Isahluko Sokuqala
Umprofethi KaNkulunkulu Ulethela Isintu Ukukhanya
1, 2. Yiziphi izimo zanamuhla ezikhathaza abaningi?
SIPHILA esikhathini lapho umuntu engenza khona cishe noma yini. Ukuya emkhathini, ubuchwepheshe bama-computer, ukushintshwa kwezakhi zofuzo nezinye izinto ezisunguliwe eziphathelene nesayensi, kuvulelé uhlanga lwesintu amathuba amasha, kwaletha ithemba lokuphila okungcono—mhlawumbe nokujanyana.
2 Ingabe leyo ntuthuko ikwenze wakwazi ukukhipha izingidi ezicabheni zakwakho? Ikuqedile ukusongela kwempi? Izelaphile yini izifo noma yaqeda ukudabuka kokufelwa othandekayo? Phinde! Intuthuko yabantu, nakuba iphawuleka kanjalo, ilinganiselwe. Umbiko we-Worldwatch Institute uthi: “Siyitholile indlela yokuya enyangeni, indlela yokwakha izakhi zama-electronic ezinamandla amakhulu, nendlela yokukhipha izakhi zofuzo zomuntu sizifake komunye. Kodwa asikakakwazi ukunikeza abantu abayizinkulungwane zezigidi amanzi ahlanzekile, asikakakwazi ukunqanda ukushabalala kwezinkulungwane zezilwane nezitshalo, noma ukuthola amandla elangeni ngaphandle kokuphazamisa umkhathi.” Kuyaqondakala ukuthi abaningi bakhathazekile ngekusasa, abaqiniseki ukuthi kumelwe baphendukelephi ukuze bathole induduzo nethemba.
3. Kwakunjani kwaJuda phakathi nekhulu lesi-8 B.C.E.?
3 Isimo esibhekene naso namuhla siyafana nesabantu bakaNkulunkulu ekhulwini lesi-8 B.C.E. Ngaleso sikhathi, uNkulunkulu wathuma inceku yakhe u-Isaya ukuba iyise umyalezo wenduduzo kubantu bakwaJuda, futhi babeyidinga ngempela leyo nduduzo. Isizwe sasihlushwa iziphithiphithi. Kwase kuseduze ukuba uMbuso Wase-Asiriya ononya ube uhlupho ezweni, wenze abaningi besabe. Abantu bakaNkulunkulu babengaphendukelaphi ukuze bathole insindiso? Babelibiza ngomlomo nje igama likaJehova, kodwa bebe bekhetha ukubeka ithemba labo kubantu.—2 AmaKhosi 16:7; 18:21.
Ukukhanya Kukhanya Ebumnyameni
4. Imuphi umyalezo okabili u-Isaya ayethunywe ukuba awumemezele?
4 Ngenxa yenkambo kaJuda yokuhlubuka, iJerusalema lalizobhujiswa, bese izakhamuzi zakwaJuda zithunjelwa eBabiloni. Yebo, kwakuza izikhathi ezinzima kakhulu. UJehova wathuma umprofethi wakhe u-Isaya ukuba abikezele ngale nkathi eyayiza nokubi, kodwa futhi wamyala nokuba amemezele izindaba ezinhle. Ngemva kweminyaka engu-70 ethunjiwe, amaJuda ayeyokhululwa eBabiloni! Insali ethokozayo yayiyobuyela eZiyoni futhi ithole ilungelo lokubuyisela ukukhulekela kweqiniso khona. Ngalo myalezo ojabulisayo, uJehova, ngomprofethi wakhe, wenza ukukhanya kwakhanya ebumnyameni.
5. Kungani uJehova embula izinjongo zakhe kusasele isikhathi eside kangaka?
5 ElakwaJuda laze lachithwa ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu u-Isaya elobe iziprofetho zakhe. Pho kungani uJehova embula izinjongo zakhe kusasele isikhathi eside kangaka? Labo abazizwela ngokwabo izimemezelo zika-Isaya babeyobe bengeve sebafa kudala yini ngesikhathi kugcwaliseka lezi ziprofetho? Kunjalo. Kodwa ngenxa yezambulo uJehova azambulela u-Isaya, labo ababeyobe bephila ngesikhathi kubhujiswa iJerusalema ngo-607 B.C.E. babeyobe benombhalo onemiyalezo ka-Isaya eyiziprofetho. Lokhu kwakuyonikeza ubufakazi obuqand’ ikhanda bokuthi uJehova ‘uyiLowo owazisa isiphetho kwasekuqaleni nalowo owazisa izinto ezingakenziwa kusukela kudala.’—Isaya 46:10; 55:10, 11.
6. Yiziphi ezinye zezindlela uJehova aphakeme ngazo kunababikezeli abangabantu?
6 UJehova kuphela ongasho ukuthi uyakwazi ukwenza kanjalo. Umuntu angase alibikezele ikusasa eliseduze esebenzisa ulwazi analo ngaleso sikhathi ngesimo sezombusazwe noma sezenhlalo. Kodwa nguJehova kuphela ongabona kusengaphambili ngokuqiniseka okuphelele ukuthi kuzokwenzekani nganoma isiphi isikhathi, ngisho nasesikhathini esikude esizayo. Anganikeza nezinceku zakhe amandla okubikezela izenzakalo kusekude ukuba zenzeke. IBhayibheli lithi: “INkosi EnguMbusi uJehova ngeke yenze utho ngaphandle kokuba yambule isifuba sayo ezincekwini zayo abaprofethi.”—Amose 3:7.
Bangaki O-“Isaya”?
7. Izazi eziningi zikungabaza kanjani ukulotshwa kwencwadi ka-Isaya, futhi ngani?
7 Le ndaba eyisiprofetho iyona eyenze izazi eziningi zangabaza ukuthi le ncwadi yalotshwa u-Isaya. Laba bagxeki bami kwelokuthi ingxenye yokugcina yale ncwadi kumelwe ukuba yalotshwa othile owayephila ekhulwini lesithupha B.C.E., phakathi nesikhathi sokuthunjelwa eBabiloni noma ngemva kwaso. Bathi iziprofetho zokuchithwa kukaJuda zalotshwa sezigcwalisekile, futhi ngenxa yalokho azizona ngempela izibikezelo. Laba bagxeki baveza nokuthi ngemva kwesahluko 40, incwadi ka-Isaya ixoxa indaba njengokungathi iBabiloni lase liwumbuso obusayo kakade futhi ama-Israyeli ethunjelwe khona. Ngenxa yalokho, bacabanga ukuthi noma ubani owaloba ingxenye yokugcina ka-Isaya kumelwe ukuba wayiloba ngaleyo nkathi—phakathi nekhulu lesithupha B.C.E. Sikhona yini isizathu esiqinile sokucabanga kanjalo? Asikho nhlobo!
8. Kwaqala nini ukungatshazwa kokulotshwa kwencwadi ka-Isaya, futhi kwasakazeka kanjani?
8 Ukuthi ngu-Isaya ongumlobi wale ncwadi kwaze kwangatshazwa ekhulwini lika-12 C.E. Kwangatshazwa umhlaziyi u-Abraham Ibn Ezra. I-Encyclopaedia Judaica ithi: “Lapho ekhulumela u-Isaya, [u-Abraham Ibn Ezra] uthi ingxenye yesibili, kusukela esahlukweni 40, yalotshwa umprofethi owayephila phakathi kwenkathi yokuThunjwa eBabiloni nasekuqaleni kokuBuyela eZiyoni.” Phakathi kwekhulu le-18 nele-19, imibono ka-Ibn Ezra yamukelwa izazi eziningi, kuhlanganise noJohann Christoph Doederlein, isazi sezenkolo esingumJalimane esashicilela incwadi yaso echaza u-Isaya ngo-1775, uhlelo lwesibili lwale ncwadi lwakhishwa ngo-1789. I-New Century Bible Commentary iyaphawula: “Zonke izazi, ngaphandle kwezisabambelele kokudala, seziyawamukela lo mbono kaDoederlein . . . wokuthi iziprofetho ezisezahlukweni 40-66 zencwadi ka-Isaya aziwona amazwi omprofethi u-Isaya wekhulu lesi-8 kodwa ezangesikhathi sangemva kwalokho.”
9.(a) Igxekwe kanjani incwadi ka-Isaya? (b) Omunye umkhulumeli weBhayibheli uyifingqa kanjani impicabadala yomlobi ka-Isaya?
9 Nokho, imibuzo ephathelene nokuthi ubani owaloba incwadi ka-Isaya ayigcinanga lapho. Umbono ophathelene no-Isaya wesibili—noma uDeutero-Isaiah—wazala umbono wokuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kwakukhona nomlobi wesithathu.a Babe sebeyihlaba beyihlikiza incwadi ka-Isaya, kangangokuba esinye isazi sathi isahluko 15 no-16 salotshwa umprofethi ongaziwa, kanti esinye singabaza owaloba izahluko 23 kuya ku-27. Esinye futhi sithi akunakuba u-Isaya owaloba amazwi asezahlukweni 34 no-35. Ngani? Ngoba ukwaziswa okulapho kuthi akufane nokusezahlukweni 40 kuya ku-46, lezo kakade okwase kuthiwe zalotshwa omunye umuntu, hhayi u-Isaya wekhulu lesi-8! Umhlaziyi weBhayibheli uCharles C. Torrey ufingqa umphumela wale ndlela yokucabanga. Uthi: “‘UmProfethi wenkathi yokuThunjwa owake wavelela akasashaywa mkhuba, futhi umbozwa izicucu zencwadi yakhe.’” Nokho, akuzona zonke izazi ezivumelana nalokhu kugxekwa kwencwadi ka-Isaya.
Ubufakazi Bokuthi Yalotshwa Umlobi Oyedwa
10. Nikeza isibonelo esisodwa esibonisa indlela ukungaguquki kwenkulumo okunikeza ngayo ubufakazi bokuthi incwadi ka-Isaya yalotshwa umlobi oyedwa.
10 Kunesizathu esinamandla sokuma kwelokuthi incwadi ka-Isaya yalotshwa umlobi oyedwa vó. Ubufakazi bokuqala buphathelene nokusetshenziswa kwamagama ngokungaguquki. Ngokwesibonelo, inkulumo ethi “oNgcwele ka-Israyeli” itholakala izikhathi ezingu-12 ku-Isaya izahluko 1 kuya ku-39 nezikhathi ezingu-13 ku-Isaya izahluko 40 kuya ku-66, kanti le ndlela yokuchaza uJehova ivela izikhathi eziyisithupha kuphela emiBhalweni YesiHeberu. Ukusetshenziswa ngokuphindaphindiwe kwale nkulumo engasetshenziswa njalo kusekela ukuthi incwadi ka-Isaya yalotshwa umuntu oyedwa.
11. Yikuphi ukufana okukhona phakathi kwezahluko 1 kuya ku-39 nezahluko 40 kuya ku-66 zika-Isaya?
11 Kunezinye izinto ezifanayo ezahlukweni 1 kuya ku-39 nasezahlukweni 40 kuya ku-66. Zombili lezi zingxenye zisebenzisa izifenqo ezifanayo ezicacile, njengezithi owesifazane onemihelo, “indlela” noma “umgwaqo omkhulu.”b Kukhulunywa ngokuphindaphindiwe ‘nangeZiyoni,’ igama elisetshenziswa izikhathi ezingu-29 ezahlukweni 1 kuya ku-39 nezikhathi ezingu-18 ezahlukweni 40 kuya ku-66. Eqinisweni, elithi Ziyoni livela kaningi ku-Isaya kunakwezinye izincwadi zeBhayibheli! I-International Standard Bible Encyclopedia ithi ubufakazi obunjalo “bubonisa le ncwadi njengeyingqayizivele” obekungenakwenzeka ukube yabhalwa abalobi ababili, abathathu noma ngaphezulu.
12, 13. ImiBhalo YamaKristu YesiGreki ibonisa kanjani ukuthi incwadi ka-Isaya yalotshwa umuntu oyedwa?
12 Ubufakazi obuqine kunabo bonke bokuthi incwadi ka-Isaya yalotshwa umuntu oyedwa butholakala emiBhalweni YamaKristu YesiGreki ephefumulelwe. Le miBhalo ibonisa ngokucacile ukuthi amaKristu ekhulu lokuqala ayekholelwa ukuthi incwadi ka-Isaya yalotshwa umlobi oyedwa. Ngokwesibonelo, uLuka ukhuluma ngesikhulu saseTopiya esasifunda ukwaziswa manje okutholakala ku-Isaya isahluko 53, yona kanye le ngxenye abagxeki banamuhla abathi yalotshwa uDeutero-Isaiah. Kodwa uLuka uthi umTopiya ‘wayefunda ngokuzwakalayo umprofethi u-Isaya.’—IzEnzo 8:26-28.
13 Yibe usucabangela umlobi weVangeli uMathewu, ochaza indlela inkonzo kaJohane uMbhapathizi eyagcwalisa ngayo amazwi esiprofetho manje esiwathola ku-Isaya 40:3. UMathewu uthi lesi siprofetho salotshwa ubani? UDeutero-Isaiah ongaziwa? Cha, uthi umlobi ‘u-Isaya umprofethi.’c (Mathewu 3:1-3) Ngesinye isikhathi uJesu wafunda emqulwini othile amazwi manje esiwathola ku-Isaya 61:1, 2. Lapho elandisa le ndaba, uLuka uthi: “Wanikezwa umqulu womprofethi u-Isaya.” (Luka 4:17) Encwadini yakhe kwabaseRoma, uPawulu ukhuluma ngazo zombili izingxenye zika-Isaya, eyokuqala neyakamuva, kodwa akasikiseli nakancane ukuthi umlobi kwakungomunye umuntu ngaphandle kuka-Isaya. (Roma 10:16, 20; 15:12) Ngokusobala, amaKristu ekhulu lokuqala ayengakholelwa ukuthi incwadi ka-Isaya yayibhalwe abalobi ababili, abathathu noma ngaphezulu.
14. ImiQulu YasoLwandle Olufile iyicacisa kanjani indaba yomlobi ka-Isaya?
14 Cabangela nobufakazi bemiQulu YasoLwandle Olufile—imibhalo yasendulo, eminingi yayo engeyangaphambi kwesikhathi sikaJesu. Omunye umbhalo wesandla ka-Isaya, owaziwa ngokuthi umQulu ka-Isaya, owangekhulu lesibili B.C.E., futhi uphikisa okushiwo abagxeki ukuthi kusukela esahlukweni 40 kwabe sekuloba uDeutero-Isaiah. Kanjani? Kulo mbhalo wesandla wasendulo, isahluko 40 siqala emgqeni wokugcina wohlu, bese kuthi umusho wokuqala uqedelwe ohlwini olulandelayo. Ngokusobala ngaleso sikhathi umkopishi wayengazi ngokushintsha komlobi noma ukuhlukaniswa kwale ncwadi okuthiwa kwenzeka.
15. Isazi-mlando esingumJuda sekhulu lokuqala uFlavius Josephus sithini ngeziprofetho zika-Isaya ngoKoresi?
15 Okokugcina, cabangela ubufakazi besazi-mlando esingumJuda sekhulu lokuqala uFlavius Josephus. Akasho nje kuphela ukuthi iziprofetho eziku-Isaya eziphathelene noKoresi zalotshwa ekhulwini lesi-8 B.C.E. kodwa ubuye athi uKoresi wayezazi lezi ziprofetho. UJosephus uyabhala: “UKoresi wayezazi lezi zinto ngokufunda incwadi yesiprofetho eyayishiywe u-Isaya eminyakeni engamakhulu amabili neshumi ngaphambili.” NgokukaJosephus, ukwazi kukaKoresi lezi ziprofetho kungenzeka kwaba nesandla ekuzimiseleni kwakhe ukuphindisela amaJuda ezweni lawo, ngoba uJosephus ubhala ukuthi uKoresi “wafikelwa isifiso esinamandla nokulangazelela ukwenza okwakulotshiwe.”—Jewish Antiquities, Incwadi XI, isahluko 1, isigaba 2.
16. Yini engase ishiwo ngokugomela kwabagxeki ukuthi engxenyeni yokugcina ka-Isaya iBabiloni lichazwa njengombuso obusayo?
16 Njengoba sekushiwo, abagxeki abaningi bathi kusukela ku-Isaya isahluko 40 kuqhubeke, iBabiloni lichazwa njengombuso obusayo, nama-Israyeli kukhulunywa ngawo njengathunjiwe kakade. Lokhu akubonisi yini ukuthi umlobi wayephila phakathi nekhulu lesithupha B.C.E.? Akunjalo ngempela. Iqiniso liwukuthi ngisho nangaphambi kwesahluko 40 sika-Isaya, iBabiloni liyachazwa njengombuso wezwe obusayo. Ngokwesibonelo, ku-Isaya 13:19, iBabiloni libizwa ngokuthi “umhlobiso wemibuso,” noma “umbuso omuhle kunayo yonke,” njengoba i-Today’s English Version ikubeka. Ngokusobala la mazwi ayisiprofetho, ngoba iBabiloni alizange libe umbuso wezwe kwaze kwaba ngemva kweminyaka eyikhulu. Omunye umgxeki “uxazulula” lokhu okuthiwa inkinga ngokumane athi u-Isaya 13 walotshwa omunye umlobi! Kodwa empeleni, akuve kuvamile ukuba eziprofethweni zeBhayibheli kukhulunywe ngezenzakalo zesikhathi esizayo njengokungathi sezenzekile. Le ndlela yokukhuluma isuke igcizelela ukuthi leso siprofetho nakanjani siyogcwaliseka. (IsAmbulo 21:5, 6) Ngempela, nguNkulunkulu wesiprofetho esiyiqiniso ongasho la mazwi: “Ngimemezela izinto ezintsha. Zingakaqali ukuvela, nginenza ukuba nizizwe.”—Isaya 42:9.
Incwadi Yesiprofetho Esinokwethenjelwa
17. Kungachazwa kanjani ukushintsha kwendlela yokuloba kusukela ku-Isaya isahluko 40 kuqhubeke?
17 Lobu bufakazi buholela kusiphi-ke isiphetho? Sokuthi incwadi ka-Isaya iyincwadi yomlobi oyedwa ophefumulelwe. Yonke le ncwadi ibilokhu isuka kwesinye isizukulwane iya kwesinye iyincwadi eyodwa, hhayi ezimbili noma ngaphezulu. Yiqiniso, abanye bangase bathi indlela incwadi ka-Isaya elotshwe ngayo iyashintsha ngandlela-thile kusukela esahlukweni 40 kuqhubeke. Kodwa khumbula ukuthi u-Isaya wakhonza njengomprofethi kaNkulunkulu iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-46. Phakathi naleso sikhathi kumelwe kulindeleke ukuba okuqukethwe umyalezo wakhe kanye nendlela yakhe yokwethula lowo myalezo kwakungashintsha. Empeleni, uNkulunkulu akamthumanga u-Isaya ukuba asho izixwayiso zokwahlulelwa ezinzima kuphela. Wayezosho nala mazwi kaJehova: “Duduzani, duduzani abantu bami.” (Isaya 40:1) Isithembiso sikaNkulunkulu sokuthi ngemva kweminyaka engu-70 ethunjiwe amaJuda ayeyobuyela ezweni lawo sasiyobaduduza ngempela abantu baKhe besivumelwano.
18. Yisiphi isihloko sencwadi ka-Isaya okuzoxoxwa ngaso kule ncwadi?
18 Ukukhululwa kwamaJuda ekuthunjweni eBabiloni kuyisihloko sezahluko eziningi zika-Isaya okuxoxwa ngazo kule ncwadi.d Eziningana kulezi ziprofetho ziyagcwaliseka nanamuhla, njengoba sizobona. Ngaphandle kwalokho, encwadini ka-Isaya sithola iziprofetho ezijabulisayo ezagcwaliseka ekuphileni—nasekufeni—kweNdodana kaNkulunkulu ezelwe yodwa. Ngokuqinisekile, ukufunda iziprofetho ezisemqoka ezisencwadini ka-Isaya kuzozizuzisa izinceku zikaNkulunkulu nabanye abantu emhlabeni wonke. Ngempela, lezi ziprofetho ziwukukhanya kuso sonke isintu.
[Imibhalo yaphansi]
a Umlobi wesithathu osikiselwayo, okuthiwa waloba izahluko 56 kuya ku-66, izazi zimbiza ngokuthi uTrito-Isaiah.
b Owesifazane onemihelo: Isaya 13:8; 21:3; 26:17, 18; 42:14; 45:10; 54:1; 66:7. “Indlela” noma “umgwaqo omkhulu”: Isaya 11:16; 19:23; 35:8; 40:3; 43:19; 49:11; 57:14; 62:10.
c Ekulandiseni okufanayo, uMarku, uLuka noJohane basebenzisa inkulumo efanayo.—Marku 1:2; Luka 3:4; Johane 1:23.
d Izahluko zokuqala ezingu-40 zidingidwa encwadini ethi Isiprofetho Sika-Isaya—Ukukhanya Kuso Sonke Isintu I, enyatheliswa yi-Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York, Inc.
[Ibhokisi ekhasini 9]
Ubufakazi Bokuhlaziywa Kolimi
Izifundo zokuhlaziya ulimi—lapho kubhekisiswa khona izinguquko ezinganakekile ezenzeka olimini phakathi neminyaka eminingi—zinikeza obunye ubufakazi bokuthi incwadi ka-Isaya yalotshwa umlobi oyedwa. Uma ingxenye ethile ka-Isaya yalotshwa ekhulwini lesi-8 B.C.E. nenye yalotshwa ngemva kweminyaka engu-200, kufanele kube nomehluko olimini lwesiHeberu esisetshenzisiwe engxenyeni ngayinye. Kodwa ngokombiko oshicilelwe kuyi-Westminster Theological Journal, “ubufakazi bokuhlaziywa kolimi bukusekela ngokunamandla ukuthi u-Isaya 40-66 walotshwa enkathini yangaphambi kokuthunjwa.” Umlobi walo mbiko uyaphetha: “Uma izazi ezigxekayo ziqhubeka zimi kwelokuthi kufanele kuthiwe u-Isaya walotshwa phakathi nenkathi yokuthunjwa noma ngemva kwayo, zenza kanjalo naphezu kobufakazi obuphikisayo bokuhlaziywa kolimi.”
[Isithombe ekhasini 11]
Ingxenye yomQulu ka-Isaya WasoLwandle Olufile. Umcibisholo ubonisa lapho kuphela khona isahluko 39
[Izithombe ekhasini 13]
Kusasele iminyaka engu-200, u-Isaya ubikezela ukukhululwa kwamaJuda