Izwe Kusukela Ngo-1914

Ingxenye 3:1935-1940 Inhlangano Yezizwe Iyendayendela Ekufeni Kwayo

INHLANGANO yeZizwe yayiyingane egulayo kusukela kwasekuzalweni kwayo. Isazimlando uH. Gatzke uthi umhlangano wayo wokuqala ngo-1920 ‘wawungelona ukuhlangana kwezizwe ngezivumelwano komhlaba wonke kunalokho kwakuwumhlangano omkhulu wemibuso emikhulu yaseYurophu efuna izithakazelo zobuzwe, ihlose ukwenza iNhlangano ukuba ikhonze izinjongo zayo siqu zezombangazwe.’ Ngaphandle kokuba ukucabanga kobuzwe kususwe, ukuphila kwengane kwakuyoba sengozini njalo.

Ngasekuqaleni kwawo-1930, amaningi amalungu eNhlangano ayenganelisiwe ngokuphelele. Ngokwesibonelo, iItaly, yaba nomuzwa wokuthi yayingayitholi ingxenye yayo efanele yezimpahla zezwe nokuthi yayenqatshelwa ukungena ezimakethe zomhlaba yenqatshelwa namathuba okufaka izimali kwamanye amazwe. Ngakho-ke ngo-1935, ilandelela izithakazelo zobuzwe bayo, yahlasela iTiyopiya. iJapane, inezikhalo ezifanayo, yaqonda eChina ngo-1937. Kuzo zombili izimo iNhlangano yayingenamandla okungenela.

Ngokukhanyayo, iNhlangano, eyayingakayihlanganisi iihinyaka engama-20, yayingeyona ingane eyisidlakela, enempilo, abasekeli bayo ababefuna ukuba ibe yiyo. Ukugula kwayo kokubangwa nezibi kwakubangela ukukhathazeka ngokushesha ngawo-1936 lapho, ngokwesazi-mlando uHermann Graml, “isimo [endlunkulu yeNhlangano] eGeneva sasinjengaleso somngcwabo.” Akumangalisi, ngoba iNhlangano yayibhekene nokuziphatha kokuchachaza kweltaly neJapane, kungasaphathwake kwaleyondoda egama layo linguAdolf.

“Indaba KaHitler Ayithandayo”

Yebo, iJalimane nayo, yayinganelisiwe. Yayikuzabalazela kanzima ukuzuza futhi isikhundla sokuhola iYurophu. Ujenene Hans von Seeckt, umholi wamabutho ahlomile aseJalimane ngawo-1920, ‘wathi isimo esivuselelwe seJalimane sasingacabangeki ngaphandle kwempi entsha,’ kusho incwadi yaseJalimane; futhi uHitler akazange asilahle isidingo esingenzeka sezempi. Yingakho nje, ngokwenhlangano yokucwaninga ngomlando wezempi waseJalimane, “zonke izinyathelo ezibalulekile zombuso [phakathi kuka-1933 no-1939] zasebenzela ngokuqondile noma ngokungaqondile, izinjongo zokuhloma futhi.”

Njengoba uHitler akubona, ” ‘abantu’ baseJalimane babakhiwa abantu abayizigidi ezingama-85 ababakha ‘umnyombo wohlanga’ ohlangene. Indlela kaHitler yombono-mbumbulu kaDarwin yadinga ukuba ‘lomthombo wohlanga’ unqobe ‘izwe’ lawo.” Ngakho-ke kunjengoba uGerhard Schulz, uprofesa wezomlando wanamuhla eYunivesithi yaseTiibingen, echaza: “Ukunqotshwa kobudlova kwezwe elisha kwakuyindaba kaHitler ayithandayo.”

Empeleni iNhlangano Yezizwe yamsiza uHitler ukuba anqume lapho ayezoqala khona. Ekupheleni kweMpi Yezwe I, iSaarland, indawo ephakathi kweFrance neJalimane, eyayishoniswa emuva naphambili phakathi kwawo amakhulu eminyaka, yabekwa ngaphansi kokuphathwa yimihlangano Yezizwe. Kodwa kwenziwa ilungiselelo lokuba izakhamuzi zaseSaar kamuva zinqume ngevoti ukuba zihlale ngaphansi kokuphathwa yimihlangano noma zibe yingxenye yeFrance noma yeJalimane. Ukuhlolwa kombono wabantu kwahlelelwa u-1935.

Ngalesosikhathi uHitler wayethandwa kakhulu. Ngokwesibonelo, abafundi abasha ngezinye izikhathi babebizelwa inkulumo, betshelwa ukuba bayilobe: “Njengoba uJesu akhulula isintu esonweni nasesihogweni, ngokufanayo uHitler wasindisa isizwe samaJalimane encithakalweni. UJesu noHitler bashushiswa, kodwa nakuba uJesu abethelwa esiphambanweni, uHitler waphakanyiselwa esikhundleni sokuba umholi. . . . UJesu wakhela amazulu, uHitler wakhela umhlaba waseJalimane.”

Bekude kakhulu nokubonisa ukungathathi-hlangothi kobuKristu, abaholi benkolo bahileleka ngokunamandla ekuthathweni kwemibono yabantu yezombangazwe. AmaKatolika engungqaphambili, izakhamuzi zaseSaar zakuthatha ngokungathi sina lokho ababhishobhi bazo ababezitshela khona: “NjengamaKatolika aseJalimane, sibophekile ukusekela ubukhulu, ukuchuma, nokuthula kwezwe lokhokho.” Futhi izinhlangano zezisebenzi zamaKatolika zaxwayisa: “Lowo ongathembekile ezweni likakhokho wakhe ngeke athembeke kuNkulunkulu wakhe.”

Eqinisweni, akuwona wonke umuntu owavuma. Umlobi odumile wangalesosikhathi, uHeinrich Mann, waxwayisa: “Uma nivotela uHitler, niyokwandisa ukuphila kwakhe futhi niyohlanganyela emithwalweni yemfanelo yezenzo zakhe ezimbi . . . , ngisho nempi lena ayenza ingagwemeki.” Kodwa amazwi anjalo ayisixwayiso ayembalwa. Lokhu kwaholela intatheli yephephanda uKurt Tucholsky ukuba ibhale ukuthi iSaar ‘yayishiywe yiNgilandi, iFrance, iNhlangano yeZizwe, izinhlangano zezisebenzi zezwe lonke, nangupapa.”

Ngenxa yalezizimo, ukunqoba kukaHitler ekuthathweni kombono wabantu kwakuyisiphetho esiqinisekile. Amaphesenti anqobayo angama-90,8 avotela ukuba yingxenye yoMbuso omusha waseJalimane.

Ngemva kwalokhu kunqoba okukhulu kwenqubo yangaphandle, uHitler wakhuthazwa ukuba aqhubeke. iNhlangano Yezizwe, kakade eyayisisokhukhweni lwayo lokufa, yayibuthakathaka kakhulu ukuba ingenele lapho, uHitler ephinda futhi ehlomisa iRhineland ngo-1936 ukuze onakalise izimiso zesivumelwano saseversailles. Ngo-1938 akekho wamvimbela ekuthatheni iAustria noma kamuva ngalowonyaka ekuthatheni ngendlovu yangena iSudetenland eyakhiwe ngamaJalimane amaningi eyingxenye yeCzechoslovakia, okwakwandulela ukuhlaselwa kwalo lonke izwe ngo-1939. Ngokuqinisekile, kwaba khona amazwi okukhononda, kodwa akukho lutho olunye.

Ukuzilolongela Ukugqoka—Ngani?

Kuze kube ngalesosikhathi, impi kaHitler yobudlova yayiye yaqhubeka ngaphandle kokuchitheka kwegazi. Ngokungafani nezimpi okukhulunywe ngazo ngaphambiii lapho iItaly neJapane yayihileleke khona. Incwadi yaseItaly enezikhombo L^fuomo e il tempo, ithi: “Ukuhlasela kweltaly kobufascism eTiyopiya kwalungiselelwa kwaze kwalungiselelwa ngisho nomniningwane omncane futhi kwenziwa ngokulahlekelwa okukhulu kwempahla nangokusekelwa amathuluzi amaningi enkulumo-ze.” Leyompi yaqala ngo-1935, futhi ukuthathwa kweTiyopiya kwaqedwa ngo-1936. Izwe lashaqeka ngokuzwa ngokuhlasela ngamabhomu nangokusetshenziswa kwegesi ewushevu.

EAsia, izazi zezempi zaseJapane zaziye zaba namandla kangangokuba lapho iChina ibekwa icala lokuzama ukudubula ngebhomu isitimela sakwaLoliwe saseNingizimu Manchuria ngo-1931, iJapane yakwazi ukuthatha lelithuba njengezaba zokuthumela amabutho ayo eManchuria. Ngo-1937 angena eChina ngokuqondiIe, edla izingxenye ezinkulu zezwe, kuhlanganise namadolobha aseShanghai, ePeking, eNanking, eHankow, naseCanton.

Ngalesosikhathi, eYurophu kwakugqashuke impi yangaphakathi yasespain ngo-1936.

UHitler noMussolini babona lokhu njengethuba lokuzama ukusebenzisa izikhali zabo ezintsha nezindlela zokulwa. Njengezimpi zaseManchuria, eChina, naseTiyopiya, yasebenza njengokuzilungiselela ukugqoka ngenxa yokukhula okwakuseza esikhathini esizayo. Ngokwesinye isiphathimandla, abantu abangaphezu kwengxenye yesigidi babulawa empini yasespain. Akumangalisi ukuthi yadonsa ukunaka komhlaba wonke. Futhi uma ukuzilungiselela ukugqoka kwakufanele ukuba kube yizihloko zamaphephandaba, kuthiwani ngokukhulu kakhulu okwakuseza?

Umbani Uyagadla EYurophu

Imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi, ibona okwakwenzeka emhlabeni, yayikhathazekile. IGreat Britain yaqalisa ukubuthwa kwamasosha ngempoqo. Khona-ke ngoAugust 1939 iJalimane neSoviet Union amangaza izwe ngokusayina isivumelwano sokungahlaselani. Eqinisweni kwakuyisivumelwano esiyimfihlo sokwehlukaniselana iPoland. Ecabanga ukuthi imibuso ebusa ngentando yeningi yaseNtshonalanga yayingeke iphazamise futhi, uHitler wathumela amabutho akhe ePoland ngo-4:45 a.m. ngoSeptember 1, 1939.

Kodwa manje wayeseqambe eshilo. IGreat Britain neFrance amemezela impi ngokumelene neJalimane ezinsukwini ezimbili kamuva. NgoSeptember 17, amabutho asesoviet Union ahlasela iPoland ngasempumalanga, futhi ngasekupheleni kwenyanga, ngazo zonke izinjongo ezisebenzayo, inkinga yasepoland yayisixazululiwe. iMpi Yezwe II yayisiqalile, iqaliswa umkhankaso osheshayo wezempi olifanele igama lesijalimane elithi Blitzkrieg, elisho “impi esheshayo.” Ejatshuliswa ukunqoba, uHitler wathembisa ukwenza ukuthula nemibuso yaseNtshonalanga. Isazimlando saseJalimane uWalther Hofer uyaloba: “Ukuthi wayekwenza ngenhloso yini lokhu, kuwumbuzo ongenakuphendulwa ngokuqinisekile.”

Iminyaka yokuqala yempi yaphawulwa ngokuhlasela okuzumayo, okwakushesha kakhulu futhi kunemiphumela ebhubhisayo, isoviet Union ngokushesha yaphoqelela iEstonia, iLatvia, neLithuania ukuba avumele amabutho asesoviet Union abe semaweni awo. IFinland, lapho icelwa ukuba yenze okufanayo, yenqaba futhi yahlaselwa isoviet Union ngoNovember 30, 1939. IFinland yacela uxolo ngaphansi kwezimiso zasesoviet ngoMarch olandelayo.

Nokho, ngalesosikhathi, iBrithani neFrance ayecabange ukudabula eNorway engathathihlangothi ukuze asize iFinland. Kodwa lapho iFinland icela uxolo, iMibuso Esizanayo, ingasenasisusa sokwenze njalo, yawahlehlisa lawomasu. Ngaphambi kokungena eNorway kamuva, yaqala ukufaka amabhomu emanzini olwandle aseNorway ngoApril 8, 1940. Ngosuku olulandelayo, lapho abantu baseNorway babebanjwe ukumangala ngalokhu kufakwa kwamabhomu emanzini olwandle, amajalimane ngokungalindelekile angenisa amabutho ngezindiza kokubili eNorway naseDenmark. Esikhathini esingaphansi kwesonto kamuva, amabutho amaNgisi angena eNorway ngezindiza, kodwa ngemva kokunqoba okumbalwa, aphoqeleleka ukuba ahoxe ngenxa yemibiko eyethusayo eyayivela eNingizimu.

Izinyanga eziningi umbuzo lapho wawuwukuthi: iJalimane iyoyihlasela nini futhi kuphi iFrance? Isikhathi sedlula impi eningi ilwiwa olwandle. Ezweni konke kwakuthulekile. Ezinye izintatheli zamaphephandaba zaqala ukukhuluma ‘ngempi mbumbulu,’ kwakungaseyona Impi esheshayo, kodwa kunalokho ‘kwase kuyisitzkrieg okuyigama ngokoqobo elisho impi elwiwa kuhleziwe phansi.’

Nokho, kwakungekho lutho oluyinkohliso ngokubasela ngokushesha kwamaJalimane ngoMay 10, 1940. Engawunaki uMugqa weMaginot, umugqa wezokuvikela owawubheke iFrance emngceleni wayo neJalimane, agadla edabula emazweni Amancane, ehamba ngokusheshayo edabula eBelgium, futhi afinyelela umngcele waseFrance ngoMay 12. NgoMay 14 iNetherlands yayisiwile. Khona-ke ekhukhula ngokudabula eNyakatho France, amabutho aseJalimane abamba ngecebo izinkulungwane zamasosha aseBrithani, eFrance, naseBelgium esewufulathele uMgudu wendlela yasolwandle wamaNgisi. Kunokuba kube yimpi elwiwa kuhleziwe phansi, lena kwase kuyimpi esheshayo ngokuphelele!

NgoMay 26, eDunkirk, eFrance, kwaqala omunye wemisebenzi yokusindisa emangalisa kakhulu emlandweni wempi. Izinsuku eziyishumi imikhumbi yempi, kanye namakhulu emikhumbi yempi ethwala abantu, kwathwala amabutho angama-340 000 enqamula uMgudu wendlela yasolwandle wamaNgisi eya ekulondekeni eBrithani. Kodwa akuwona wonke umuntu owasinda. Esikhathini esingamasonto amathathu amajalimane athumba iziboshwa ezingaphezu kwesigidi.

NgoJune 10, iItaly yamemezela impi ngokumelene neGreat Britain neFrance, Khona-ke ezinsukwini ezine kamuva, iParis yawela kumaJalimane. Ngaphambi kokuba kuphele inyanga, kwasayinwa isivumelwano soxolo sesikhashana phakathi kweFrance neJalimane. IBrithani manje yayisiyodwa. Kunjengoba uHofer ekuchaza: “Ngejubane lempi elisheshayo naye ayengacabangi ukuthi lalingenzeka, uHitler wayeseyinkosi eNtshonalangaYurophu.”

Ngokuphambene nalokho uHitler ayekulindele, amaNgisi awazange acele uxolo. Ngakho ngoJuly 16, wayaleza amasu ngenxa ‘yeOperation Sea Lion,’ okuwukuhlaselwa kweBritish Isles. IBrithani yaziqinisela unyazi olwaluzogadla futhi.

Futhi Manje Kwakuzokwenzekani?

Iminyaka eminingi oFakazi BakaJehova babekade bebikezela obala ngokufa kweNhlangano Yezizwe.a Manje ukugqashuka okunjengonyazi kweMpi Yezwe II kwakukuqedile ukuzabalazela kwayo ukuphila okubuhlungu. Kwakuzoba nomngcwabo owase wephuze kakhulu ukufika. Isidumbu sasizongcwatshwa kwalashwa isAmbulo 17:7-11 esikhuluma ngakho nangesisekelo sombhalo oFakazi ababebikezele ngaso ukwehluleka kwayo.

Kodwa ngemva kokufa, manje kwakuzokwenzekani? Ingabe impi mhlawumbe yayiyoholela kokuthile okukhulu, mhlawumbe “ekulweni kosuku olukhulu lukaNkulunkulu uMninimandla onke” okubizwa ngokuthi i Armagedoni? (Qhathanisa nesAmbulo 6:4; 16:14, 16.) Nakuba babeshisekela ukubona indlela impi eyayiyoqhubeka ngayo, oFakazi BakaJehova babezimisele ukungahleleki bona ngokwabo. Babezogcina ukungathathihlangothi kobuKristu, nakuba lokhu kwakuyobabeka​—kokubili emazweni abuswa yiqembu elilodwa lezombangazwe nasemazweni abuswa ngentando yeningi—ekuvinjelweni, ekuboshweni, ekumangalelweni, nasekuhlaselweni yizixuku. Nakuba babengaphansi kwezinkulungwane eziyikhulu kulowonyaka wempi ka-1940, baqhubekela phambili ekumemezeleni isigijimi sethemba langempela, isigijimi soMbuso kaNkulunkulu omisiwe.

Futhi ithemba liyilokho ngempela okwakudingwa ‘yizizwe ezisosizini, Ezaziqhutshwa Ukwesaba.” Lesi isihloko sengxoxo yethu elandelayo, iNgxenye 4, kuloluchungechunge, “Izwe Kusukela Ngo-1914.”

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Ezinye Izihloko Okwakungezezindaba

Ngo-1935—Abantu abangaphezu kwezi-200 000 babulawe yizikhukhula eChina ngaseMfuleni iYangtze

Ngo-1936—Umkhumbi wasolwandle iQueen Mary unqamula iAtlantic ngesikhathi esiyirekhodi lamahora angama-95, nemizuzu engama-57

UHitler uthukuthela kabi lapho umMelika omnyama uJessie Owens ezuza izimendlela ezine zegolide eMidlalweni yamaOlympics eBerlin

Ngo-1937—UDuPont uthola ilungelo lokwenza umkhiqizo omusha obizwa ngokuthi iNylon

Ngemva kokundiza inqamula iAtlantic, iHindenburg yaseJalimane eqondisekayo iy at hungeleka phakathi nokumiswa kwayo eNew Jersey, ibulala abangama-36

Ngo-1938—IVatican iqaphela umbuso kaFranco njengohulumeni ongokomthetho waseSpain

Ososayensi uHahn noStrassmann bathola ukuthi amaneutrons angasetshenziswa ekuhlukaniseni iuramum

Kwenzeka lokho okubizwa ngokuthi iKristallnacht (Ubusuku obukhanyayo) lapho izitolo zamaJuda eJalimane ziphangwa futhi zibhujiswa

Ngo-1939—Kufa amashumi ezinkulungwane eTurkey ngokuzamazama komhlaba

Ukwakhiwa kwenjini yokuqala yebhanoyi eliyijet nokwakhiwa kwehelicopter yokuqala

Ngo-1940—AmaNgisi asebenzisa umshini omusha obonisa indiza yempi yesitha ikude empini yezindiza

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(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

Ukwanda kwaseYurophu kwemibuso ephakathi neYurophu kuze kube

u-1940

IZizwe Eziphakathi Ne-Europe Namazwe

Norway

Denmark

Netherlands

Belgium

Sudetenland

Luxembourg

Rhineland

France

Poland

Czechoslovakia

Austria

Hungary

Romania

Albania

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Impi yashaya insimbi yokufa kweNhlangano

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U.S. National Archives photo

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U.S. Army photo