AmaWaldenses—Izihlubuki Noma Abafuni Beqiniso?
ISIKHATHI? Ikhulu le-12 C.E.—iminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kukaWycliffe noHuss nengama-300 ngaphambi kukaLuther. Indawo? KuseNingizimu France esigodini saseAlpine salelozwe nasenyakatho Italy. Isimo? Abantu abavamile abaphila ngobumpofu futhi abagcinwa bengazi lutho ngamabomu yisigaba sabefundisi abacebile futhi ngokuvamile abaphila ngokuziphatha okubi. Kulo lonke elaseYurophu, iSonto lamaRoma Katolika libusa njengeliphakeme, elinamandla, elicebile neliyizwe.
Esizindeni esinjalo sithola iqembu labantu elihluke ngokuphelele. Bakholelwa yiBhayibheli njengeliyiZwi likaNkulunkulu futhi bazama ukuphila ngokwezimiso zalo zokulunga. Behla benyuka ezintabeni namagquma, ngababili, beshumayela futhi befundisa noma imaphi amaqiniso abaye bakwazi ukuwathola ngokufunda kwabo izingxenye zabo zemiBhalo etholakalayo kubo ngolimi lwabo. Ngenxa yalokhu, bayasukelwa njengezihlubuki, abaningi balahlekelwa ukuphila kwabo. Bangobani?
EFrance baziwa ngokuthi bamanga Vaudois. Abashushisi babo abangamaKatolika bababiza ngesiLatini ngokuthi, amaValdenses, lapho kuvela khona igama lesiNgisi elithi Waldenses.
ABANDULELI
Izazi-mlando zamaKatolika nezamaProtestandi azivumelani ngemvelaphi yamaWaldenses. AmaKatolika afuna ukuba sikholelwe ukuthi lokho akubiza ngokuthi “ihlelo lezihlubuki” lamaWaldenses laliyinto engavamile eyamane yavela nje kungazelelwe ekupheleni kwekhulu le-12 ngaphansi kokuhola komFulentshi waseLyons ogama lakhe linguValdès noma uWaldo. AmaProtestandi amaningi, ngakolunye uhlangothi, athi amaWaldenses ayeyihhuku leketango elinganqamukanga labaphikisi besonto kusukela ngesikhathi soMbusi uConstantine (ikhulu lesine C.E.) nabaguquli besonto bamaProtestandi ngekhulu le-16. LamaProtestandi anombono wokuthi igama elithi Waldenses lavela kwelesiLatini elithi vallis, elisho “valley [isigodi],” futhi libhekisela eqinisweni lokuthi labaphikisi besonto, ababexoshwa njalo njengezihlubuki, baphoqeleleka ukuba baphephele ezigodini zaseAlpine zeFrance neItaly.
Njengoba bekungalindeleka, izazi-mlando zamaKatolika ziyayiphika lencazelo yamaProtestandi zithi ayivumelani nomlando. Nokho, ngokusho kwazo ukuthi amaWaldenses athuka engena emlandweni wasendulo noValdès noma uWaldo, iSonto lamaKatolika lizama ukugqiba iqiniso elingokomlando elisobala lokuthi kwakunabaningi abanye abaphikisi besonto ngaphambi kokuba uWaldo aqale ukushumayela kwakhe ekupheleni kwawo-1170. Iqiniso libonakala lingelokuthi uWaldo nabangane bakhe baba yizisulu zokuhlaselwa kwamaqembu anjalo abaphikisi besonto, amanye awo ayesenesikhathi eside ekhona.
ISonto lamaKatolika lifisa ukuba sikhohlwe ukuthi ukunganeliseki kwase kukhona phakathi kwalo eminyakeni eminingi ngaphambi kukaWaldo. Ngokwesibonelo, umBhishobhi uAgobard waseLyons, eFrance (779-840 C.E.), wamelana ngokunamandla nokukhulekela izithombe, ukunikelwa kwamasonto kosanta imithetho yokusontisa eyayingavumelani nemiBhalo eNgcwele.
Ngaphesheya kweAlps, eTurin, eItaly, oyintanga ka-Agobard, umBhishobhi uClaudius, wenza okufanayo. Walahla ukuthandaza kosanta, ukuhlonishwa kwezinto ezingcwele nesiphambano, futhi, wenqaba isiko lesonto njengelimelene nemiBhalo. UClaudius waseTurin uye wabizwa ngokuthi “umguquli wesonto wokuqala ongumProtestandi.” Wafa phakathi kuka-827 no-839 C.E.
Ngekhulu le-11 idikoni elikhulu uBérenger, noma uBerengarius, waseTours, eFrance, kuthiwa ungomunye wezazi zenkolo ezazinethonya kakhulu ngesikhathi sakhe, wayephikisana kakhulu nemfundiso yokuthi isinkwa newayini kuguquka kube umzimba negazi likaKristu, ethi isinkwa newayini okusetshenziswa ekukhumbuleni ukufa kukaKristu kuyizifanekiselo futhi akuguquki ngokuyisimangaliso kube umzimba negazi likaKristu. Futhi wasekela ukuphakama kweBhayibheli ngaphezu kwemfundiso yabantu. UBérenger waxoshwa ebandleni njengomhlubuki ngo-1050.
Ekuqaleni kakhulu kwekhulu le-12 amadoda amabili aba ngavelele njengabaphikisi besonto eFrance. AyengoPeter waseBruys noHenry waseLausanne. UPeter waqala impilo yakhe yobudala njengompristi eAlps eningizimu-mpumalanga France. Ngokushesha wabuyeka ubupristi ngenxa yokuthi wayengavumelani nesonto ezimfundisweni ezibalulekile ezinjengokubhapathizwa kwabantwana, ukuguquka kwewayini nesinkwa kube igazi nomzimba kaKristu, imithandazo eyenzelwa abafile, ukukhulekelwa kwesiphambano nesidingo sezindlu zamasonto. Ngemva kokuxoshwa kwezifunda-mbhishobhi zaseningizimu Alps, washumayela ngokuqondile kubantu kulo lonke elaseningizimu France, enza abafundi abaningi. Ekugcineni washiswa esigxotsheni eSt. Gilles, eduze kwaseArles, ngo-1140.
Umsebenzi kaPeter waseBruys waqhutshwa uHenry waseLausanne, owayebizwa futhi ngokuthi uHenry waseCluny. Wayeyindela, leyo emuva kangango-1101, eyaqala ukukhuluma ngesibindi ngokumelene nemithetho yokusontisa yesonto, abefundisi abonakele bosuku lwakhe nesimiso esingokwenkolo sokushiyana ngezikhundla. Wagcizelela ukuthi iBhayibheli liwukuphela komthetho wokukholwa nokukhulekela. UHenry waseLausanne waqala ukushumayela kwakhe eLe Mans, entshonalanga France. Ekuxoshweni kwakhe lapho, waqhubeka nomsebenzi wakhe wokushumayela kulo lonke elaseningizimu France, ekugcineni wahlangana noPeter waseBruys. Ngo-1148 waboshelwa ukuba adilikelwe ijele. Kepha imiqondo yalamadoda yasakazeka njengomlilo wequbula kusukela eningizimu Alps kuya eMeditera kuvundle ukudabula iningizimu France kuyofika eBay of Biscay.
UWALDO “NABANTU ABAMPOFU BASELYONS”
Kwakukulesisimo somlando-ke lapho umuntukazana nje wesonto abonakala khona eLyons, eFrance. Akwaziwa lutho ngokuzalwa kwalomuntu, kuthiwa kungenzeka kwakungawo-1140 C.E. Ngisho nesibongo sakhe asaziwa, njengoba sibhalwa ngezindlela ezihlukahlukene njengoValdès, uValdo noma Waldo. Igama lakhe lokuthi Pierre, noma Petru, alikho kunoma yimiphi imibhalo engaphambi kuka-1368. Leligama kucatshangelwa ukuthi walinikezwa abalandeli bakhe bamuva, ukuze babonise ukuthi wayengumlingisi ofanelekile kamphostoli uPetru kunokuba babenjalo opapa baseRoma, abathi bangabalandeli bakaPetru.
UWaldo wayengumthengisi ocebile waseLyons. Wayeshadile enamadodakazi amabili. Njengoba ayengumuntu ozinikele futhi engumKatolika wangempela, wacela iseluleko esingokomBhalo kumngane owayeyisazi senkolo ngokuthi yini ayengayenza ukuze athokozise uNkulunkulu. Ekumphenduleni, umngane wakhe wacaphuna uMathewu 19:21, lapho uJesu atshela khona indoda ecebile: “Uma uthanda ukuphelela, hamba uthengise ngempahla yakho uphe abampofu, khona uyakuba-negugu ezulwini; uze ungilandele.”
UWaldo wasithatha ngokungathi sína lesiseluleko. Ngemva kokwenzela umkakhe amalungiselelo afanele nokufaka amadodakazi akhe emzini wezindela, wathuma abapristi ababili, uEtienne d’Anse noBernard Ydros, ukuba bahumushele amaVangeli nezinye izincwadi zeBhayibheli olimini lomdabu olwalukhulunywa ezifundazweni zaseProvense naseDauphiné eningizimu-mpumalanga France. Wabe esaba ingxenye esele yezinto zakhe kwabampofu waqala ukutadisha iZwi likaNkulunkulu. Ngokungaphezulu, washumayela emigwaqweni yaseLyons, ecela izakhamuzi zakhona ukuba ziphaphame ngokomoya zibuyele ebuKristwini obulula, beBhayibheli.
Njengoba ayaziwa njengosomabhizinisi ochumayo, uWaldo wathola abaningi ababemuzwa futhi ngokushesha waba neqembu labalandeli. Bajabula kakhulu ngokuzwa isigijimi seBhayibheli esiduduzayo ngolimi lwabo, ngoba kuze kube yilesosikhathi isonto lalikuvimbele ukuhunyushwa kweBhayibheli ngolunye ulimi olungesona isiLatini. Abaningi bavuma ukudela izinto zabo bazinikele ekufundiseni iBhayibheli ngolimi lwabantu abavamile. Babe sebaziwa njenga“Bantu Abampofu BaseLyons.”
Lokhu kushumayela kwabantu abavamile kwavusa ulaka lwabefundisi. Ngo-1179 uPapa Alexander III wenqabela uWaldo nabalandeli bakhe ukuba bashumayele ngaphandle kwemvume yombhishobhi wendawo. Njengoba kungase kulindelwe, umBhishobhi Bellesmains waseLyons wenqaba ukuvumelana nalokhu. Imibhalo engokomlando ibonisa ukuthi, ebhekene nalokhu kuvinjelwa, uWaldo waphendula izikhulu zesonto ngamazwi ezEnzo 5:29: “Simelwe ukulalela uNkulunkulu kunabantu.”
UWaldo nabangane bakhe baqhubeka beshumayela. Ngakho ngo-1184 uPapa Lucias III wabaxosha esontweni, futhi umbhishobhi waseLyons waxoshwa kusifunda-mbhishobhi sakhe. Umphumela wawungofanayo nalokho okwenzeka ngesikhathi amaKristu ekhulu lokuqala exoshwa eJerusalema. Ngawo, iBhayibheli liyaphawula: “Abahlakazekileyo base behamba, beshumayela izwi levangeli.”—IzE. 8:1-4.
Labaphikisi besonto bekhulu le-12 babalekela e-Alps nakulo lonke elaseningizimu France, befundisa iBhayibheli njengoba behamba besuka kwenye indawo beya kwenye. Ngokungangabazeki bahlangana namanye amaqembu aphikisana nesonto, njengabalandeli bakaPeter waseBruys nabakaHenry waseLausanne. Ukuwela iAlpine bephikelele enyakatho Italy, bahlangana namanye amaqembu aphikisa isonto ayesekhona kakade ezigodini zasePiedmont naseLombardy. Lamaqembu angabaphikisi besonto athambekele eBhayibhelini, kamuva aziwa yonke iYurophu njengamaWaldenses, kumelwe ahlukaniswe namanye amaqembu ayekhona “ezihlubuki,” njengamaCathars nama-Albigenses, lawo azimfundiso zawo zazisekelwe kakhulu ekuhlakanipheni kwasePeresiya kuneBhayibheli. Imibhalo engokomlando ibonisa ukuthi ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-13 amaWaldenses ayengatholakali nje kuphela eningizimu France nasenyakatho Italy kodwa futhi nasempumalanga nasenyakatho France, eFlanders, eJalimane, eAustria ngisho naseBohemia, lapho kuthiwa uWaldo wafela khona ngo-1217.
UKUFUNA IQINISO LEBHAYIBHELI
Kungakhathaliseki noma uWaldo wayengumsunguli wamaWaldenses noma cha, kumelwe kuye udumo kuye ngenxa yokuthatha isinyathelo sokuba iBhayibheli lihunyushwe lisuswa esiLatinini liya olimini lomdabu olwalukhulunywa ngabantu abavamile ngalesosikhathi labo yena nabangane bakhe ababeshumayela kubo. Futhi khumbula, lokhu kwakungeminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba uWycliffe ahumushe iBhayibheli ngenxa yabaphikisi besonto abakhuluma isiNgisi.
Isimo esiyisisekelo samaWaldenses sasiwukuthi iBhayibheli liwumthombo owodwa weqiniso elingokwenkolo. Ezweni elisanda kuphuma nje kulokho okubizwa ngokuthi “iziKhathi Zombumnyama,” babefuna ngamandla iqiniso lobuKristu. Ngokusobala benza okusemandleni abo ngezincwadi ezimbalwa zemibhalo yesiHeberu neyesiGreki ababenazo ngolimi ababengase balufunde futhi baluqonde. Ngokwemibhalo ethile kubonakala sengathi abazange baqondiswe kahle ngezimfundiso ezinjengobuthathu emunye, ukungafi komphefumulo nesihogo.
Nokho, lamaWaldenses aliqonda kahle iBhayibheli ukuba akunqabe ukukhulekela izithombe, ukuguqulwa kwewayini nesinkwa kube yigazi nomzimba kaKristu, ukubhapathizwa kwabantwana, isihlanzo, ukukhulekelwa kukaMariya, ukuthandaza kosanta, ukuhlonishwa kwesiphambano nezinto ezingcwele, ukuguquka ngenxa yokufa, ukuvuma izono kubapristi, amaMisa abafileyo, ukuxolelwa nokuthethelelwa ngopapa, ukungashadi kwabapristi nokusetshenziswa kwezikhali zenyama. Akwenqaba futhi ukwakha izindlu zamasonto zikanokusho futhi acabangela ‘iBabiloni Elikhulu, unina wezifebe’ njengeSonto lamaRoma, lelo ayemema abawalalelayo ukuba abaleke kulo. (IsAm. 17:5; 18:4) Konke lokhu kwakwenzeka ekupheleni kwekhulu le-12 nasekuqaleni kwele-13!
Emsebenzini wawo wokushumayela amaWaldenses ayefundisa iBhayibheli egcizelela kakhulu eNtshumayelweni yaseNtabeni noMthandazo oyisibonelo, kokubili okubeka uMbuso kaNkulunkulu njengento okumelwe ithandazelwe futhi ifunwe kuqala. (Math. 6:10, 33) Ayekholelwa ukuthi noma yimuphi umKristu wesilisa noma owesifazane owayenolwazi olwanele lweBhayibheli wayenelungelo lokushumayela “izindaba ezinhle.” Ngokungaphezulu, ayekholelwa uJesu njengowukuphela komlamuleli phakathi kukaNkulunkulu nomuntu. Ngenxa yokuthi uJesu wayefe kanye, ayekholelwa ukuthi umhlatshelo wakhe wawungenakuvuselelwa ukugubha kompristi iMisa. AmaWaldenses ayesigcina iSikhumbuzo sokufa kukaKristu kanye ngonyaka, esebenzisa isinkwa newayini njengezifanekiselo.
UKUSHUMAYELA KULETHA UKUSHUSHISWA
AmaWaldenses asendulo ayenombono wokuthi akudingekile ukuya esakhiweni sesonto ukuze kukhulekelwe uNkulunkulu. Ayeqhuba imihlangano yomshoshaphansi ezinqolobaneni, emakhaya noma kuphi lapho ayengase aphumelele khona. Lapho ayetadisha iBhayibheli futhi eqeqesha abashumayeli abasha, ababehanjiswa nabanye ababenokuhlangenwe nakho. Ayehamba ngababili esuka kwelinye ipulazi eya kwelinye, emadolobheni nasemadolobhaneni, endlini ngendlu. IDictionnaire de Théologie Catholique enegunya (Vol. 15, uhlu 2591) iyaphawula kwesinye isihloko esingakhulumi kahle nokho ngamaWaldenses: “Eminyakeni yabo yobuncane, abantwana bawo babeqala ukufunda iVangeli nabaPhostoli. Ukushumayela kwamadikoni awo, abapristi nababhishobhi kwakuqukethe kakhulukazi izingcaphuno zeBhayibheli.”
Ezinye izincwadi zisazisa ukuthi amaWaldenses ayedume kahle ngenkuthalo, ukuziphatha okuhle nokwethembeka ekukhokheni izintela. Ayebasusa ekuhlanganyeleni abayizoni ezingaphenduki. Ngokungaphezulu, aye abizwa ngokuthi “ihlelo elidala kakhulu nelingelobuvangeli.”
Babenjalo-ke labantu abesaba uNkulunkulu ababezingelwa ngabashushisi babo benkolo, abaningi babo beshiswa esigxotsheni. Inani elikhulu labo laliyizisulu zokubulawelwa inkolo okwesabekayo uPapa Innocent III ayala ukuba kwenziwe ngo-1209 kumaCathars nama-Albigenses eningizimu yeFrance. Abanye bahlushwa futhi babulawa ngokwesabekayo ukubulawelwa inkolo okwaqala eningizimu France ngo-1229. Abanye bamaWaldenses baphumelela ukubalekela kwamanye amazwe, abaningi abanye babalekela ezintabeni eziphakeme zama-Alps aseFrance naseItaly, lapho abantu abangamaWaldenses baphila khona amakhulu eminyaka.
Nokho, njengoba isikhathi sasiqhubeka, eziningi zezimfundiso zeBhayibheli uWaldo nabanye ababezithole ngokufunda iBhayibheli zayekwa. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16, amaWaldenses athathwa ukuguquka kwamaProtestandi. Ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-17 aqala nokulwa ngezikhali.
Kodwa amaWaldenses akuqala, nakuba asolwa njenge“zihlubuki,” eqinisweni ayengabafuni beqiniso abaqotho namavulandlela ekuhumusheni iBhayibheli, ekufundiseni iBhayibheli nasekuphileni okulula kobuKristu. Ngokuqinisekile, awazange akhululeke ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izimfundiso zamanga zenkolo yamanga yobuBabiloni. Kodwa ngokusobala ayephila ngokolwazi ayenalo lweZwi likaNkulunkulu. Kubonakala nokuthi, amaningi ayezimisele ukufa kunokuba alahle ukholo lwawo. Yebo, kuphela ‘uJehova owazi abangabakhe.’ Ngakho-ke, noma yimuphi umvuzo wokuphila kwesikhathi esizayo singawushiyela ezandleni zakhe.—2 Thim. 2:19.