazwe izakhamuzi ezingaphezu kwengxenye zinabo. Abaningi bangalingana entendeni yesandla, futhi ngezinye izikhathi baze batholakale mahhala.a Iphephabhuku lase-Australia i-Bulletin liyabika: “Cishe kusetshenziswa eziningi zalezi zingcingo njengama-TV nama-computer kuhlangene.” Emazweni angaphezu kwangu-20, manje kunomakhalekhukhwini abaningi ngaphezu kwezingcingo ezixhunywe ngezintambo. Uchwepheshe othile wale mboni uchaza omakhalekhukhwini ngokuthi abasona nje isimanga sezobuchwepheshe kodwa “bayisimanga emphakathini.”

Omakhalekhukhwini banamuphi umphumela emphakathini? Ingabe bawusizo noma bayingozi?

Bayisibusiso Kwezebhizinisi

Ukuthengiswa kakhulu komakhalekhukhwini kuchumisa amabhizinisi amaningi. Inkampani ethile enkulu yathi: “Ukudayiswa komakhalekhukhwini kuwumkhakha wama-electronic odayisa kakhulu kunayo yonke eyake yaba khona.” Ngamanye amazwi, kuchithwa imali eningi manje komakhalekhukhwini kunaleyo eyachithwa kunoma imuphi omunye umshini wama-electronic esikhathini esidlule.

Ngokwesibonelo, e-Australia, izakhamuzi zakhona ezingaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-15 kweziyizigidi ezingu-20 zinomakhalekhukhwini. Amakhasimende enkampani yezingcingo eyodwa nje kweziningi kulelo zwe áshaya izingcingo eziyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-7,5 ngomakhalekhukhwini phakathi nonyaka othile wamuva nje. Emhlabeni wonke, omakhalekhukhwini bangenisela izinkampani zezokuxhumana izigidi zezinkulungwane zamaRandi ngonyaka. Kulula-ke ukuqonda ukuthi kungani amabhizinisi amakhulu ebheka umakhalekhukhwini njengowusizo.

Ukusungula Ulimi Olusha

Eminingi yemiyalezo eyizigidi ethunyelwa ngalezi zingcingo zobuchwepheshe ayiyona inkulumo, kodwa iyabhalwa. Esikhundleni sokukhuluma ngocingo, abantu abaningi ngokwandayo abasebenzisa omakhalekhukhwini—ikakhulukazi intsha—basebenzisa ingosi yemiyalezo okuthiwa i-Short Message Service (SMS). Le ngosi ibavumela ukuba babhalelane futhi bathumelelane imiyalezo emifushane, ngentengo ephansana. Ngenxa yokuthi ukuxhumana ngale ndlela kudinga ukuba ubhale umyalezo ngezinkinobho ezincane zocingo, abantu abakhonze ama-SMS basebenzisa ulimi olufushanisiwe oluhlanganisa izinhlamvu zamagama nezinombolo ukuze bakhe amagama afundekayo. Yize kuwumsebenzi ukubhala umyalezo esikhundleni sokukhuluma nomuntu, kuthunyelelwana imiyalezo engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingu-30 emhlabeni wonke inyanga ngayinye.

Iphathelene nani yonke le miyalezo? Ucwaningo lwaseBrithani lwathola ukuthi intsha engamaphesenti angu-42 eneminyaka engu-18 kuya kwengu-24 isebenzisa ama-SMS ukuze idlale nabanye ngothando, engamaphesenti angu-20 isebenzisa le ndlela ethandwayo yokuxhumana ukuze ihlele izikhathi zokubonana, kanti engamaphesenti angu-13 iye yasebenzisa ama-SMS ukuze iqede ubuhlobo.

Ezinye izingqapheli zomphakathi ziyakhathazeka ngokuthi indlela yokubhala ama-SMS eshintsha ukupelwa kwamagama nohlelo lolimi ilimaza amakhono ezingane olimi. Abanye bayaphika, bathi ama-SMS “avuselela umkhuba wokubhala esizukulwaneni esisha.” Umkhulumeli wenkampani ekhipha isichazamazwi esithile e-Australia watshela iphephandaba i-Sun-Herald: “Asivamile ukuthola ithuba lokusungula indlela entsha shá [yolimi] . . . inhlanganisela yemiyalezo [yama-SMS] ne-internet isho ukuthi intsha isichitha isikhathi esiningi ibhala okuthile. Kufanele ikwazi ukushelela lapho ifunda noma ikhuluma ukuze yazi isitayela namagama amuva asetshenziswayo kanye nohlelo . . . lwalolu limi.”

Izici Ezingezinhle

Nakuba omakhalekhukhwini beyithuluzi elihle lokuxoxa nabantu nokuqhuba ibhizinisi, izisebenzi eziningi zingase ngezinye izikhathi zibheke lezi zingcingo njengozankosi esikhundleni sokuba usizo—kuzenze zizithole zisemsebenzini yize zishayisile. Inhlolo-vo ethile yathola ukuthi izisebenzi zezokukhangisa ezingamaphesenti angu-80 nezisebenzi zezokwakha ezingamaphesenti angu-60 zizizwa ziphoqeleka ukuba zitholakale njalo lapho zifunwa abaqashi noma amakhasimende. Ukuzizwa kwabantu bephoqeleka ukuphendula umakhalekhukhwini kungakhathaliseki ukuthi bakuphi noma benzani kudala lokho umcwaningi othile akubiza ngokuthi “umkhuba wokuphazamisa.” Ngenxa yalokho, onjiniyela basungulé izinto zokwakha ezisetshenziswa ezitolo zokudla nasemabhayisikobho ezivimba amaza kamakhalekhukhwini.—Bheka ibhokisi elithi “Ukusikisela Kokusebenzisa Umakhalekhukhwini.”

Ngaphandle nje kokuthi ziyisiphazamiso esicasulayo, lezi zingcingo ezitholakala yonke indawo zingase ziphenduke ingozi emphakathini. Ucwaningo lwaseCanada lwathola ukuthi ukusebenzisa umakhalekhukhwini lapho ushayela kuyingozi njengokushayela uphuzile. UProfesa Mark Stevenson, we-Injury Research Centre yase-University of Western Australia, uchaza ukuthi ukuxoxa ocingweni kunzima kakhulu kunokuxoxa nje nomuntu nisemotweni. Yize kunezingozi futhi amaphoyisa ezindaweni ezithile ebahlawulisa abasebenzisa umakhalekhukhwni beshayela, inhlolo-vo yamuva nje ithole ukuthi umshayeli oyedwa kwabahlanu e-Australia ubhala imiyalezo yama-SMS kanti oyedwa kwabathathu ushaya ucingo noma amukele izingcingo kumakhalekhukhwini lapho eshayela.

Izingozi zokubasebenzisa kabi omakhalekhukhwini zithinta nokuhamba kwezindiza. Nakuba izintambo zezindiza zamuva zivikelekile emisebeni kamakhalekhukhwini, izindiza ezithile ezisasebenza kuthiwa zingase ziphazamiseke. I-New Scientist iyabika: “Lapho ihlola ngezindiza ezimbili, i-Civil Aviation Authority [CAA] yaseBrithani iye yaqinisekisa ukuthi imisebe kamakhalekhukhwini iphazamisa imishini ebalulekile ekuhambeni kwendiza ngokuphepha.” Ephawula usongo oluyinhloko lwalezi zingcingo, umkhulumeli we-CAA wathi: “Umakhalekhukhwini ukhipha imisebe enamandla kakhulu njengoba uqhela esikhungweni samaza awo. Ngakho njengoba indiza iya ikhuphuka, imisebe yocingo iba namandla, okwandisa ukuphazamiseka ngesikhathi esibucayi sokuhamba kwendiza.” Ucwaningo oluthile lwase-Australia lwathola ukuthi imishini yama-electronic ephathwa abantu, kuhlanganise nomakhalekhukhwini, yabangela izinkinga eziningi phakathi nohambo lwezindiza ngenxa yokuthi abagibeli bazishaya indiva izixwayiso ezithi bayicime le mishini lapho besendizeni.

Omakhalekhukhwini Nomdlavuza

Kusenempikiswano eshubile ngokuthi imisebe yomakhalekhukhwini nezikhungo zamaza ezilawula lezo zingcingo zingawubanga yini umdlavuza kubantu. Ngenxa yokuthi kunamakhulu ezigidi zabantu abasebenzisa lezi zingcingo, ngisho noma lilincane inani labantu ebelingaba nezinkinga zempilo, lokho bekungaba ingozi enkulu yezempilo. Ngakho-ke, ucwaningo oluningi olunzulu lwesayensi luye lwahlola ngemiphumela yemisebe kamakhalekhukhwini emzimbeni womuntu. Kuye kwafinyelelwa kuziphi iziphetho?

I-Independent Expert Group on Mobile Phones (IEGMP) yakhipha umbiko othi: “I-Expert Group ikholelwa ukuthi, ngokobufakazi obutholakalayo manje, asikho isidingo sokuba umphakathi uwonke ukhathazeke ngokusebenzisa omakhalekhukhwini.” I-New Scientist nayo yabika: “Naphezu kwemibiko ethusayo eminyakeni yamuva nje, ubufakazi obuningi kuze kube manje bubonisa ukuthi ukuchayeka emisebeni ekhishwa umakhalekhukhwini akunawo umphumela oyingozi empilweni. Ucwaningo oluye lwabonisa ukuthi kuyingozi kunzima ukuluqinisekisa.”

Ngenxa yokungabaza okuqhubekayo mayelana nomphumela womakhalekhukhwini empilweni, kusachithwa izigidi zamaRandi ekucwaningeni kabanzi. Kuze kube yilapho kutholakala impendulo eqinisekile, i-IEGMP itusa okulandelayo: “Sebenzisa umakhalekhukhwini isikhathi esifushane ngangokunokwenzeka. Sebenzisa izingcingo ezikhipha imisebe emincane. Sebenzisa izinto ezikuvumela ukuba ungalubambi ngesandla ucingo kanye namanye amathuluzi uma kuqinisekisiwe ukuthi anciphisa amandla emisebe.” I-Expert Group itusa nokuba “izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka engu-16 ubudala zinqatshelwe ukusebenzisa omakhalekhukhwini,” ngoba izimiso ezisakhula zezinzwa zezingane zingase “zizichaye kakhulu ezingozini zempilo ezingakaziwa.”

Nakuba kunezimpikiswano ezishubile, umakhalekhukhwini unethonya elikhulu kwezomnotho nakwezenhlalo. Njengezinye izinto zama-electronic ezingozakwabo—njenge-TV ne-computer—umakhalekhukhwini ungase ube inceku ewusizo noma ube inkosi ecindezelayo. Umthwalo wokunquma ukuthi uba usizo noma uba yingozi usemahlombe omuntu owusebenzisayo.

[Umbhalo waphansi]

[Ibhokisi/Isithombe ekhasini 27]

Ukusikisela Kokusebenzisa Umakhalekhukhwini

 1. Yehlisa izwi uma usebenzisa ucingo phakathi kwabantu. Umbhobho wocingo unamandla kakhulu, kanti nabantu abaseduze bangase bangathandi ukulalela ingxoxo yakho.

 2. Lucime ucingo noma ulwenze luvevezele kuphela uma usemibuthanweni yenkolo, emihlanganweni yebhizinisi, ebhayisikobho noma komunye umbuthano womphakathi, noma esitolo sokudla.

 3. Ungalusebenzisi ucingo olubanjwa ngesandla uma ushayela.

[Isithombe ekhasini 26]

Emhlabeni wonke, kuthunyelwa imiyalezo ebhalwa ngezingcingo engaba yizigidi eziyizinkulu- ngwane ezingu-30 inyanga ngayinye

[Isithombe ekhasini 28]

Ukusebenzisa umakhalekhukhwini lapho ushayela kungase kube ingozi njengokushayela uphuzile