Izwe Kusukela Ngo-1914

Ingxenye 4: 1940-1943 Izizwe Zisosizini, Ziqhutshwa Ukwesaba

AMAZWI akhe ayenele ukuba avuse ukwesaba kubantu abanesibindi esikhulu. “Akukho lutho engingalunikeza kodwa igazi, umsebenzi onzima, izinyembezi nomjuluko,” undunankulu owayesanda kumiswa uWinston Churchill watshela amalungu eHouse of Commons yaseBrithani. Egcizelela ukungathi sína kwesimo, wathi: “Ukunqoba noma kanjani, ukunqoba naphezu kwalo lonke uvalo, ukunqoba kungakhathaliseki ukuthi indlela inde futhi inzima kanjani; ngoba ngaphandle kokunqoba akukho ukusinda.”

Yebo, ngalolosuku, ngoMay 13, 1940, amaNgisi ayenazo zonke izizathu zokwesaba. Phakathi nezinyanga eziyisithupha ezilandelayo iLuftwaffe (ibutho lezindiza zempi) yaseJalimane, ekulungiseleleni ukuhlasela, yayizothumela amakhulu ezindiza zayo ukuba ehlise imvula yamathani amabhomu kokubili phezu kwezindawo zezempi nezindawo ezingezona ezempi. Kamuva lokhu kwaziwa njengeMpi yaseBrithani, futhi kwakuklanyelwe ukuchitha amandla ezindiza zempi zaseBrithani nokonakalisa isimo sokuzethemba sabantu bakhona. Kodwa impi yayihambela kabi iLuftwaffe. UHitler wangabaza, futhi ngo-October—okungenani okwesikhashana—amasu okuhlasela ayekwa.

Ukukhululeka Ekwesabeni?

EUnited States uzwela ngamaNgisi lwaqhubeka lukhula, lususa inqubo engokomthetho yaseMelika yokungathathi-hlangothi. Ecacisa izinhloso zakhe, uMongameli Roosevelt wathi ngo-1940: “Siye sanika amaNgisi ukusekela okukhulu ngezinto ezibonakalayo futhi sisazowanika kakhulu esikhathini esizayo.”

NgoJanuary 6, 1941, waqhubekela kwesinye isinyathelo. Enkulumweni yakhe ebhekiswe ephalamende, wakhuluma ngalokho akubiza ngokuthi Izinkululeko Ezine. Ukuze asize afinyelele eyodwa yazo—ukukhululeka ekwesabeni—wasikisela ‘ukuncishiswa kwezikhali emhlabeni wonke kuze kube yilapho futhi ngendlela eqinisekile kangangokuba kungabikho sizwe esiyoba sesimweni sokuhlasela noma imuphi umakhelwane waso—noma kuphi emhlabeni.” Lokhu, empeleni, kwakuwukumenyezelwa okungaqondile ngqó kwempi ezimisweni nasemigomweni yeMibuso Ephakathi neYurophu.

Ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva, iphalamende laseU.S. lagunyaza uhlelo olwaziwa njengokweboleka sakuqashisa. Lolu lwaluvumela umongameli ukuba athumele izimpahla zempi, njengombayimbayi nezindiza zempi, ngokufanayo nokudla nezinkonzo zokusiza, kunoma isiphi isizwe esikuzivikela kwaso wayecabanga ukuthi kubalulekile ezithakazelweni zeU.S.a Naphezu kokuphikisa kwangaphakathi okwakusekhona, kwakusobala ukuthi iUnited States yayiqhubeka ihileleka empini yaseYurophu.

Ngalesosikhathi, ikhuthazwa ukuphumelela kwabangane bayo baseYurophu, iJapane yacabanga ukuthi manje yayingagudlukela eNingizimu-mpumalanga Asia ngaphandle kokwesaba ngokweqile ukuphazamisa kwamaNgisi noma kwamaDashi. Lapho ihlasela i-Indochina ngoSeptember 1940, iWashington yakusola ngokunamandla lokhu. Futhi lapho iJapane igudlukela engxenyeni engaseningizimu yezwe, kwalandela isenzo. Izimpahla zaseJapane ezingaphansi kokuqondisa kweUnited States zavinjelwa, futhi kwavinjelwa yonke imikhumbi ethwala uwoyela oya eJapane. Ngokusongelwa kwezithakazelo zabo ezibalulekile, manje abantu baseJapane bazizwa bephoqelekile ukuqeda ingozi yanoma ikuphi ukugxambukela kweUnited States okuqhubekayo.

Abaholi bezempi baphikisa ngokuthi amandla okuziphindisela eU.S. ayengancishiswa ngokwesilinganiso ngokuzuza ukunqoba okungumnqamulajuqu phezu kwamabutho ayo asolwandle, ayedlula lawo aseJapane ngamandla cishe ngamaphesenti angama-30. Khona-ke ngokudla izindawo zaseMelika, eBrithani, naseHolland, iJapane yayingaba nezikhungo zempi ezisezweni eyayingazivikela kuzo uma kwakwenzeka kamuva ukuba ihlaselwe. Kwanqunywa ukuthi, isiqalo, sasizokwenziwa eWai Momi.

Lokhu kusho “amanzi obuhlalu obuyigugu” (pearl waters) futhi ilokho abantu baseHawaii abake bakubiza ngokuthi isizalo soMfula iPearl, esingasentshonalanga ngamakhilomitha ambalwa ukusuka edolobheni laseHonolulu, ngenxa yamagobolondo obuhlalu ake anda lapho. Kodwa ngeSonto ekuseni, ngoDecember 7, 1941, amanzi ase Wai Momi ayengasagcwele ubuhlalu obuyigugu kodwa ayesegcwele izicucu ezizikile zemikhumbi ophahlazekile nezidumbu ezonakele zezisebenzi zayo.

Izindiza zempi zaseJapane ezihlasela isikhungo esiyinhloko esisePacific samabutho asolwandle aseU.S. esasilapho zabangela ukulahlekelwa okunamandla.

Ukuhlasela kwaseSikhumulweni Semikhumbi iPearl kwawaqeda amandla ngokoqobo amabutho aseMelika ePacific ngaphandle kwemikhumbi ethwala izindiza zempi. Ngamahora nje ambalwa, ezinye izikhungo zezindiza zempi zaseU.S. zadutshulwa ngamabhomu, futhi lokhu kwashiya amaphesenti angaphezu kwangama-50 ezindiza zempi zaseU.S. eziseMpumalanga Ekude ziyincithakalo. Ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva, iJapane yahlasela iPhilippines, yathumba iManila esikhathini esingaphansi konyaka kamuva, futhi yalawula phakathi noMay zonke iziQhingi zasePhilippine. Ngokushesha, ngokulalelana, iHong Kong, iBurma, iJava, iSingapore, iThailand, iIndochina, iBritish Malaya, iSumatra, iBorneo, izingxenye zaseNew Guinea, iNetherlands East Indies, kanye namashumi eziqhingi ezisePaciflc, kwawela ezandleni zaseJapane. Amabutho asemoyeni aseAsia ayengasekelwa nakancane abangane bawo baseYurophu.

Njengoba u-1942 ayeseya ekupheleni, ukukhululeka ekwesabeni kwakungachazwa neze isimo sezwe. Amazwi kaJesu angokwesiprofetho ayeshaya emhloleni ngempela: “Nasemhlabeni usizi luyakwehlela izizwe, . . . abantu baphele amandla ngokwesaba nangokubheka okuvelela umhlaba.”——Luka 21:25, 26.

Ukukhanya KwaseJalimane Kuyafiphala

Ngalesosikhathi, amazwe aseJalimane nelaseItaly ayandisa ukubusa kwawo phezu kwamazwe aseBalkans. UHitler wathumela amabutho akhe emasha engena eYugoslavia naseGreece ngoApril 6, 1941. Esikhathini esingaphansi kwamasonto amabili, iYugoslavia yawa, ilandelwa iGreece ngaphambi kokugamanxa kukaMay.

Isinyathelo esilandelayo sikaHitler sashukunyiswa izifiso eziningana. Kungenzeka wayesafisa ukuthonya iNgilandi ukuba incenge uxolo. Futhi wayesafuna ukususa ukucindezeleka phezu kweJapane, eyayilwa namaSoviets eChina, ukuze nabo bahlehlise impi yaseMelika. Khona-ke uHitler wagcina amabutho akhe elungele ukuhlasela iSoviet Union, umngane wakhe emkhankasweni wasePoland.

Bekhuthazwe ukuphumelela kwangaphambili, ojenene bakaHitler baba nomuzwa wokuthi uma babehlasela ngoJune, iRashiya eseYurophu kanye neUkraine ayengaba ngawabo ngaphambi kokuqala kobusika. Ngakho-ke ngoJune 22, 1941, bagadla. Babehamba ngejubane elinjengelonyazi benqoba ngokuphindaphindiwe. Kwaze kwaba kabili bezungeza amaqembu amakhulu amabutho aseSoviet futhi bathatha ingxenye yesigidi yeziboshwa isikhathi ngasinye. ILeningrad yayibonakala ikulungele ukuwa, futhi ngasekuqaleni kukaDecember, amabutho aseJalimane ayegijimela emaphethelweni eMoscow.

Nokho, ubusika, babuseduze, futhi amabutho kaHitler ake aba ngemva kwesimiso. Amadolobha aseLeningrad naseMoscow awazange awe. Amabutho aseSoviet, manje ayeseluleme ekushaqekeni kwawo kokuqala futhi eseyihlonyiselwe kangcono impi yasebusika kunozakwabo baseJalimane, awuvimbela ukhukhulelangoqo wempi yaseJalimane. Eqinisweni, aze ayiphoqelela ukuba ihlehle.

Ehlobo elilandelayo amaJalimane abuya futhi. Nokho, ukuhlasela kwawo okuphelele eStalingrad (manje iVolgograd), kwaholela ekucekelweni kwawo phansi. Ngasekuqaleni kuka-1943 amaSoviets azungeza amashumi ezinkulungwane zamabutho ayeselungele ukudla idolobha futhi awaphoqelela ukuba acele umaluju. UJohn Pimlott, umqeqeshi omkhulu eKholiji Lezempi Lasebukhosini iSandhurst, uyaphawula: “Kwakuyisigigaba esishaqisayo esimweni sokuzethemba seJalimane noguquko empini eMngceleni oseMpumalanga. Ngaphambi kweStalingrad amaRashiya ayengazange akujabulele ukunqotshwa okungafanele, ngemva kwayo kwakumelwe bahlulwe izikhathi ezimbalwa.”

Ngasekupheleni kuka-1943 cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zendawo enkulu eyadliwa ngamaJalimane eminyakeni emibili eyandulelayo yayiye yabuyiswa futhi. Ukukhanya kwaseJalimane kwakuye kwafiphala.

“UMonty” Uxosha “Impungushe Yasogwadule”

Ngo-1912 iCyrenaica neTripolitania (manje okuyingxenye yezwe laseNyakatho Afrika laseLibya) anikezwa iItaly. Amasosha aseItaly acishe abe izi-300 000 ayekanise lapho ngasekupheleni kuka-1940 ayewusongo olunzima eqenjini elincane kakhulu lamabutho amaNgisi eGibithe ayelinde okusondela eSuez Canal ebalulekile. Ukuze aphebeze lengozi, amaNgisi anquma ukugadla kuqala. Azuza okunye kokunqoba kokuqala okuwumnqamula-juqu kweMibuso Esizanayo, ethatha amashumi ezinkulungwane eziboshwa futhi ayihlehlisa ngokuphelele eyamaNtaliyane. Ukunqoba kungenzeka kwakuyoba kukhulu kunalokho ukuba iGreece ayizange nje ngalesosikhathi yemukele isicelo sokusizwa iBrithani emzabalazweni wayo ongenampumelelo ngokumelene neMibuso Ephakathi neYurophu ehlaselayo. Umkhankaso waseNyakatho Afrika wama okwesikhashana. Lokhu kwanikeza iMibuso Ephakathi neYurophu isikhathi sokuzihlela kabusha.

Amabutho aseJalimane ngaphansi kukaErwin Rommel, kamuva owaziwa ngokuthi iMpungushe Yasegwadule, aphumelela ekuguquleni isimo sempi nokuzuza okukhulu. Ukuphumelela kwakhe okukhulu kakhulu kwaba ngo-1942, lapho ekuqaleni kukaJuly amabutho akhe engena eAlamein, eqhele ngamakhilomitha ayi-100 ukusuka eAlexandria. Amabutho asemoyeni aseJalimane eAfrika manje ayeselungele ukudla iGibithe nokulawula iSuez Canal. Kodwa kamuva amabutho amaNgisi, ngaphansi kobuholi bukaJenene Sir Bernard Law Montgomery, ahlasela ngamabutho ahamba phansi ngo-October 23, uRommel waphoqeleka ukuhoxa kancane kancane ngokushesha okwaphenduka kwaba ukunqotshwa okubuhlungu. Khona-ke ngoNovember 1942 iMibuso Esizanayo yangena ngempumelelo kwelaseMorocco naseAlgeria. NgoMay olandelayo, amabutho eMibuso Ephakathi naseYurophu, manje ebhajwe phakathi kwamasosha esitha avela empumalanga nasentshonalanga, ayeselahlekelwe isu lawo lokuphatha iNyakatho Afrika.

Ukugxumagxuma ENingizimu Pacific

Entwasahlobo ka-1942, iJapane yayingaqhosha ngombuso owawukhule kakhulu. Kodwa isu leMibuso Esizanayo laliwukuyithatha futhi lendawo kubantu baseJapane, ukuba igxumagxumise amabutho ayo kuyo yonke ipacific ukusuka esiqhingini kuya esiqhingini kuze kube yilapho ekugcineni efinyelela izwe eliyinhloko laseJapane. Kwalandela uchungechunge olude lwezimpi zasolwandle ezinzima. Iziqhingi zasePacific ezingadumile kangako njengeSaipan iGuadalcanal, i-Iwo Jima, neOkinawa zahlaselwa zaze zalahlekelwa ngendlela esabekayo kuzo zombili izinhlangothi. Amaphupho asebuntwaneni epharadesi laseziqhingini adedela isimo esingokoqobo nephupho elibi lezidumbu ezonakele ezihlabathini zolwandle ezinegazi. Ukwehlulwa kwakubuhlungu, kodwa ngisho nokunqoba kwakufiphazwe ukwesaba. Ukwesaba lokho okwakuseza.

Amasu Ekusasa

Ngisho naphakathi nempi, amasu okuthula kakade ayenziwa. Ngokwesibonelo, phakathi no-1942, kwathiwa izinhlangano zikahulumeni waseU.S. ezingaphezu kwama-30 ezazihileleke emaswini angemva kwempi. Nokho, kwakungenzeki ngokuphelele ngaphandle kokwesaba noma uvalo. Ngoba, kunjengoba uChurchill aphawula kanjalo ngokufanele: “Izinkinga zokunqoba ziyavunywa kunalezo zokwehlulwa, kodwa azizona ezingenzima.”

Akungabazeki ukuthi enye yezinkinga ezinzima kakhulu zokunqoba kwakuyoba ukusungulwa kwalokho okwakuyothatha indawo yeNhlangano Yezizwe eyayisifile. Ngisho nakuba abanye abantu kungenzeka babengabaza, oFakazi BakaJehova babeqiniseka ngokuthi okunjalo okwakuyothatha indawo yeNhlangano kwakuyosungulwa. Enkulumweni eyanikezwa emhlanganweni wabo ka-1942 eCleveland, Ohio, isikhulumi sathi: “Ngaphambi kokufika kweArmagedoni, imiBhalo iyabonisa, ukuthula kumelwe kufike. . . . Labo abanomqondo wokubusa ngentando yeningi banethemba laMazwe Ahlangene omhlaba, ‘umkhaya wezizwe, inhlangano yezwe’ esekelwe enhlanganweni yezizwe ezihlangene.” Sibhekisela esiprofethweni sesAmbulo 17:8, ngokukhanyayo sathi: “Inhlangano yezizwe zezwe iyophakama futhi.”

Kodwa ingabe yayiyokuletha ukuthula okuhlala njalo? “Impendulo kaNkulunkulu eqinisekile ingucha!” kuphendula isikhulumi. Noma kunjalo, naphezu kwesimo sayo sesikhashana, inkathi ezayo yokuthula yayiyokwemukelwa ngezandla ezimhlophe. Ngaphandle kokwesaba ikusasa, oFakazi BakaJehova baqala ukwenza amasu okwandisa umsebenzi wabo wokushumayela uma impi yayisiphelile. Ngo-1942 basungula isikole sezithunywa zevangeli sokuqeqeshela izikhonzi ezingamaKristu inkonzo kwamanye amazwe. Ngonyaka olandelayo kwaqaliswa uhlelo lokuqeqesha izikhulumi zasobala ukuze kwenziwe ube nokwenzeka umkhankaso owandile womhlangano wasobala.

Njengoba u-1943 ayephela, izizwe zazisalokhu zisosizini, zisaqhutshwa ukwesaba. Kodwa abantu kuzo zombili izinhlangothi zempi, bekhathele impi, babeqala ukubheka phambili ekuphumuleni okwathenjiswa okwakuzolethwa yizwe langemva kwempi. Ingabe laliyokuletha “ukukhululeka ekwesabeni” lokho uRoosevelt akhuluma ngakho? Kungokuphambene. Ukwesaba kwembulunga yonke kwakuzosakazeka ngokushesha ngendlela engakaze ibonwe! Futhi umenzi wobubi oyinhloko, ngendlela ebhinqayo, kwakuyoba nguye kanye ithuluzi elihalaliselwa abanye njengelithunywe uNkulunkulu ekuletheni ekupheleni iminyaka ebuhlungu yempi ekugcineni. Funda esithi “iMpi Yezwe II—Ukuphela Kwayo Okwesabekayo Nokunobudlova” kumagazini wethu olandelayo.

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[Ibhokisi ekhasini 30]

Ezinye Izihloko Okwakungezezindaha

Ngo-1941 —Umhlangano Wababhishobhi BamaKatolika EJalimane umemezela ukusekela kwawo impi ngokumelene neSoviet Union

Ukubulawa kokuqala ngegesi kwabantu abaningi ekamu lokuhlushwa laseAuschwitz

Ngo-1942—IBombay, eNdiya, ishaywa

isiphepho nesikhukhula; kufa abayizi-40 000

Ukulumbana kokuqala kwenuzi okwakhiwa eYunivesithi yaseChicago

UMhlangano eWannsee wemukela ukubulala ‘njengekhanzi lokugcina’ lamaNazi enkingeni yamaJuda

Ngo-1943—Ukuzamazama komhlaba

kwaseTurkey kubulala abantu abayi-1 800

Abangaphezu kwesigidi esisodwa babulawa yindlala eBengal

INkantolo Ephakeme yaseU.S., ekuhlehliseni isinqumo sika-1940, inquma ukuthi ukukhulekelwa kwefulege okuphoqelelwe ezikoleni zomphakathi kuphambene nomthetho-sisekelo

Izibhelu zezinhlanga emadolobheni amakhulu aseU.S.; eDetroit kufa abangama-35 futhi abayi-1 000 bayalimala

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(Ukuze ubone ukuthi indaba ihlelwe kanjani, bheka encwadini)

Ubukhulu bokunqoba kweJapane ngo-1942

Attu

Agattu

Kiska

China

Manchuria

Korea

Japan

Burma

Thailand

French Indochina

Malaya

Sumatra

Borneo

Java

Netherlands New Guinea

North-East New Guinea

Australia

Gilbert Islands

Marshall Islands

Wake

Formosa

Philippines

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Izizwe ezinhlungwini zempi

[Umthombo]

U.S. Army photos